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Contrary to expectations from either human capital or gender empowerment perspectives, analyses across 409 Indian districts show that girls have relatively lower literacy compared to boys in areas where more women are in the labor force. The most likely explanation is that areas with higher women's labor force participation are also areas with higher girls' labor force participation; these higher rates of girls' labor depress their literacy and education. Gender inequalities in literacy are therefore an exception to the usual egalitarian impacts of women's labor force participation and remind us again of the multidimensionality of gender inequalities. Key words--Asia, India, gender, women's labor force participation, literacy, spatial autocorrelation

A study makes a vertical financial analysis to know the impact of e-business and availability of human capital on efficient management of business enterprises.

Econometric analysis is done to examine the significance of human capital in the backdrop of emerging knowledge-based economy.

Effects of Sierra Leone civil war on human capital and economic development are presented.

Effects of transformation from parental to individual approval on growth of human capital with relation to bride price are presented.

Economists have long viewed recessions as contributing to increasing inequality. However, this conclusion is largely based on data from a period in which inequality was increasing over time. This paper examines the connection between long-run trends and cyclical variation in earnings inequality. We develop a model in which cyclical and trend inequality are related, and find that in our model, recessions tend to amplify long-run trends, i.e. they involve more rapidly increasing inequality when long-run inequality is increasing, and more rapidly decreasing inequality when long-run inequality is decreasing. In support of this prediction, we present evidence that during the first half of the 20th century, when earnings inequality was generally declining, earnings disparities indeed appeared to fall more rapidly in downturns, at least among workers at the top of the earnings distribution. JEL classification: E32; J24; J31; N10; N30; O15 Keywords: Human capital; Inequality; Great Depression; Stochastic Ben-Porath model

Effects of economic development on longevity, education and human capital investments are presented.

This chapter considers policies affecting human capital development and labour utilisation in New Zealand and examines ways in which they could be improved in order to help lift living standards. [...]

The recent decline in Mexico's maquiladora sector provides an opportunity to reassess the sustainability of basing national economic competitiveness on low wages. (1) Focusing on human capital as an important component of equitable growth, the authors argue that models of its development which consider market factors alone are inadequate. Combining their own case study with a review of other studies over the past 20 years, the authors propose a 'management-centered' (as opposed to a 'market-centered') model of human capital development as a basis for discussing the relative merits of in-bond industrial programs and considering measures to improve levels of human capital. Key words--human capital development, Latin America, maquiladoras, Mexico, sustainable development, worker training

Byline: Niels Bosma (1), Mirjam van Praag (2), Roy Thurik (3,4), Gerrit de Wit (1) Abstract: We investigate the manifold posed question: 'To what extent does investment in human and social capital, besides the effect of 'talent', enhance entrepreneurial performance?' We distinguish between three different performance measures: survival, profits, and generated employment. On the basis of the empirical analysis of a rich Dutch longitudinal data set of firm founders, we conclude that specific investments indeed affect the three performance measures substantially and significantly. Specific attention is paid to the unobserved talent bias. Moreover, the effect of the emergence of so called 'knowledge industries' is explored. Author Affiliation: (1) EIM Business &amp Policy Research, P.O. Box 7001, 2701 AA, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands (2) Faculty of Economics and Econometrics, University of Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 11, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands (3) Centre for Advanced Small Business Economics (CASBEC), Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (4) EIM Business &amp Policy Research, P.O. Box 7001, 2701 AA, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands Article History: Registration Date: 02/10/2004

This paper presents a synthesized theory of development and long run growth. The theory that is presented combines two engines of growth which have been emphasized in the literature: technological progress and human capital accumulation. In the model, the growth rate of per capita output depends in part on the interaction between these two types of economic forces. JEL classification: 011; 030; 040 Keywords: Human capital accumulation; Technological change; Economic growth

Byline: Matthias Gocke (1) Keywords: human capital; learning-by-doing; schooling; leisure; endogenous growth Abstract: A two sector model of learning-by-doing measured by means of production aggregated over time and of human capital accumulation in a schooling sector is presented. Time utilization is rival between schooling and learning-by-doing. Depending on the sum of elasticities of the accumulated factors (i.e., of production experience and educational human capital) in both sectors, a situation with or without endogenous growth results. Dynamic optimization of the choice between leisure and working and of the division of human capital between education and production is executed. Transitional dynamics are analyzed for a Cobb-Douglas example and a numerical simulation is performed. Author Affiliation: (1) Institut fur Industriewirtschaftliche Forschung, Universitat Munster, Universitatsstrasse 14-16, 48143, Munster, Germany Article History: Registration Date: 01/01/2003 Received Date: 29/11/2001 Online Date: 08/03/2004 Article note: JEL classification: C61, D90, O41. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Eric C. Meyer and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. The usual caveats apply. revised version received November 23, 2003

The paper offers a simple, analytical solvable Chamberlinian agglomeration model that is quite different from the canonical C-P model. The model is useful in policy applications like labor economics and public accounts.

The difference between task specific human capital, occupation specific human capital and industry specific human capital is studied. The applicability of task based human capital is highlighted.

