148 results on '"Z13"'
Search Results
2. Societal Implications of Personalized Pricing in Online Grocery Shopping
- Author
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Jung, Jinho, Widmar, Nicole Olynk, and Lusk, Jayson L.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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3. Challenging the context: mumpreneurship, copreneurship and sustainable thinking in the entrepreneurial process of women – a case study in Ecuador
- Author
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Chávez Rivera, María Eulalia, Fuentes Fuentes, María del Mar, and Ruiz-Jiménez, Jenny María
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- 2021
- Full Text
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4. Lying Aversion and the Size of the Lie
- Author
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Gneezy, Uri, Kajackaite, Agne, and Sobel, Joel
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C91 ,D12 ,D90 ,Z13 ,Lying ,Deception ,Experiments ,Behavioral Economics ,Economics ,Commerce ,Management ,Tourism and Services - Abstract
This paper studies lying. An agent randomly picks a number from a known distribution. She can then report any number and receive a monetary payoff based only on her report. The paper presents a model of lying costs that generates hypotheses regarding behavior. In an experiment, we find that the highest fraction of lies is from reporting the maximal outcome, but some participants do not make the maximal lie. More participants lie partially when the experimenter cannot observe their outcomes than when the experimenter can verify the observed outcome. Partial lying increases when the prior probability of the highest outcome decreases. (JEL C91, D12, D90, Z13)
- Published
- 2018
5. Welfare implications of segregation of social and religious groups in India: analyzing from wealth perspectives
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Mishra, Aswini Kumar and Bhardwaj, Vedant
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- 2021
- Full Text
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6. Economics in the Social Science Spectrum: Evolution and Overlap with Different Academic Areas.
- Author
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Bögenhold, Dieter
- Subjects
SOCIOECONOMICS ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC sociology ,KNOWLEDGE base ,UNDERGRADUATES ,ECONOMICS education - Abstract
Causes for the distinct and growing separation of the academic domains of economics and neighboring fields are ongoing processes of specialization, fragmentation, and evolution. Thanks to the proliferation of publications and knowledge in economics, degrees of specialization have emerged. One of the great paradoxes in economics is the existence of mainstream economics, which is taught to undergraduate students and dominates textbooks, alongside new contributions that enter the arena via other disciplines (e.g., psychology, history, and law). The paper delineates some developments in economics over the last 100 years oscillating between continuity and change. Especially, the interplay between different domains in the social sciences is discussed as fields of tension and cooperation between economics and other disciplines. The message of the article is that economics is not a homogeneous body of being, content, and learning. Economics has a diverse knowledge base on a theoretical and methodological level with different forms of economic capacity, conceptual sensitivity, and methodological rigor. Many different approaches coexist with corresponding camps of authors. A multiplicity of topics and discourses can be observed with an interesting division of economics with one branch focused on mathematics, econometric tools, and applications, and the other branch moving towards increasing social scientification with strong links to psychology, history, philosophy, and sociology. The Oxford credo of politics, philosophy, and economics (PPE) has undergone a revival in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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7. Dynamics of immigrant assimilation: lessons from immigrants’ trust
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Lim, Sokchea and Morshed, A.K.M. Mahbub
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- 2019
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8. Emotional intelligence in a neoclassical framework and the nature of capitalism
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Soldatos, Gerasimos T. and Varelas, Erotokritos
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- 2019
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9. Witch-hunting, Cultural Revolution and the bright side of kinship
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Deng, Feng
- Published
- 2018
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10. Is the performance improvement effect of social capital contingent on life cycle stages of professional athletes? Evidence from motorboat racing in Japan
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Fukugawa, Nobuya
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- 2017
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11. The legacy of Max Weber and the early Austrians.
- Author
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Kolev, Stefan
- Subjects
SOCIOECONOMICS ,ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC history ,ECONOMIC sociology ,HUMAN behavior - Abstract
This paper explores Max Weber's intellectual relationship to the first generations of the Austrian School. Challenging his portrayal as a one-sided historicist, the paper reconstructs Weber's intense involvement with the Viennese economists from the 1890s to his passing in 1920 and his efforts to overcome the fronts left behind by the Methodenstreit. Section 2 discusses a number of necessary conditions for declaring a scholarly community a "school". Section 3 systematizes the multiple biographical connections, especially Weber's nexus to Friedrich von Wieser and Joseph Schumpeter. Section 4 focuses on the research program of Social Economics during the first decades of the twentieth century as the "irenic formula" for the post-Methodenstreit hostilities. Within Social Economics, economic sociology constitutes an "intermediary" layer between economic theory and economic history, addressing the institutional properties of the framework surrounding the processes of human action and exchange. Depending on the relative importance and qualifying power of economic sociology vis-à-vis economic theory, the paper distinguishes two varieties of Social Economics, a "universalist" and an "institutionalist" one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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12. Anthropological archaeology and the Viennese students of civilization.
- Author
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Dozier, Crystal A.
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,ARCHAEOLOGY ,METHODOLOGICAL individualism ,CIVILIZATION ,ECONOMIC anthropology - Abstract
In this paper, I explore the parallel trajectories of anthropological archaeological and Austrian economic thought from central Europe to the Anglosphere. I note the work of Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) and Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992). Tracing the influence that similar theoretical perspectives has had on their respective fields, I particularly investigate the concept of methodological individualism within American archaeology in the twentieth century. This work therefore is a general abstract for the various points of contact between Austrian Economics and anthropological archaeology over the course of their intellectual histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
- Full Text
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13. Is Bilingual Education Desirable in Multilingual countries?
- Author
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Kazuhiro Yuki
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Labour economics ,Economics and Econometrics ,Earnings ,Bilingual education ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,I25 ,J24 ,Developing country ,Human capital ,economic development ,O15 ,language policy ,Net income ,Vocational education ,bilingual education ,Z13 ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Economics ,Language education ,human capital ,Language policy - Abstract
Many developing countries are populated by multiple ethnic groups who use their own language in daily life and in local business, but have to use a common language in national business and in communications with other groups. In these countries, how much weights should be placed on teaching a local ethnic language and teaching a common language is a critical issue. A similar conflict arises in low-income countries in general between teaching skills that are "practical" and directly useful in local jobs, and teaching academic skills that are important in modern sector jobs. This paper develops a model to examine these questions theoretically. It is shown that balanced education of the two languages/skills is critical for skill development of those with limited wealth for education. It is also found that the balanced education brings higher earnings net of educational expenditure, only when a country has favorable conditions (TFP is reasonably high, and education, in particular, common language education [academic education] is reasonably effective) and only for those with adequate wealth. Common-language-only (academic-only) education maximizes net earnings of those with little wealth, and, when the country's conditions are not good, maximizes net earnings of all. This implies that there exists a trade-off between educational and economic outcomes for those with little wealth, and, when the conditions are not good, the trade-off exists for everyone without adequate wealth. Policy implications derived from the results too are discussed.
