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El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comportamiento regional del consumidor al adquirir un producto online con marca de distribuidor (MDD), basándonos en las relaciones de la MDD con respecto a la cuota MDD online por Comunidades Autónomas en España. En este estudio se analizaron un total de 17.484 compras online de MDD y 92.094 compras online de marcas de fabricantes. Con estos datos se han desarrollado modelos de regresión de clases latentes. Los resultados confirman que la relación entre importe de la MDD y las variables importe de la compra total, compra de productos sin marca y de marca de fabricante en el canal online varía entre comunidades autónomas, no siguiendo un mismo patrón para los usuarios online, aunque el medio sea el mismo., The main objective of this work is to analyze regional consumer behavior when purchasing a private label product online, based on the relationships of the PL with respect to the online PL quota by regions in Spain, assortment of online PLs and purchase online of PLs. In this study, a total of 17,484 online purchases of PL and 92,094 online purchases of manufacturers' brands were analyzed. With these data, latent class regression models have been developed. The results confirm that the relation between PL purchase amount and the variables total purchase amount, purchase of unbranded products and manufacturers brands in the online channel varies between regions, not having an equal behavior for all online users, even using the same retail environment.

The article assesses the financial situation of households in 2000-2019 in prospect of changes of incomes and expenditures in Poland. It has been assumed, as a point of reference, that dispersionof the analysed processes is dependent on geographical area– therefore regional scale was applied. To the analysis and comparison the data from the researches on households budgetsperformed by GUS were used. Adopting simultaneously an econometric approach (considering the time (years 2000-2019) as independent, explanatory variable) analytical trend functions wereestimated. A retrospective analysis of the incomes and expenditures of the population of Poland indicates the growing trends. Regional comparative analysis of households allows to drawconclusions that level of economic condition is very diversified.

A considerable and persisting diversity of the development levels of Polish regions makes it necessary to seek potential causes of this phenomenon. It can be presumed that some of the diversity is caused by institutional qualities, characteristic for each individual region, including the dynamics of the reallocation of resources available in a particular region, which can be identified with the creative destruction processes, indicated by J. A. Schumpeter. In the view of these facts, this study aims at identifying the mechanisms of creative destruction processes and assessing their influence on the levels of regional productivity of labour in Poland, in the 2004–2015 time period. The conducted analyses showed that the correlation between the measures of creative destruction and the labour productivity is ambiguous and limited, as it was confirmed for only a part of Polish regions. For the remaining part, contrary to the theoretical assumptions, a reverse relationship was observed, i.e. it is the dynamics of productivity that affects the level of reallocation of resources, identified with the processes of creative destruction. Wysokie oraz utrzymujące się zróżnicowanie w poziomach rozwoju polskich regionów zmusza do poszukiwania potencjalnych przyczyn tego zjawiska. Za jedną z nich można uznać indywidualne, charakterystyczne dla danego regionu cechy instytucjonalne, w tym dynamikę realokacji zasobów dostępnych w danym regionie, którą można utożsamić z procesami kreatywnej destrukcji identyfikowanymi przez J. A. Schumpetera. Wobec powyższego celem artykulu była identyfikacja mechanizmów oraz ocena wpływu procesów kreatywnej destrukcji na poziomy regionalnej wydajności pracy w Polsce w latach 2004–2015. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że zależność obserwowana między miarami kreatywnej destrukcji a wydajnością pracy ma charakter niejednoznaczny i ograniczony. Potwierdzono ją bowiem tylko dla niektórych polskich regionów. W części województw, wbrew założeniom teoretycznym, zaobserwowano zależność odwrotną, co znaczy, że to dynamika wydajności wpływała na poziom realokacji zasobów utożsamianych z procesami kreatywnej destrukcji. This paper was written with the support of the National Science Centre in Poland, Grant No. 2014/13/N/HS4/02061. Artykuł powstał przy wsparciu Narodowego Centrum Nauki Grant nr 2014/13/N/HS4/02061

