Search

The effects of cash dividend policies on the capital accumulation of non-bank firms operating in The United States (S&P 500), The United Kingdom (FTSE 100), Japan (Nikkei 225), and France (CAC 40) have been investigated in this study. The dataset used in the study consists of annual observations between 2010 and 2015. Also, the data were retrieved from the Thomson Reuters database. The system in GMM is employed in the econometric estimations in this paper. “Total effect” of cash dividend policies on capital accumulation has been bisected as “direct” and “indirect” effects. In this study, we call the effect of the cash dividend policies on investments via financial and liquidity constraints as “direct effect” and the effect of the policies on the accumulation via market value and business reputation as “indirect effect”. Obtained results show that the indirect effect is positive, whereas the direct effect is negative. However , the magnitude of the direct effect is larger than that of the indirect. Therefore , the total effect of cash dividend policies on the accumulation of capital and investments is negative. The fact that movements in stock prices of firms have an effect on the capital accumulation has shown that the financial markets could affect real economic variables. Also, the results that the cash dividend policies positively affect the market value of firms are mounting evidence to the validity of Signalling and Information Content Approach and Bird in Hand Theory. .

This study aims to determine whether companies with surpluses are more capable of maintaining their dividend rate if they issue cash dividends from capital reserves. Further, it considers whether s...

This study places Dubofsky’s (1992) “limit order adjustment hypothesis” under the microscope of an intraday analysis, which employs a minute-by-minute trade and quote data recorded during the ex-dividend days of common stocks listed on NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ. Dufosky’s (1992) model concluded that the asymmetric adjustment of open limit orders for cash dividend payments under the NYSE and AMEX rules is sufficient to create abnormal returns on the ex-dividend day. Empirical evidence shows that the limit order bias incurred due to the asymmetric adjustment of open limit orders seems to dominate the overnight ex-day returns but at the same time, it is significantly corrected via active trading up until the close of the ex- dividend day. As a result, the significant association of the ex-day price drop discrepancy with the opening limit order bias eventually disappears before the ex-dividend day close. Finally, it is found that the reversal of the limit order bias is in fact quicker in stocks which are more liquid or listed on NASDAQ where strong competition among dealers is envisaged to drive stale quotes closer to the fair adjustment of the dividend.

Dividend policy has been puzzling for researchers for decades. The level of dividend varies not only across industries, but also across countries. This research analyzes the dividend policy of Indonesian public companies, in particular it examines the partial effect of cash ratio, debt ratio, company size, profitability, and asset growth on cash dividend policy in Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2015. A total of 102 companies was used as a sample. The samples are divided into four groups: (1) a group of companies paying changeable dividends (Change group), (2) a group of companies paying continuous dividends, but then stop paying dividend (Omission group), (3) a group of companies that initially do not pay the dividends, but then continuously paying dividend (Initiation group); and (4) a group of companies paying constant dividends (Constant group). Results of hypotheses testing using multiple regression analysis show that profitability and asset growth affect dividend policy in all company groups. Company size affects dividend policy in the Change, Initiation, and Constant groups. Debt ratio influences dividend policy only in the Change group.

Stocks that initiate dividends tend to comove more with other dividend-paying stocks and comove less with non-dividend payers. This is also true for: (a) dividend initiations that are motivated by the exogenous 2003 dividend tax cut; and (b) the cash dividend share class of Citizens Utilities (relative to its stock dividend class). We find that flows to dividend prone (averse) mutual funds increase the comovement among dividend-paying (non-dividend paying) stocks. Overall, the evidence supports the proposition that the trading of pro-dividend (dividend-averse) clienteles induces an extra factor in dividend payers (non-payers), beyond those associated with changes in common factors.

We provide new evidence on price disparity between Chinese A- and H-shares for cross-listed companies in the period 2006–2019. Our panel-data results show that the A-share price premium is negatively related to cash dividends and expected relative currency values between mainland China and Hong Kong. International investors in H-shares prefer companies that pay dividends regularly, and they buy when the Chinese currency is expected to appreciate. A discounted dividend theoretical model explains these results.