- Published
- 2022
14. Love thy neighbor – religion and prosociality
- Author
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Heineck, Guido
- Published
- 2017
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15. Motivations behind individuals’ energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving behavior: The case of China
- Author
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Jens K. Perret, V. Udalov, and N. Fabisch
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Original Paper ,Behavior ,China ,Economics and Econometrics ,Government ,Public economics ,Environmental motivation ,Cross-cultural ,Environment ,Energy efficiency ,Incentive ,Beijing ,Z13 ,Economics ,C26 ,Energy-saving ,Peer pressure ,Sociocultural evolution ,Empirical evidence ,F64 ,Public finance - Abstract
The impact of environmental motivations on the individual’s decisions regarding investments in energy efficiency and the adoption of energy-saving habits are analyzed for a representative sample of Chinese inhabitants from the larger Beijing area, replicating a comparative study on Western Europe. For the considered type of energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving activities similarities and discrepancies between the two regions are discussed in regard to their sociocultural background as well as governmental regulations. The study provides empirical evidence that for Chinese environmental issues if all only play a tertiary role after monetary and regulatory incentives. The findings could suggest that in China policy programs aimed at raising environmental awareness and forming pro-environmental motivations might not lead to an increase in energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving activities and the Chinese government’s interests in this regard might be better served by implementing corresponding incentives via regulations. In the long-term. However, social peer pressure might affect a change in the Chinese mentality.
- Published
- 2021
16. Friendship, not altruism: an economic theory with cross-cultural applications.
- Author
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Farmer, Amy and Kali, Raja
- Subjects
- *
FRIENDSHIP , *ALTRUISM , *GAME theory , *OPPORTUNISM (Psychology) , *COOPERATION , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Friendship is both ubiquitous and economically important, but neglected in the economic literature. We provide a definition of friendship supported by anthropology research that we believe is plausible, widely accepted, and distinct from altruism. This motivates a game-theoretic model of friendship that provides a characterization of how friendship in a bilateral relationship can explain cooperation in a finite-horizon setting without the aid of altruism or pro-social preferences. We highlight the difference between two key equilibria of our model: opportunistic friendship that is short-lived and driven by material support, and sustained friendship that is long-lived and is distinguished from opportunistic friendship by the provision of support without the expectation of return. Opportunistic friendship seems more likely in environments characterized by economic uncertainty such as in developing countries or immigrant communities. We provide cross-cultural examples of friendship that are consistent with the conditions underpinning opportunistic versus sustained friendship equilibria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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17. On the Theoretical and Practical Relevance of the Concept of Gift to the Development of a Non-imperialist Economics.
- Author
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Cedrini, Mario A. and Marchionatti, Roberto
- Subjects
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ECONOMICS , *IMPERIALISM , *INTERDISCIPLINARY research , *ECONOMISTS , *SOCIAL cohesion , *REDUCTIONISM , *INTERPERSONAL relations - Abstract
There is growing awareness of the need for interdisciplinary research on complex issues, but also of the obstacles that historical boundaries between social disciplines pose to such dialogue. It is increasingly recognized that the somewhat constitutive autonomy, the progressive autonomization, and finally the “imperialism” of economics have severely reduced the possibility of interdisciplinary discussion. This paper is a first step towards developing a research program on the foundations of a non-imperialist economics. It investigates gift exchange as a missed opportunity for economics. It aims at showing that, by refusing to tackle the complexity of the gift, economics has not only lost an opportunity to develop a method suitable for the analysis of complex problems, but has voluntarily chosen not to follow a path which would have prevented it from colonizing other disciplines. Reintroducing the concept of gift into the economic discourse may thus represent a required precondition to produce an innovating discourse on economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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18. Choosing the Narrative: the Shadow Banking Crisis in Light of Covid
- Author
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Marcus Miller
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Financial economics ,G24 ,Bank runs ,Epidemic and social contagion ,Judgement ,Bank run ,Technology and news shocks ,Commission ,Equity constraints ,HG ,Y8 ,Shock (economics) ,Credibility ,Financial crisis ,Z13 ,Economics ,Narrative ,Rating agencies ,G01 ,RA ,Shadow (psychology) ,Research Article ,Shadow banking ,G41 - Abstract
Could experiencing a health pandemic aid in understanding the nature of financial crisis? It might, for example, help to discriminate between different narratives that claim to do so. In this spirit, two influential accounts of the near-collapse of shadow banking in the US financial crisis of 2008 are analysed: one developed by Mark Gertler and Nobuhiro Kiyotaki and the other presented by the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission of the US Congress. Using a common two-sector framework, key features of these contrasting accounts of the market for banking services are presented, along with their corresponding diagnoses of what precipitated financial crisis. To see what the experience of Covid might imply about their relative credibility, four aspects of the current pandemic are considered: how it began from a small biological shock; how it gets spread by contagion; the significance of externalities; and how it may end with a vaccine. But the reader is left to form his or her own judgement.
- Published
- 2021
19. Decomposition of co-worker wage gains
- Author
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Virág Ilyés and István Boza
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Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,m54 ,Labor. Work. Working class ,Wage ,Economic growth, development, planning ,0502 economics and business ,z13 ,Economics ,Decomposition (computer science) ,match quality ,Quality (business) ,j64 ,050207 economics ,Empirical evidence ,linked employer–employee data ,media_common ,Information transmission ,co-worker network ,fixed effects ,05 social sciences ,Sorting ,information transmission ,HD4801-8943 ,employee referral ,Industrial relations ,HD72-88 ,j31 ,wage decomposition ,050203 business & management - Abstract
We address the presence, magnitude, and composition of wage gains related to former co-workers and discuss the mechanisms that could explain their existence. Using Hungarian linked employer–employee administrative data and proxying actual co-workership with overlapping work histories, we show that the overall wage gain attributable to former co-workers consists of multiple elements: a contact-specific, an individual-specific, a firm-specific and a match-specific component. Former co-workers, besides the direct effect of their presence, may funnel individuals into high-paying firms, enhance the sorting of good quality workers into firms, and may contribute to the creation of better employer–employee matches. By introducing and applying a wage-decomposition technique, we demonstrate that there are non-negligible differences between linked and market hires in all empirically separable wage elements. By focusing on specific scenarios, we provide additional empirical evidence in favor of employee referral and information transmission as the main drivers of co-worker gains.
