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This article reviews the contribution of Hart and Holmström, the 2016 Nobel Laureates in economics. Holmström's work on the principal-agent problem answered questions as to what should (and should not) be included in an incentive contract. His work helped explain the simple structure of incentive contracts we typically observe in the real world. The models he developed have been used to address questions of CEO compensation, organizational design and optimal regulation. A key element of Hart's research focused on the question of what are the optimal boundaries of a firm (and indeed, what a firm actually is). In doing so he developed the incomplete-contracts framework, which has subsequently been used to explain many economic phenomena whenever renegotiation is important, including authority and decision-making structures in firms, why financial contracts look the way they do, and various questions in international trade and public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A revised version of the December 8, 2016 speech by economist Oliver Hart upon receiving the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is presented. Topics include the author's work on the optimal allocation of residual control rights, the implications of property rights theory (PRT) for financial contracting, and economic aspects of public ownership and private ownership.

The article announces that economists Bengt Holmström and Oliver Hart will share the 2016 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for their work on contract theory.

I survey the influence of Grossman and Hart's (1986. “The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration,” 94 Journal of Political Economy 691–719.) seminal paper in the field of International Trade. I discuss the implementation of the theory in open-economy environments and its implications for the international organization of production and the structure of international trade flows. I also review empirical work suggestive of the empirical relevance of the property-rights theory. Along the way, I develop novel theoretical results and also outline some of the key limitations of existing contributions. (JEL D23, F10, F12, F14, F21, F23, L22, L23). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]