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the transition to a market economy model in Russia, there has been observed a rapid growth for market economic studies challenge in ranking of its three segments, such as the economists market, scientific economic journals market, research training of economists market. The purpose of the study is to aggregate quantitative indicators of economic market segments for economic studies in the Russian regions. The initial data calculations are done on quantitative indicators from the TOP-500 gold ranking of economist E. V. Balatsky for 2016, the list of “vakovsky” economic journals from 07.06.2017 and the ranking of 2016 economic dissertation councils across the Russian regions. The aggregation of the above indicators is done according to the arithmetic average formula for their normalized values. A cross-correlation matrix has been constructed for the above indicators and an integral indicator with all linear paired regression equations in which the values of the coefficient of determination R2 varied in the range from 0,93 to 0.99. A practically analytical multiple regression equation (R2 = 1.0) has been obtained between the values of the above three indicators of the market for economic studies and an integral indicator on the other hand. In the article, it is also shown that the effect of the number of economic councils on the integral indicator is three times greater than the effect of the number of economists and the number of economic councils each separately. The best convergence to the Pareto distribution has been shown by the distribution of the values of the integral indicator of the state of the regional economic research market. On the basis of an integral indicator, the clusterization of regional markets for economic studies in Russia has been done using the method of natural borders.

As a cleaner, high-efficiency, and low-carbon fuel, natural gas has been an important fuel resource for China. To achieve a substantial increase in natural gas demand, China has sought to reform its natural gas pricing mechanism. Employing a set of unbalanced panel data for China’s 30 provinces covering 1999–2015, this study aims to estimate the evolving price and income elasticities of natural gas demand and explore the effect of natural gas price reform in China. For this purpose, a series of econometric techniques allowing for cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity is utilized. The results suggest that although natural gas demand in China still lacks negative price elasticity, the phenomenon is improving. Moreover, the estimates suggest that natural gas demand in China is indeed becoming increasingly sensitive to income changes. Our estimates also provide strong evidence in favor of the effect of natural gas price reform on the change in price elasticity as the price elasticity decreases in five of the seven regions. In addition, the results indicate large variations in the change in price and income elasticities of natural gas demand across China’s regions. Natural gas demand is becoming more price inelastic in Southwest China and Northwest China, while such demand in North China and East China responds less sensitively to income changes. These findings offer several policy suggestions for the reform of China’s natural gas market at the national and regional levels.