- Published
- 2020
20. La interdisciplinaridad clave del desarrollo científico de la persona y sus instituciones
- Author
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García Echevarría, Santiago and Universidad de Alcalá. Instituto de Dirección y Organización de Empresas (IDOE)
- Subjects
Costes de coordinación ,Ciencia ,Organización universitaria ,Economics ,Science ,I23 ,Interdisciplinarity ,J24 ,Individual ,Institutions ,Trust ,University organisation ,Interdisciplinaridad ,Integrated development of the individual ,Economía ,Creativity ,Conocimiento ,Desarrollo integral de la persona ,Coordinación ,M50 ,Innovation ,A12 ,Confianza ,Common good ,Governance ,Cooperación ,M14 ,Coordination costs ,Bien común ,Creatividad ,O15 ,Management ,Management science ,Innovación ,Cooperation ,Knowledge ,Coordination ,Z10 ,Gobernanza ,Z13 ,Persona ,Instituciones ,Empresa - Abstract
16 p., La interdisciplinaridad es un ámbito hoy pendiente tanto en lo que afecta a la investigación como en la docencia como consecuencia del fuerte aislamiento adquirido en el ámbito científico de la especialización. Lo que se refleja también tanto en la acción económica y social como en el ámbito de la gobernanza y organización de las Instituciones y, en particular, en el ámbito de la empresa. Lo que se refleja, en primer término, en el campo científico y en el desarrollo de las personas creando deficiencias significativas en los procesos de coordinación, así como en el propio desarrollo de la persona en la Institución. Lo que incide en la dificultad para integrar la diversidad de las situaciones reales y la contribución de la Ciencia a la Sociedad. La referencia a la dimensión humana y social de toda acción económico-social e institucional solo se logra en la búsqueda de lo global, del todo, de las personas y de sus fines en la sociedad., Today interdisciplinarity is an ambit still pending in terms of both research and teaching. This is the result of the high degree of isolation that the scientific ambit has acquired as a result of specialisation. It is reflected in economic and social action in the governance and organisation of Institutions, particularly in the world of business. It is reflected, primarily, in the field of science and in the development of the individual, creating significant differences in coordination processes, as well as in the development of the individual him/herself within the Institution. This, in turn, makes the task of integrating the diversity of real situations and Science’s contribution to Society more difficult. Reference to the human and social dimension of all socio-economic and institutional actions is only achieved when one seeks the global element, that of everyone, that of the individual and their objectives within Society.
- Published
- 2022
21. Religion and the sociological critique of political economy: Altruism and gift.
- Author
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Steiner, Philippe
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMICS , *RELIGION , *RELIGION & sociology , *SOCIOLOGY , *ALTRUISM , *POLITICAL attitudes - Abstract
This article shows that there is a strong connection between the religious component of French sociology and the critique of political economy. In the first section, I consider how selfish behaviour, or egoism, became treated as a major threat endangering the creation of industrial society by those concerned about the diffusion of political economy. I then summarise the methodological critique set forth in theCours, before connecting this critique to the economic content of theSystèmeand the concept of altruism. In the following section, Spencer's view of altruism is contrasted to that held by Comte, and then I consider the reaction of French political economists, defending the moral value bought about by their science. In the final section, I explain how the Comtean approach was re-enacted by Durkheim and then by Mauss, at the head of the “sociology of religion” section ofL'Année sociologique, the Durkheimian journal, to give birth to the theory of gift-giving behaviour that Mauss used to critique political economy in the 1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The Sharing Economy in Europe: From Idea to Reality
- Author
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Cristina Miguel, Gabriela Avram, Andrzej Klimczuk, Bori Simonovits, Bálint Balázs, Vida Česnuitytė, Česnuityte, Vida, Klimczuk, Andrzej, Miguel, Cristina, and Avram, Gabriela
- Subjects
D16 ,Economics ,L86 ,Wirtschaft ,Sociology of Economics ,Collaborative Economy ,Collaborative Consumption ,Peer-to-Peer Economy ,Digital Platforms ,Sharing Economy ,Sociology & anthropology ,Basic Research, General Concepts and History of Economics ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Wirtschaftswissenschaften ,Z13 ,ddc:330 ,ddc:301 ,Wirtschaftssoziologie ,Z18 - Abstract
This chapter explains the rationale behind the book. It provides basic definitions of the concept of the sharing economy as well as the primary meanings related to the subject of the analysis undertaken in the subsequent chapters. This Introduction also includes a description of the main benefits of the analysis of the sharing economy from a European perspective. It highlights that the idea of the book emerged from the collaboration of most co-authors in the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ Finally, the outline of the book is presented, providing a description of the content of each chapter within this academic collection.
- Published
- 2022
23. The State and Critical Assessment of the Sharing Economy in Europe
- Author
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Vida Česnuitytė, Bori Simonovits, Andrzej Klimczuk, Bálint Balázs, Cristina Miguel, Gabriela Avram, Česnuityte, Vida, Klimczuk, Andrzej, Miguel, Cristina, and Avram, Gabriela
- Subjects
D16 ,Economics ,L86 ,Critical Assessment of the Sharing Economy ,Wirtschaft ,Sociology of Economics ,Sociology & anthropology ,Sharing Economy ,Controversies of the Sharing Economy ,Basic Research, General Concepts and History of Economics ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Wirtschaftswissenschaften ,Z13 ,ddc:330 ,ddc:301 ,Wirtschaftssoziologie ,Z18 - Abstract
The chapter is the final one in the volume of collected papers aiming to discuss the sharing economy in Europe. The idea of the book emerged within the research network created by the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ The authors of the chapter sum up theoretical and empirical materials as well as country-specific cases provided in the book. The article critically assesses the current status of the sharing economy in European countries by highlighting major controversial issues related to deregulation, market disruption, or social inequality. The authors conclude that, considering the comprehensive and up-to-date materials collected and analysed in the book, it may become an outstanding source of knowledge and a practical tool in the process of expansion of the sharing economy in Europe and beyond.
- Published
- 2022
24. The Context of Public Policy on the Sharing Economy
- Author
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Koczetkow, Błażej, Klimczuk, Andrzej, Česnuityte, Vida, Klimczuk, Andrzej, Miguel, Cristina, and Avram, Gabriela
- Subjects
D16 ,Standards in sharing economy ,Economics ,L86 ,Self-regulation in the sharing economy ,Regulations and the sharing economy ,Wirtschaft ,Informal tools of regulation ,Sociology of Economics ,Sociology & anthropology ,Soft law ,Public policy instruments ,Basic Research, General Concepts and History of Economics ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Wirtschaftswissenschaften ,Z13 ,ddc:330 ,ddc:301 ,Wirtschaftssoziologie ,Z18 - Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to analyse approaches to the sharing economy from the perspective of public policy science. In the first part of the text, attention is paid to perceiving the development of the emerging sharing economy not only as phenomenon with positive economic effects but also as a set of public problems (e.g., on the labour market and for existing economic structures) that require intervention at the level of national governments as well as at international level. Subsequent sections identify possible actions for regulating the development of the sharing economy. The role of soft law, stakeholders’ networks, self-regulation and standardisation are discussed in the chapter. The summary includes potential directions for further research.