There is no exact closed form formula for pricing of European options with discrete cash dividends under the model where the underlying asset price follows a piecewise lognormal process with jumps at dividend ex-dates. This paper presents alternative expansions based on the technique of Etore and Gobet, leading to more robust first, second and third order expansions accross the range of strikes and the range of dividend dates.

This study attempts to explore the effect of dividend policy on the stock prices of the companies in Turkey. A balanced panel data set has been formed with 102 companies listed on Borsa Istanbul Industrial Index (XUSIN) for the period 2004-2016. The results of the models used in the study show no statistically significant effect of gross dividend payout ratio, cash dividend payout ratio and their one-year lagged values on stock prices.

Using a model based on Bhattacharyya (2007), we predict a positive (negative) relationship between the earnings retention ratio (dividend payout ratio) and managerial compensation. We use tobit regression to analyse data for New Zealand firms' dividend payouts over the period 1997–2015 and find results consistent with Bhattacharyya (2007). These results hold when the definition of payout is modified to incorporate both common dividends and common share repurchases. Our results indicate that corporate dividend policy among New Zealand firms is perhaps best understood by considering the dividend payout ratio, rather than the level of, or changes in, cash dividends alone.

This study investigates a firm’s financing, investment, and payout policies through a rational expectation equilibrium based on which managers and outside investors have heterogeneous prior beliefs. The proposed model demonstrates that managers tend to overinvest (underinvest) if the extent of heterogeneousness is above (below) a threshold, which differs under distinct circumstances. Moreover, a price bubble is positively related to overinvestment, and the model shows that a firm’s optimal financing choices and payout policies vary with the assumption of heterogeneous beliefs. Keywords:: Heterogeneous beliefs, Corporate financing, Investment level, Cash dividend, Stock repurchase

This article examines how stock prices behave following cash dividend announcements in the Indian equity market considering 3,671 cash dividend announcements during the period 2012–2019, using both aggregate-level and firm-level analysis. Further, the study investigates the factors that lead to the generation of abnormal gain or loss following dividend announcements. We found that cash dividend announcements generate abnormal stock returns in the Indian equity market immediately after the dividend announcement. However, this impact persists for a very short spell, and after that, the stock prices normalize gradually. Results also show that firms with a higher promoter shareholding gain less on dividend announcements. The empirical evidence of this study thinly supports the information signalling theory and dividend clientele theory in the Indian market.

This study aimed to determine the effect of return on equity (ROE) and leverage of the bonus shares in companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2000-2015. The total samples that used ware 33 observations based on saturated samples method. The analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed ROE does not had an effect on bonus shares that means the company's decision to publish bonus shares does not depend on the size of ROE, leverage had a positive effect on bonus shares that shows if the company’s risk increased, so the possibility of the company to publish bonus shares will higher than cash dividends in the future.

This study attempts to investigate the stock price reaction to divi-dend announcements using data of Vietnamese listed firms on Hochiminh Stock Exchange (HOSE). Standard event study meth-odology has been employed on a sample of 198 cash dividend an-nouncements made in 2011. The results show that stock prices react significantly and positively to the announcements of cash dividends, including both dividend increasing and dividend decreasing events. It is also plausible that cumulative abnormal returns exhibit an in-creasing trend before announcement yet a decreasing trend after announcement dates. More specifically, we find positively signifi-cant cumulative abnormal returns of around 1.03% on announce-ment dates; other larger windows also demonstrate positive abnor-mal returns of around 1.3%. In addition, cash dividends have differ-ent effects on share prices of firms from different industries. These results support the signaling hypothesis and are also consistent with prior findings of empirical research done on more developed mar-kets, i.e. the US and the UK.

According to a recent survey by McKinsey and Company, the Indian manufacturing sector is expected to touch US$ 1 trillion by 2025.This study analyses the impact of the announcement of cash dividends on the stock price returns of the manufacturing companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange using event study methodology. Further, it explores whether the US financial crisis recession impacted average abnormal returns (AARs) in the period of study. The empirical results show that cash dividend announcements have positive AARs. Overall, the results lend support to the signalling and informational content hypotheses of dividends. The paired samples t-test indicates a significant difference in the mean values of AARs in the pre-and post-recession phases, highlighting the impact of recession.