El trabajo propone incorporar técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial a las herramientas disponibles para el análisis de coyuntura regional. Se comparan las estimaciones realizadas con Redes Neuronales (en concreto, mediante la utilización de redes con larga memoria de corto plazo, LSTM por sus siglas en inglés) con los instrumentos más habituales en el análisis de coyuntura (series temporales, indicadores sintéticos y factores dinámicos). Los resultados muestran que los avances en redes neuronales pueden ser incorporados al análisis de coyuntura mejorando las estimaciones. Son herramientas complementarias, con mayor flexibilidad para captar la diversidad de situaciones en la economía real y con una capacidad de estimación superior (menor error cuadrático medio). El documento propone la utilización de este tipo de técnicas para solucionar una diversidad de problemas en economía regional., This paper studies the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence techniques to the set of tools available for the analysis of the regional situation. The estimates using long-short-term memory, LSTM, neural networks are compared with the most common instruments in the analysis of conjuncture (time series, synthetic indicators and dynamic factors). Results show that advances in neural networks can be incorporated into the tools used in regional economic analysis reducing the estimation error. They are complementary tools, with greater flexibility to capture the diversity of situations in the real economy and with a higher estimation capacity (lower mean square error). The document suggests the use of these types of techniques to solve a variety of problems in regional research.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Since energy is one of the basic inputs for development, emerging economies should make an effort to investigate the environmental impacts of their fast economic growth. However, large emerging economies present significant regional heterogeneity that is usually uncounted for. This study uses the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model and regional data on the 27 Brazilian states to investigate the growth-CO2 nexus under distinct development stages. To perform this analysis, we divided the states into three groups according to their average annual GDP (i.e., richer, intermediate, and poorer regions). The results suggest that richer and poorer regions, particularly, present economic and demographic developments that are environmentally costly. Also, population and per capita GDP have the largest influences on CO2 emissions. The roles of the industrial sector and the ascending service sector are also subject to criticism. Moreover, Brazil arguably suffers from technological stagnation as its energy intensity is growing and boosting CO2 emissions. We discuss the policy implications of these findings and suggest a future research agenda. Production Engineering Department Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luís – Km 235 Department of Economics Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP) Department of Production Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) University of Hohenheim Department of Production Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Bu çalışma Bingöl Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin harcama durumlarını belirli kriterler açısından incelemek ve il ekonomisine olan katkısını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla çalışmamızda 21 maddeden oluşan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Anket formunda yüz yüze anket yöntemi aracılığıyla basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilmiş 418 öğrencinin düşünceleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bilgiler neticesinde ankete katılan öğrencilerin genellikle devlet yurtlarında kalmayı tercih ettiği, büyük çoğunluğunun Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nden olduğu ve Bingöl ilinde öğrenim görme maliyetini ekonomik yönden uygun olarak gördükleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu öğrencilerin Bingöl Üniversitesi’ni memleketlerine yakın olduğu gerekçesiyle tercih ettikleri ve Bingöl Üniversitesi’ni tavsiye etmede kararsız oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu öğrencilerin 2019 yılında aylık ortalama 768TL gelire sahip olmalarına rağmen, aylık 1.025TL harcama yaptıkları bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bingöl Üniversitesi’nin ortalama 15.713 öğrenciye sahip olduğu düşünüldüğünde öğrencilerin Bingöl şehrine yadsınamaz boyutta ekonomik katkı sağladıkları söylenebilir. Bu veriler ışığında hem üniversitede hem de il bazında öğrenci sayısını arttırmaya yönelik çabalar kentin ekonomisine önemli katkı sağlayacaktır., This study was carried out to examine the expenditure of students who study at Bingol University and and determine the provincial economy's contribution in terms of certain criteria. For this purpose, questionnaire consisting of 21 items was used. In the questionnaire form, the opinions of 418 students who selected according to the simple random sampling method were examined by the face-to-face survey method. As a result of the information obtained from the research, it has been determined that the students participating in the survey generally prefer to stay in state dormitories, the majority of them are from the Eastern Anatolia Region, and they see the cost of education in Bingöl as economically appropriate. In addition, these students were determined to be unstable in the grounds that Bingöl University are close to their country and are hesitant in advising Bingöl University. Although these students have an average of 768TL months in 2019, it has been reached by 1.025TL per month. When Bingöl University has an average of 15.713 students, students can be said to be an economic contribution to Bingöl city. In the view of these data, efforts to increase the number of students both at the university and on the provincial basis will contribute significantly to the economy of the city.