- Published
- 2022
25. Have We Passed Peak Capitalism?
- Author
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Fix, Blair
- Subjects
language ,idelology ,Z1 ,religion ,Z13 ,ddc:330 ,Z12 ,P16 ,capitalism ,economics - Abstract
Among leftists, predicting the end of capitalism is a favorite parlor game. For example, as a graduate student in the 2010s, I remember discovering the 1976 edition of Marx’s Capital and being struck by the introduction. Written by the Belgian Marxist Ernest Mandel, the foreword concluded that it was ‘most unlikely’ that capitalism would survive another half-century. This prediction (and many like it) did not age well. What capitalism’s critics often misunderstand is that social orders rarely ‘die’. More often, they fade into irrelevance. Just as no one can point to the end-date of feudalism, it seems unlikely that capitalism will have a decisive ‘finish’. But what it may have is a peak. The goal of this post is to chart the rise (and potential peak) of ‘capitalism’ … as I understand it. This caveat is key. To study a social system, we must first define it. To many people, capitalism is a ‘mode of production’ (a definition inherited from Marx). The view that I take here, however, is that capitalism is primarily an ideology — or what Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler call a ‘mode of power’. Capitalism is a set of ideas that justify the modern social order. Although there are many ways to chart the rise of capitalism, what interests me here is that it was the first major ideology to have spread during the era of mass publication. That means capitalism’s rise (and potential peak) should be visible in the word frequency of written language. For example, as capitalism spread, we’d expect that capitalist jargon — words like ‘market’ and ‘price’ — should become more common. And feudal jargon — words like ‘fief’ and ‘vassal’ — should become less common. Now, I’ve chosen these specific words as an illustration. But for my actual analysis, I do not ‘choose’ the jargon words. Instead, I choose a corpus of text that I believe encapsulates the ideology in question (capitalism or feudalism). And from there, I let the jargon of the text speak for itself. The basic idea is that jargon words are those that are both frequently used in a text corpus and overused relative to mainstream English. The first step of the analysis, then, is to select a corpus of ideological texts. To capture feudal ideology, I use a sample of 22 modern English bibles. I use modern translations because I don’t want text that contains archaic words (like ‘thou’). And I use the Bible because christian theology formed the backbone of European feudalism.1 To capture capitalist ideology, I use a sample of 43 introductory economics textbooks. My claim is that these textbooks deal mostly in capitalist metaphysics; they describe a fantasy world of self-equilibrating markets in which each person earns what they produce.2 With my sample of biblical and economics text, I first isolate the jargon words of each corpus. Then I use the Google English corpus to measure how the frequency of this jargon has changed over time. (As a consistency check, I also analyze the text in paper titles on the Sci-Hub database and book titles in Library Genesis.) I find that over the last several centuries, biblical jargon became less popular and was slowly replaced by economics jargon. I also find evidence that the popularity of economics language peaked during the 1980s, and has since declined. Ominously, this peak coincides with an uptick in the popularity of biblical language. In simple terms, it seems that we (anglophones) are in the midst of an ideological transition.
- Published
- 2022
26. An economic theory of religious belief.
- Author
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Strulik, Holger
- Subjects
- *
CHURCH attendance , *LEISURE , *COGNITIVE styles , *ECONOMICS , *COGNITIVE ability , *ECONOMIC equilibrium , *ECONOMIC shock - Abstract
In this paper I consider how individuals allocate their time between church attendance (and other religious activities) and secular leisure activities. Moreover, individuals use a cognitive style, which is either intuitive-believing or reflective-analytical. I assume that the full benefit from religious activities is achieved by intuitive believers. The model predicts that, ceteris paribus, wealthier individuals and individuals with higher cognitive ability are more likely to abandon the intuitive-believing cognitive style. They may continue to attend church but do so less frequently than intuitive believers. In general equilibrium, there exists a locally stable steady state where believing and frequent church attendance is widespread across the social strata. A sufficiently large negative shock (e.g. the Enlightenment, repeal of Sunday shopping laws), however, initiates the gradual secularization of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Economics is not always performative: some limits for performativity.
- Author
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Brisset, Nicolas
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMICS , *SOCIAL institutions , *SOCIAL sciences , *LINGUISTICS , *PERFORMATIVE (Philosophy) - Abstract
The phenomenon of performativity has recently sparked debates about the status of the economic discourse. This paper aims to discuss the subjectivist idea that if economics ‘performs’ (shapes) social reality, rather than merely reflects it, then every theory can be considered ‘true.’ My main goal is to point out three limits of performativity. First, not all theories can be performative since some do not produce empirical landmarks for agents. Second, social institutions restrict performativity. Third, I emphasize the necessity that a theory to be self-fulfilling. This article is a prelude to a new kind of performative studies based on an original definition: a theory performs the world if it implies a behavioral regularity which leads to a general coordination between agents. That is to say, if it becomes a conventionà laDavid Lewis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Entrepreneurial role models, fear of failure, and institutional approval of entrepreneurship: a tale of two regions.
- Author
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Wyrwich, Michael, Stuetzer, Michael, and Sternberg, Rolf
- Subjects
BUSINESSPEOPLE ,ECONOMIC models ,INFLUENCE ,UNCERTAINTY (Information theory) ,HYPOTHESIS ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Studies on the influence of entrepreneurial role models (peers) on the decision to start a firm argue that entrepreneurial role models in the local environment (1) provide opportunities to learn about entrepreneurial tasks and capabilities, and (2) signal that entrepreneurship is a favorable career option thereby reducing uncertainty that potential entrepreneurs face. However, these studies remain silent about the role of institutional context for these mechanisms. Applying an extended sender-receiver model, we hypothesize that observing entrepreneurs reduces fear of failure in others in environments where approval of entrepreneurship is high, while this effect is significantly weaker in low-approval environments. Taking advantage of the natural experiment from recent German history and using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Project, we find considerable support for our hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Get Rich or Fail Your Exam Tryin': Gender, Socioeconomic Status and Spillover Effects of Blended Learning
- Author
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Mehic, Adrian and Olofsson, Charlotta
- Subjects
online education ,social networks ,I28 ,J16 ,Economics ,I23 ,Z13 ,ddc:330 ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,COVID-19 ,blended learning - Abstract
We evaluate a natural experiment at a Swedish university, in which students were randomized to either taking all their courses online, or to have some courses online and some on campus (blended learning). Our setting creates two groups for the online courses: One group with no access to campus whatsoever, and one group treated with campus classes in parallel, but unrelated, courses. We show that campus access in parallel courses improved academic performance in online courses only among female students with affluent parents. Detailed individual-level survey data suggests that there was no relationship between social status and adverse mental health amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, by estimating each student's network position, linked with administrative data on parental income, we show that female students with wealthy parents have significantly less constrained social networks, enabling them to utilize scarcely available campus time to communicate with classmates more efficiently.
- Published
- 2021
30. Youth unemployment and employment trajectories in Spain during the Great Recession: what are the determinants?
- Author
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Joan Miquel Verd, Oriol Barranco, and Mireia Bolíbar
- Subjects
Typology ,Youth unemployment ,Youth ,lcsh:HD5701-6000.9 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,J24 ,Context (language use) ,Great recession ,Recession ,0502 economics and business ,ddc:330 ,050602 political science & public administration ,Economics ,050207 economics ,education ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,05 social sciences ,lcsh:Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand ,General Medicine ,Work experience ,0506 political science ,Labour markets ,Spain ,Unemployment ,Employment trajectories ,Z13 ,Position (finance) ,Demographic economics ,Great Recession ,J64 - Abstract
Since the beginning of the recession period in Europe, unemployment has greatly affected the young adult population. In this context, Spain is regarded as an extreme case, due to its exceptionally high youth unemployment rates. This article seeks to identify the determinants that have led certain groups of Spanish young people to suffer labour market trajectories with higher levels of unemployment and instability during the Great Recession than others. To do this, retrospective data from the 2012 Catalan Youth Survey are used. With these data and using cluster analysis, a typology of labour market trajectories is constructed. Next, multinomial logistic regressions are used to identify what individual socio-demographic characteristics and pre-crisis employment experiences are connected to these different typological career paths. Results show that the highly differentiated career paths are associated with different social profiles and differences in the presence of unemployment. Moreover, interesting differences among the most unstable career paths appear. For the most vulnerable social profiles the employment trajectory prior to the crisis seems to point towards the existence of an entrapment in low-skilled jobs that alternate with situations of unemployment. For those with a slightly better position their employment situation after the initiation of the crisis seems to have been impacted by their brief labour market trajectory before the crisis and their resulting work experience gap. We would like to thank the Catalan Youth Observatory for letting us use the data from the Catalan Youth Survey 2012. We would particularly like to thank Pau Serracant for his help and for encouraging us to send our study to the Journal of Labour Market Research in response to their call for research on Youth unemployment in Europe. We are also grateful to two anonymous referees for their comments, which enabled us to greatly improve the quality of our paper. It goes without saying that any errors in this article are the sole responsibility of the authors.