The effects of demographic trends on economic growth are investigated in an OLG model with a realistic survival law. Exogenous rise in longevity, and regulated fertility leads to endogenous growth by accumulation of generation-specific human capital.

We examine corporate spinoffs as events through which top management is restructured. Our main findings are: (1) firm-specific human capital and human capital, in the form of governance expertise and top management experience, affect the composition of spinoff firms' top management; (2) spinoff top management structure is related to the value created by a spinoff; and (3), for a subsample of firms, spinoffs serve as a form of management dismissal, with the opportunity to manage a smaller, weaker spinoff firm serving as a 'consolation prize.'

Byline: Elhanan Helpman (1,2), Antonio Rangel (3) Keywords: technological change; human capital; productivity slowdown Abstract: How does the economy react to the arrival of a new major technology? The existing literature on general-purpose technologies (GPTs) has studied the role that mechanisms like secondary innovations, diffusion, and learning by firms play in the adjustment process. By contrast, we focus on a new mechanism: the interplay between technological change and two types of human capital--technology-specific experience and education. We show that technological change that requires more education and training, like computerization, necessarily produces an initial slowdown. On the other hand, technological change that lowers the training requirements, like the move from the artisan shop to the factory, can produce either a bust or a boom. We identify three key properties that determine the outcome: (1) the productivity of inexperienced workers, (2) the speed with which experience raises productivity, and (3) the level of general skills required to operate the new technology. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 (2) Tel Aviv University, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Israel (3) Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 Article History: Registration Date: 14/10/2004

An analysis of human capital accumulation reveals that professional human capital takes on greater relative importance in developed economies and that individuals may allocate resources more efficiently in the presence of more than one type of human capital. The study shows that incentives to accumulate entrepreneurial human capital changes as the opportunity cost of entrepreneurship increases.

Keywords: demographic transition; income distribution; economic growth; human capital Abstract: This article investigates the dynamic interactions among demographic transition, income distribution, and economic growth. Consistent with empirical evidence we show that fertility and income distribution follow an inverted U-shaped dynamics in the process of economic development. In the first stage fertility increases and income inequality widens, whereas in the second stage fertility declines, income becomes more equally distributed, human capital becomes more abundant, and growth of income per capita takes off. The model therefore generates the documented facts about epochs of demographic transition, relying neither on arguments based on 'near rationality' nor on noneconomic objectives. Article History: Registration Date: 28/09/2004

Keywords: convergence; growth; complementarity; adjustment; young workers; old workers; age Abstract: The human capital of young and old workers are imperfect substitutes both in production and in providing on-the-job training. This helps explain why capital does not flow from rich to poor countries, causing instantaneous convergence of per capita output. If each generation chooses its human capital optimally, given that of the preceding and succeeding generations, human capital follows a unique rational-expectations path. For moderate substitutability, human capital within each sector oscillates relative to that in other sectors, but aggregate human capital converges to the steady state monotonically. Article History: Registration Date: 28/09/2004

The article presents research findings examining the process of organizational restructuring in a sample of six Zimbabwean companies which had introduced a package of Japanese techniques, including total quality control, just-in-time and cellular manufacturing. The research findings highlight the importance of treating organizational reform not merely as a set of technical solutions, but as a process which also involves social innovations. While new organizational techniques were found to yield rapid and tangible improvements in production indicators, those companies which lacked the participation of upper management and had inadequate policies for human resource development and training had difficulties sustaining and advancing these improvements over time.

This paper uses on the job screening to derive a stochastic and dynamic model of hiring, promotion, and dismissal policies, and their impact on total firm employment and output. The model provides an explanation of the up or out rule observed in many organizations. It also provides an explanation for a cost of adjustment mechanism for the stock of human capital in a firm.

Human capital theory distinguishes between training in general-usage and firm-specific skills. argues that employers will only invest in specific training, not general training, when labour markets are competitive. The article reconsiders Becker's theory. Using essentially his framework, we show that there exists an complementarity between employer-sponsored general and specific training: the possibility to provide specific training leads the employer to invest in general human capital. Conversely, the latter reduces the hold-up problem that arises with firm-specific training. We also consider the desirability of institutionalised training programmes and the virtues of breach penalties, and discuss some empirical facts that could be explained by the theory.

The implications of the United Parcel Service (UPS) program from the perspective of the University of Louisville, one of the three participating universities colleges, are explored. The assertion that the program contributes to human capital development is tested by accessing a cohort of students with different sociodemographic characteristics found at the University of Louisville.

Issues are presented concerning the influence and role of the state in education and the building of human-capital. The value of state finance for schools, compulsory schooling and school regulation are discussed.

When producers are uncertain or have imperfect information about the profitability of adopting new technology, their adoption behavior depends on the endowment of human capital and the investment in adoption information. This study analyzes the role of education, experience, and information acquisition in the decision to be an early adopter. The findings support the hypothesis that adoption decision-making is a human capital intensive activity. The econometric evidence presented suggests that education and information reduce adoption costs and uncertainty, and thereby raise the probability of early adoption. Adoption behavior is also shown to vary significantly across firm size. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)