The aim of this research is to examine the determinants of regional housing demand in the NUTS-II regions of Turkey during the 2010-2017 period. It was decided to use the spatial econometric methods in the research analysis, since the presence of spatial effect which is arising from neighbourhood relationship between regions. The weight matrix was created within the framework of queen neighbourhood. According to the analysis findings, the income elasticity of regional housing demand varies between 0.790-1.400. In addition, it has been determined in the analysis findings that the price elasticity of regional housing demand is between 0.014-0.019. The fact that the price elasticity of regional housing demand is in a positive value range close to zero indicates that households perceive the house as an investment good as well as consumption good. The positive effect of regional industrialization level, regional population growth, and regional enterprise numbers on the regional housing demand is another finding obtained as a result of the research. As a result of the research, it is recommended that policy makers make policies to transfer their investment to industrial sectors that will create added value instead of the housing sector., Bu araştırmanın amacı bölgesel konut talebinin belirleyicilerini Türkiye’nin Düzey II bölgeleri örneklemi üzerinde 2010-2017 döneminde incelemektir. Analiz bulgularında bölgeler arasında komşuluk ilişkisinden kaynaklanan mekânsal etkinin varlığı tespit edilmesinden dolayı araştırmada mekansal ekonometrik yöntemlerin kullanılmasına karar verilmiştir. Bu araştırmada ağırlık matrisinin oluşturulmasında komşuluk ilişkisine dayanan Vezir yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Analiz bulguları bölgesel konut talebinin gelir esnekliğini 0.790 ile 1.400 aralığında değiştiği göstermektedir. Ayrıca analiz bulgularında bölgesel konut talebinin fiyat esnekliğinin 0.014 ile 0.019 aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bölgesel konut talebinin fiyat esnekliğinin sıfıra yakın pozitif bir değer aralığında yer alması hanehalklarının konutu tüketim malının yanı sıra yatırım malı olarak da algıladığını göstermektedir. Bölgelerin sanayileşme düzeylerinin, nüfus artışlarının ve girişim sayılarının konut talepleri üzerindeki pozitif yönlü etkisi de araştırma sonucu ortaya çıkan bir diğer bulgudur. Araştırma sonucunda politika yapıcılara hanehalklarının yatırımını konut sektörü yerine katma değer üretecek sanayi sektörlerine aktarmasına yönelik politikalar üretilmesine dair önerilerde bulunulmaktadır.

Vergi idaresinin vergi toplamada etkinliği ve mükelleflerin vergiye gönüllü uyumunun ölçümünde bir gösterge olarak kullanılan vergi açığı, maliye literatürüne özellikle son yıllarda girmiş, dikkat çeken bir kavram olarak yer almaktadır. Tahsil edilen toplam vergi miktarı ile tam vergi uyumu altında tahsil edilecek toplam vergi gelirleri arasındaki fark olan vergi açığı kavramını, Türkiye’de il bazında sosyoekonomik ve finansal gelişmişlik boyutuyla ampirik olarak incelemek bu çalışmanın ana amacını oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgularda sosyo-ekonomik faktörlerin finansal gelişmişlik düzeyinden daha etkili bir şekilde vergi açığının azaltılmasında etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. The tax gap used as an indicator in tax collection of the tax administration and the taxpayer compliance_x000D_ measurement of taxpayers is a noteworthy concept becoming to an end-use according to the financial_x000D_ literature. The main concept of taxation is to be socio-economic and financial development in some_x000D_ provinces in Turkey. In the obtained findings, it has been determined that socio-economic factors are_x000D_ more effective in reducing the tax deficit than the financial development level. The tax gap used as an indicator in tax collection of the tax administration and the taxpayer compliance measurement of taxpayers is a noteworthy concept becoming to an end-use according to the financial literature. The main concept of taxation is to be socio-economic and financial development in some provinces in Turkey. In the obtained findings, it has been determined that socio-economic factors are more effective in reducing the tax deficit than the financial development level.

The main goal of this article is to verify whether the Visegrad Group countries are achieving social convergence at national level at the expense of internal divergence. For this purpose, the existence of social beta-, sigma- and gamma-convergence at national and regional level was tested. The author of this article decided to tackle the convergence problem since there is a high risk that countries are trying to catch up at international level even at the expense of increasing internal differences. This trade off could be framed as undesirable from a cohesion policy point of view. Achieving convergence is not only important for inhabitants’ standard of living but for regions’ and countries’ competitiveness as well. In today’s turbulent and globalised world, regions must become more resilient and competitive, and this cannot be done without adequate human capital. Dealing with present unsustainable trends of many kinds, regions are forced to create the best living conditions in order to avoid the brain drain. In this article, a spatial taxonomy measure of development (Pietrzak, 2016) was used to compare the Visegrad Group countries performance with respect to their internal cohesion in the period of 2004-2014. It seems that the inclusion of spatial relationships is justified because nowadays, no region develops in isolation. Therefore, the situation in each region is influenced by neighbourhood.