- Published
- 2019
31. Virtual world order: the economics and organizations of virtual pirates.
- Author
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Mildenberger, Carl
- Subjects
VIRTUAL reality ,PIRACY (Copyright) ,ANARCHISM ,ORDER ,COMPUTER users ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper investigates how order may emerge in anarchy using a novel empirical approach. It analyzes the predatory and productive interactions of 400,000 users of a virtual world. Virtual worlds are computer-created environments that visually mimic physical spaces, where people interact with each other and with virtual objects in manifold ways. Notably, the paper examines the behavior of users acting as virtual pirates. The paper finds that even in a largely anonymous and anarchic virtual world private rules of order mitigate the most destructive forms of conflict. This is true even though the virtual pirates are found to be conflict-loving rather than conflict-averse. Although the costs of conflict are dramatically reduced in virtual worlds, private rules that limit violence spontaneously emerge. An important part of the paper's contribution is methodological. The analysis of the problem of order in anarchy serves to exemplify the power and usefulness of the new approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Marketization: Theoretical Reflections Building on the Perspectives of Polanyi and Habermas.
- Author
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Ebner, Alexander
- Subjects
- *
MARKETS , *ECONOMICS , *SOCIOECONOMICS - Abstract
The concept of marketization denotes the expansion of market coordination into non-market coordinated social domains as well as its intensification in already market-dominated settings. This article sets out to reconstruct an institutionalist theory of marketization. As a point of departure, it critically examines the related contributions of Karl Polanyi and Jürgen Habermas. The analytical strength of Polanyi's theory of marketization lies in the discussion of the contested embeddedness of markets and the view of marketization as a politically shaped process of institutional change. This concern with the societal expansion of markets is further developed in the Habermasian thesis of the ‘colonisation of the lifeworld’. However, both Polanyi and Habermas lack a specification of the social substance of markets and thus tend to underestimate the complexity of marketization. To address this issue, the present article utilizes the concept of collective goods to introduce new arguments about the institutional dynamics of marketization in the diverse fields of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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33. Social Capital, Investment and Economic Growth: Some Evidence for Spanish Provinces.
- Author
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Peiró-Palomino, Jesús and Tortosa-Ausina, Emili
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,GROSS domestic product ,CAPITAL investments ,HUMAN capital ,POPULATION & economics ,PRICE inflation ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Spatial Economic Analysis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
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34. Legitimacy and the cost of government.
- Author
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Berggren, Niclas, Bjørnskov, Christian, and Lipka, David
- Subjects
LEGITIMACY of governments ,GOVERNMENT size ,PUBLIC spending ,DEMOCRACY ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,POLITICAL trust (in government) ,PANEL analysis ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
While previous research documents a negative relationship between government size and economic growth, suggesting an economic cost of big government, a given government size generally affects growth differently in different countries. As a possible explanation of this differential effect, we explore whether government legitimacy (measured by satisfaction with the way democracy works) influences how a certain government size affects growth. On the positive side, a government perceived as legitimate may 'get away' with being big since legitimacy can affect behavioral response to, and therefore the economic growth cost of, taxation and government expenditures. On the negative side, perceived legitimacy may make voters less prone to acquire information, which in turn facilitates interest-group oriented or populist policies that harm growth. A panel-data analysis of up to 30 developed countries, in which two different measures of the size of government are interacted with government legitimacy, reveals that perceived legitimacy exacerbates a negative growth effect of government size in the long run. This could be interpreted as governments taking advantage of being regarded as legitimate in order to secure short-term support at a long-term cost to the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
35. Cultural catallactics.
- Author
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Garnett, Rob
- Subjects
CULTURE ,ECONOMICS ,HERMENEUTICS - Abstract
In response to Israel Kirzner's claim that 'culture lies outside the scope of economic theory itself,' Storr advances a compelling vision of market processes in which price changes, profit/loss signals, and constitutional rules do their work only when refracted through culturally specific webs of meaning. Yet Storr provides few details about the analytic structure or consequences of his alternative approach and ultimately no answer to the Kirznerian question of how, or how fully, a culture-infused market process would eliminate incoherence of plans. Storr's focus on the competing spirits that animate particular markets is congenial to Ludwig Lachmann's emphasis on diverse interpretative frames through which individuals decode market signals. If pursued, the nascent Weber-Schütz-Lachmann trajectory of Storr's cultural catallactics would showcase the distinctive strengths of the Austrian hermeneutic tradition as a radical alternative to the culturally disembedded Walrasian/Kirznerian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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36. Did the 'Bologna Process' Achieve Its Goals? 20 Years of Empirical Evidence on Student Enrolment, Study Success and Labour Market Outcomes
- Author
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Kroher, Martina, Leuze, Kathrin, Thomsen, Stephan L., and Trunzer, Johannes
- Subjects
education ,sociology ,I28 ,inequality ,I23 ,Z13 ,employment ,ddc:330 ,economics ,universities - Abstract
In 1999, the "Bologna Process" was initiated to improve higher education enrolment, study success and students' employability across Europe, mainly by introducing the two-cycle degree structure of Bachelor (BA) and Master (MA). More than 20 years later, we examine whether these goals were met by reviewing quantitative articles from sociology and economics. We find that the literature is surprisingly small, selective, and ambiguous. While enrolment seems to have increased in countries implementing the reform more quickly, the evidence on study success is mixed and hardly available regarding student mobility. The results on employment outcomes are more consistent, with BA graduates having lower labour market returns than graduates with MA or traditional degrees. Altogether, studies often do not allow for causal conclusions and only provide a fragmented picture, which makes evidence-based adjustments in reform implementation difficult. This calls for further research using better data, more state-of-the-art methods and deeper theoretical reasoning.
- Published
- 2021
37. Niepubliczne agencje zatrudnienia osób niepełnosprawnych. Możliwości i dylematy rozwoju w sektorze pozarządowym
- Author
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Klimczuk, Andrzej, Siedlecki, Marcin, Sadowska, Paulina, and Michał Sydow
- Subjects
rynek pracy ,non-governmental organization ,niepełnosprawność ,third sector ,Economics ,organizacje pozarządowe ,J68 ,soziale Probleme ,employment agency ,Labor Market Policy ,agencje zatrudnienia ,V.14.01.01 Social Policy ,jel:E24 ,Arbeitsamt ,handicapped ,Labor Market Research ,V.13.01.02 Labour Market Policy ,employment agencies ,Wirtschaft ,employment promotion ,osoby niepełnosprawne ,Soziale Probleme und Sozialdienste ,ddc:300 ,E24 ,Non-Profit-Bereich ,non-profit sector ,jel:Z13 ,nichtstaatliche Organisation ,służby zatrudnienia ,Social Problems ,Arbeitsmarkt ,V.13.01 Labour Market ,non-governmental organizations ,persons with disabilities ,jel:J68 ,employment offices ,Arbeitsagentur ,ddc:330 ,empirische Forschung ,trzeci sektor ,urzędy pracy ,employment services ,employment agencies,disability,non-governmental organizations,persons with disabilities,employment services,third sector,employment offices,labor market ,Arbeitsmarktforschung ,empirical research ,employment office ,Arbeitsförderung ,Arbeitsmarktpolitik ,ddc:360 ,disability ,Behinderter ,Z13 ,labor market ,Social problems and services - Abstract
Raport powstał z inicjatywy Fundacji Pomocy Matematykom i Informatykom Niesprawnym Ruchowo w ramach projektu „Centrum Edukacji i Aktywizacji Zawodowej Osób Niepełnosprawnych - Oddziały Bydgoszcz i Łódź". Stanowi on rezultat badań zjawiska niepełnosprawności i kategorii społecznej, jaką stanowią osoby niepełnosprawne, oraz funkcjonowania ponad 30 agencji zatrudnienia wyspecjalizowanych we wsparciu osób niepełnosprawnych na rynku pracy. Pierwszy rozdział ekspertyzy dotyczy sposobów definiowania zjawiska niepełnosprawności, w drugim zaś - podjęto zagadnienie budowania potencjału niepublicznych służb zatrudnienia osób niepełnosprawnych. Trzeci rozdział raportu zawiera informacje dotyczące przyjętej metodologii badań, a czwarty prezentuje wyniki analiz zebranego materiału empirycznego w odniesieniu do oferty agencji zatrudnienia i jej klientów. Tematem piątego rozdziału pracy jest kondycja agencji zatrudnienia osób niepełnosprawnych, prowadzonych przez organizacje pozarządowe. Motyw przewodni kolejnego rozdziału to otoczenie zewnętrzne agencji zatrudnienia. Ostatnia cześć raportu dotyczy rekomendacji wspomagających rozwiązywanie dylematów rozwojowych, przed którymi stoją agencje zatrudnienia. This report was made on the initiative of the Foundation Supporting Disabled Mathematicians and IT professionals in the project "Centre for Education and Vocational Activation of Persons with Disabilities - Branches Bydgoszcz and Lodz." It is the result of research on disability phenomenon and people with disabilities social category. It contains information about operations of more than 30 employment agencies specialized in helping people with disabilities into the labor market. First chapter of expertise relates to methods for defining the prevalence of disability and in the second - it was the issue of capacity building for non-disabled employment services. Third chapter of the report provides information on the methodology of research, and the fourth presents the results of an empirical analysis of the collected material in relation to the offer of employment agencies and their clients. Theme of the fifth chapter of the work is the condition of the disabled employment agency run by NGOs. Theme of the next chapter is the external environment of employment agencies. Last part of the report focuses on solving a recommendation supporting development dilemmas faced by agencies employment. Badanie zrealizowane w ramach projektu „Centrum Edukacji i Aktywizacji Zawodowej Osób Niepełnosprawnych – Oddziały Bydgoszcz i Łódź”, wdrażanego przez Fundację Pomocy Matematykom i Informatykom Niesprawnym Ruchowo dzięki dofinansowaniu ze środków Państwowego Funduszu Rehabilitacji Osób Niepełnosprawnych. Andrzej Klimczuk
- Published
- 2021
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38. Das Verhältnis von neuer Wirtschaftssoziologie und moderner Volkswirtschaftslehre: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer soziologischen Kritik am (neoklassischen) Mainstream
- Author
-
Reinke, Rouven and Universität Hamburg, Fak. Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, FB Sozialökonomie, Zentrum für Ökonomische und Soziologische Studien (ZÖSS)
- Subjects
criticism ,Neoklassik ,Economics ,neoklassische Theorie ,Wirtschaft ,methodology ,Methodologie ,Paradigma ,paradigm ,neoclassical theory ,Neue Wirtschaftssoziologie ,B41 ,Basic Research, General Concepts and History of Economics ,Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Wirtschaftswissenschaften ,soziale Faktoren ,Volkswirtschaftslehre ,economic sociology ,Z13 ,Kritik ,ddc:330 ,Wirtschaftssoziologie ,social factors ,A12 ,B13 - Abstract
In der Debatte über die Pluralisierung der Volkswirtschaftslehre sind Beiträge aus der Nachbardisziplin der Soziologie bisher kaum aufgegriffen worden. Dabei hat sich hier mit der Neuen Wirtschaftssoziologie ein Forschungsstrang etabliert, dessen Selbstverständnis dezidiert in einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Neoklassik verankert ist. So bietet die Neue Wirtschaftssoziologie diverse Anknüpfungspunkte für die heterodoxe Kritik am Mainstream. Vor allem im Hinblick auf das mikroökonomische Gleichgewichtsgewichtsmodell der Neoklassik liefert die Neue Wirtschaftssoziologie wichtige Erkenntnisse, welche die Funktionsweise von Märkten nicht nur anhand des Preismechanismus erklären. Die Analyse offenbart gleichwohl ganz deutlich, dass eine umfassende Anschlussfähigkeit der Neuen Wirtschaftssoziologie an die heterodoxe Kritik nur bedingt gegeben ist. Die methodologischen Unterschiede zwischen den Wirtschaftswissenschaften und der (Wirtschafts-)Soziologie zeigen die Grenzen einer soziologischen Mainstreamkritik.
- Published
- 2021
39. Power Theory of Exchange and Money
- Author
-
Yaroslav Stefanov
- Subjects
History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Development ,System of linear equations ,Measure (mathematics) ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,power ,Power (social and political) ,A10 ,D51 ,Phenomenon ,ddc:330 ,Economics ,Business and International Management ,HB71-74 ,A13 ,A14 ,exchange theory ,Simple (philosophy) ,exchange ,money ,money theory ,economics ,Economics as a science ,Balance (accounting) ,Social exchange theory ,Z13 ,Key (cryptography) ,D46 ,G00 ,D41 ,E40 ,Mathematical economics ,D00 - Abstract
Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchanges. This paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the Walras–Jevons marginal utility equation. Objective equilibrium equations by Walras and Jevons are averaged over all transactions in the market and can only give a rough general picture without explaining the specific price of an individual exchange. An exchange micro-condition must be found that, when averaged, will give the Walras market equilibrium macro-condition. The study of the internal structure of exchange leads to the need to consider power. The concept of generalized power is introduced. It is generalized power that serves as the primary comparable and measurable objective basis of exchange. The power theory of exchange provides the objective price-equation. It is demonstrated that money is a measure of generalized power in exchange and a certification of generalized power in subsequent exchanges. This methodology is based on an interdisciplinary analysis of an abstract exchange model in the form of a system of equations. The proposed theory is able to uniformly explain any exchange, including a single one, which is impossible with the existing theories of exchange.
- Published
- 2021
40. COVID-19 outbreak, social response, and early economic effects: a global VAR analysis of cross-country interdependencies
- Author
-
Fabio Milani
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Social distancing ,Google trends ,Economics ,F69 ,Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,L86 ,COVID-19 pandemic ,Sample (statistics) ,Disease ,Health shocks ,Unemployment indicators ,Social networks ,Vector autoregression ,Vaccine Related ,Perception ,Behavioral and Social Science ,0502 economics and business ,Development economics ,Pandemic ,Global health ,Endogeneity ,050207 economics ,Cross-country spillovers ,C32 ,050205 econometrics ,media_common ,Social policy ,Demography ,Adaptive behavior ,Original Paper ,I18 ,Prevention ,Social distance ,I12 ,05 social sciences ,Interdependence ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Applied Economics ,Unemployment ,Global VAR ,Z13 ,Demographic economics - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of countries’ interconnections in understanding and reacting to the spread of the virus.This paper uses a global model with a sample of 41 countries to study the interdependencies between COVID-19 health shocks, populations’ risk perceptions about the disease, and their social distancing responses; it also provides some early evidence about potential economic effects.Social networks are a central component in understanding the international transmission.We exploit a dataset on existing social connections across country borders, made available by Facebook, and show that social networks help explain not only the spread of the disease, but also cross-country spillovers in risk perceptions and in social behavior. Social distancing responses across countries are measured based on aggregated mobility tracking indicators, obtained from Google Mobility Reports.We estimate a Global VAR (GVAR) model, which allows for endogeneity of each health, social, and economic, domestic variable, and for a dependence of domestic variables on country-specific foreign aggregates, which depend in turn on the matrix of social connections.Our empirical results highlight the importance of cross-country interdependencies and social networks. Risk perceptions and social responses are affected by experiences abroad, with Italy and the U.S. playing large roles in our sample. The social distancing responses to domestic health shocks are heterogeneous across countries, but they share some similarities: they adjust only gradually and with delay, hence displaying adaptive behavior.Early indicators are suggestive of unemployment consequences that vary widely across countries, depending on their labor market characteristics. Unemployment is particularly responsive to health shocks in the U.S. and Spain, while the fluctuations are attenuated almost everywhere else.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis
- Author
-
Kohnert, Dirk and Kohnert, Dirk
- Subjects
N67 ,Volkswirtschaftstheorie ,poverty ,Economics ,Großbritannien ,informal sector ,South Africa ,internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ,Corona, Brexit, Africa, UK, EU, international trade, economic recession, poverty, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, African Studies ,I1 ,Republik Südafrika ,UK ,F35 ,Kenia ,economic development (on national level) ,Außenhandelspolitik ,G15 ,Great Britain ,export policy ,O17 ,Wirtschaft ,Republic of South Africa ,Brexit ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,National Economy ,economic recession ,Nigeria ,Kenya ,African Studies ,[Corona ,Africa ,EU ,international trade] ,Wirtschaftsentwicklung ,N47 ,Internationale Beziehungen ,Afrika südlich der Sahara ,ddc:330 ,F54 ,European Union ,F13 ,Poverty ,Africa South of the Sahara ,poverty [Corona ,P16 ,International Trade ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,United Kingdom ,N17 ,Sub-Sahara Africa ,Z13 ,Corona ,International relations ,F63 ,ddc:327 ,international economic relations - Abstract
& RÉSUMÉ: Despite the Corona crisis, London is pushing ahead with the implementation of Brexit. This will have a profound impact not only on the EU but also on Africa. The British government's vision of a reinvigorated 'Global Britain' relies heavily on a reinforced cooperation with Commonwealth Sub-Saharan Africa. Already the temporary closure of manufacturing supply chains between China and the rest of the world because of the pandemic seriously affected economic activity in GB and the EU. However, African commodity exporters such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya will likely bear the brunt of both the direct and indirect effects of this weaker demand. This will add up to the economic effects of the spread of Corona in Africa. Most likely the vulnerable and the poor in Africa's informal sector will have to suffer the most by both health hazards and the economic decline. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ RÉSUMÉ: Malgré la crise de Corona, Londres poursuit la mise en œuvre du Brexit. Cela aura un impact profond non seulement sur l'UE mais aussi sur l'Afrique. La vision du gouvernement britannique d'une «Grande-Bretagne mondiale» revigorée repose largement sur une coopération renforcée avec l'Afrique subsaharienne du Commonwealth. Déjà, la fermeture temporaire des chaînes d'approvisionnement manufacturières entre la Chine et le reste du monde en raison de la pandémie a sérieusement affecté l'activité économique en GB et dans l'UE. Cependant, les exportateurs africains de matières premières tels que le Nigeria, l'Afrique du Sud et le Kenya supporteront probablement le poids des effets directs et indirects de cette demande plus faible. Cela s'ajoutera aux effets économiques de la propagation de Corona en Afrique. Les personnes vulnérables et pauvres du secteur informel africain devront très probablement souffrir le plus des risques sanitaires et du déclin économique., Updated Version of Kohnert, Dirk (2020): The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis. Hamburg: GIGA, June 17, 2020
- Published
- 2020
42. The human as capital? A contribution to the critique of the theory of human capital
- Author
-
Paweł Drobny and Cracow University of Economics, Faculty of Economics and International Relations, Department of Microeconomics
- Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic) ,lcsh:HF5387-5387.5 ,capital ,Process (engineering) ,person ,M54 ,Factors of production ,General Medicine ,personalism ,Human capital ,Action (philosophy) ,Personalism ,lcsh:Business ethics ,Capital (economics) ,Z13 ,Economics ,Isolation (psychology) ,human capital ,Positive economics ,A13 - Abstract
In modern economic theories, human qualities are treated as autonomous production factors, which are called “human capital”. However, these theories provide no description of the relationship between human capital and the man who is its “bearer”, nor an explanation of the formation process of that capital. In the thesis, the author tries to justify it as follows: human qualities, including knowledge and skills, are an integral part of a human being, that is, they are involved in every human act. It is, therefore, wrong to analyse their economic significance in isolation from the whole structure of human activity. Through his or her action, man discovers the potential in things and relationships in the form of the possibility of using them for a particular purpose. Capital is thus realized by the human potential of things that form a system for transforming the world. In the first part of the article, a general description of human capital will be provided. In the second part, it will be criticized, while in the third part, there will be an attempt to show the proper relationship between man and capital from the perspective of personalism. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.
- Published
- 2017
43. THE ECONOMICS OF SUICIDE IN SOUTH AFRICA.
- Author
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BOTHA, FERDI
- Subjects
SUICIDE ,SOUTH African economy ,SOUTH Africa economic development ,UNEMPLOYMENT statistics ,GROSS domestic product ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
This study investigates the economics of suicide in South Africa using the Mortality and Causes of Death data from death notification as well as regional economic data for the 2006-2008 period. Using an inflation rate that varies by month and across province of residence as a proxy for economic performance, the results indicate a negative relationship between inflation and suicide, suggesting that suicides are countercyclical. When controlling for month and province fixed effects, however, the inflation coefficient, albeit remaining negative, is no longer significant, except in the female sample. Suicide is more prevalent among younger individuals, while the greatest proportion of suicide is seen among men. Suicides also exhibit a strong seasonal variation, with peaks in spring and summer, with December having the highest suicide prevalence. The overall results indicate a negative but insignificant relationship between economic performance and suicide in South Africa, with socio-economic differences and individual characteristics accounting for most of the variation in suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Tolerance and growth: modeling the empirical relationship.
- Author
-
Berggren, Niclas and Elinder, Mikael
- Subjects
TOLERATION ,ECONOMIC development research ,GROSS domestic product ,SOCIAL conditions of gay people ,CULTURAL pluralism ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
We showed, in Berggren and Elinder, that tolerance toward homosexuals is negatively and quite robustly related to economic growth. In a comment, Bornhoff and Lee question this finding on model-specification grounds. By undertaking three changes, they purport to show that our main result does not hold. In this article, we demonstrate that one of these changes is inconsequential (replacing GDP per capita by its logarithm in controlling for conditional convergence) and argue that two of them are questionable. First, the removal of certain central control variable risks introducing omitted variable bias and inconsistent estimates. Second, regional dummy variables are added on arbitrary grounds. For example, by using regional dummy variables that are just as reasonable as the Baltic dummy used by Bornhoff and Lee, we find that significance for tolerance toward homosexuals reappears in our empirical model. In all, this implies that there are good grounds for considering the negative relationship between tolerance towards homosexuals and growth valid, Bornhoff and Lee's claims notwithstanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Tolerance and economic growth revisited: a note.
- Author
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Bomhoff, Eduard and Lee, Grace
- Subjects
TOLERATION ,ECONOMIC development research ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,SOCIAL conditions of gay people ,HOMOSEXUALITY & politics ,ECONOMIC conditions in China ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Berggren and Elinder (BE) in this journal write on the relationship between the degree of tolerance in a nation and its rate of economic growth. They are disturbed to find in their cross sections that faster economic growth statistically goes together with intolerance of homosexuals. In this comment, we revisit the issue and demonstrate that the concern expressed by BE is unwarranted if we properly account for 'conditional convergence' in the regressions for economic growth. Other things being equal, a country grows faster if it starts from a poorer initial position. In the BE dataset, China since the Deng reforms is a prime example. At about the same time, another group of countries managed to accelerate their economic growth after a long period of stagnation: the ex-communist countries in central and Eastern Europe. Many of these nations also grew exceptionally fast for a number of years, once freedom had been regained and the initial chaos overcome. With simple modeling of these historical initial conditions, we find no statistical pattern that associates bias against homosexuals with weaker economic growth. Our results are robust under alternative specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Comparative political economy when anarchism is on the table.
- Author
-
D'Amico, Daniel
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,ANARCHISM ,STATELESSNESS ,VIOLENCE - Abstract
Scott's () research on stateless Southeast Asia describes behavioral patterns amidst indigenous peoples that parallel certain contemporary social phenomena, especially, prohibition and military occupation. Unintended consequences caused by government are continuously interpreted to reaffirm the rationale for interventionism. Governments' role in social processes involving violence is presumed necessary and sufficient. As a result of conceptual biases, non-governmental processes such as markets and civil society are ignored as sources for potential solutions to complex social problems. Comparative political economy should take more seriously models developed by the tradition of constitutional political economy and classical liberalism wherein the state is recognized as a significant threat to social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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47. Women and men as conservers, users and managers of agrobiodiversity: A feminist social–ecological approach
- Author
-
Padmanabhan, Martina
- Subjects
- *
AGROBIODIVERSITY conservation , *SOCIAL ecology , *FEMINISTS , *ECONOMICS , *AGRICULTURE , *COMMERCIAL products , *SUSTAINABLE agriculture - Abstract
Abstract: This feminist socio-ecological heuristic studies agrobiodiversity management, conservation and utilisation by men and women. Four approaches are characterised for an analysis of institutions, local knowledge, household economics and commodity chains. They are in turn linked to unveil their potential contributions towards a better understanding women''s handling of, interests in and dependence on agrobiodiversity. The conceptualisation of a feminist framework aims at better informed research into the relationships between women, men and plants and is illustrated by examples from South Asia. Insights derived from a feminist socio-ecological perspective on agricultural biodiversity serve to generate gender-relevant policy recommendations towards establishing sustainable farming systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
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48. Efficiency and justice revisited
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Holler, Manfred J. and Leroch, Martin
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL justice , *ECONOMIC efficiency , *FAIRNESS , *SELF-interest , *ECONOMIC models , *ETHICS , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Abstract: At first sight, modern economics and justice seem not to fit together. Whereas the former primarily deals with individual self-interest and extrinsic incentives, the latter deals with other-regardingness and intrinsic social motives. However, recent findings, mainly from the field of experimental economics, reintroduce aspects of justice into economic modeling. Other theories, evolutionary models for instance, take up the key findings and apply the economic rationale in order to find out why human traits which apparently run counter to individual self-interest may have survived. In this introductory note we date this discussion back to the days of Adam Smith and argue that he already set the basis for such a discussion. Apparently, Smith was well aware that principles of justice and the market may, at times, be contradictory. However, he also found that both served a common purpose, or so we will argue. We further aim at bringing together Smith''s classical position with recent ideas, for instance Binmore''s theory of justice, and see whether the one can be fruitful for the other. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Understanding the diversity of conceptions of well-being and quality of life
- Author
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Gasper, Des
- Subjects
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CONCEPTION , *WELL-being , *METHODOLOGY , *PRESUPPOSITION (Logic) , *QUALITY of life , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Abstract: The concepts of well-being and quality of life concern evaluative judgements. There is insufficient understanding in current literature that these judgements are made variously due to the use of not only differing values and differing research instruments but also differing standpoints, differing purposes, and differing theoretical views and ontological presuppositions. The paper elucidates these sources of differences and how they underlie the wide diversity of current conceptions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. From contract to mental model: Constitutional culture as a fact of the social sciences.
- Author
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Wenzel, Nikolai
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,STRUCTURAL adjustment (Economic policy) ,LAND economics ,CONSTITUTIONAL law ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
This paper develops the concept of constitutional culture—the attitude, thoughts, and feelings about constitutional constraints and the nature, scope, and function of constitutionalism. Constitutional culture is approached as a complex emergent phenomenon bridging Hayekian cognitive and institutional insights. It can be studied as a mental model, a series of expectations and understandings about the constitutional order, how it is, and how it ought to be. The “map” and “model” approach from Hayek’s Sensory Order (1952) is employed to understand how individuals and (cautiously) groups of individuals at the national level approach constitutionalism. This paper goes beyond the more traditional one-size-fits-all approach where all individuals respond uniformly to incentives, as provided by the constitution qua contract. Instead, constitutionalism is tied up in the individual’s vision of the world, that is, what Hayek (1948) labels “the facts of the social sciences.” The paper concludes with four areas where constitutional culture can further the insights of constitutional political economy: comparative political economy, constitutional stickiness, constitutional maintenance, and the new development economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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