The dividend signaling hypothesis means that dividend change announcements send signals to the market about its prospects. Market capitalization anomaly or size effect means small-cap stocks variances and returns are different than the large-cap stocks. The sample was tested for dividend change announcement, and the sample was divided into large, medium, and small sample sizes based on the market capitalization of the stocks to test the size effect. Event methodology market model used to calculate the abnormal returns on the dividend announcement day. We found that dividends send signals to the market, and the market reacts positively to the dividend change announcements on event day (Aharony and Swary 1980, Litzenberger and Ramaswamy 1982, Dhillon and Johnson 1994, Below and Johnson 1996), but results may vary with the size of the company. Small-cap companies' variances are higher than the large-cap and mid-cap companies, and also small-cap variances are not equal to other variances results similar to Wong (1989), Bandara and Samarakoon (2002), Sehgal and Tripathi (2006), and Switzer (2010). Finally, we concluded that the dividend signaling hypothesis and market capitalization or size effect anomaly exist in the Indian stock market

Several recent studies have used option-implied dividends to investigate the term structure of equity. A crucial question is whether these dividend strips need to be adjusted to take into account the difference in taxation between dividends and capital gains. Unlike prior research, we find an option-implied ex-day decline that is less than the cash dividend and of a similar magnitude to the overnight ex-day stock price decline. In addition, we use put-call arbitrage to identify several option mispricing factors. Our method for calculating market expectations of dividends is useful for research topics including dividend policy, analyst forecasts, and asset pricing.

We propose a behavioral dividend clientele view to explain a unique “ex-dividend day” anomaly on the Chinese stock market. In particular, we find that on the ex-dividend day, the average CAPM-adjusted stock return is significantly below zero and the average trading volume significantly shrinks, which are different from the theoretical predictions and existing findings drawn from other stock markets. Such patterns tend to be driven by small retail investors who are net buyers of dividend paying stocks prior to the ex-dividend day and switch to net sellers of on and after the ex-dividend day. Furthermore, we find “dividend price”, the negative deviations of ex-dividend day stock return from zero, is positively associated with dividend yields and the idiosyncratic risks of the underlying stocks. These findings suggest that investors with strong non-monetary and psychologically driven dividend preferences can result in a unique “ex-dividend day” anomaly.

Firms can use dividends and/or share repurchases to distribute cash to shareholders. Jagannathan, Stephens, and Weisbach (2000) argue that managers tend to use dividends to pay out permanent cash flows and repurchases to pay out temporary cash flows. This paper examines Korean firms’ decisions on their choices between paying out cash flows in the form of dividends or share repurchases. We focus on the permanence of cash flows. To complete this analysis, we decompose cash flows into a transitory component and a permanent one of each firm, employing the approach of Beveridge and Nelson (1981). We find that higher permanent cash flows increase the probability of a dividend increase, while higher temporary cash flows increase the probability of repurchases. And Korean firms tend to choose both dividend change and repurchases when temporary cash flows increase, rather than to choose only repurchases without dividend change. These empirical results show that Korean firms take into consideration of permanence of cash flows in the choice of their payout methods.

This study assesses distorting effect of financial constraints on the inverse relationship between internal and external finance by examining impact of an exogenous financing shock (i.e. a regulation released in China in 2008) on dividend policies in a quasi-natural experimental setting. Our result shows that in the absence of the regulation, the inverse relationship holds. However, the relation is twisted by the 2008 regulation. Compared with unconstrained firms, financially constrained firms are more willing to pay dividends and are more restrained to reduce cash dividends after the regulation, despite the fact that their external financing capacities are further constrained.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dividend policy for firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. The results are consistent with the prediction of the catering theory in that managers choose a dividend policy to cater to the demand of investors. Design/methodology/approach Logistic regressions are used to test the catering theory hypothesis. Findings The results find that the firms distribute more stock dividends than other types of dividends when the dividend premium (DP) for stock dividends is positive. In contrast, firms shift from stock dividends to other types of dividends such as mixed dividends and cash dividends when the DP for stock dividends is negative. Originality/value The marginal contribution of this paper is that the firms change their dividend policy via DP to cater to the demand of investors.

This study examines the cash dividend behaviour of a panel dataset of 1,178 firms traded in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) for the period 2008–2017. Using a modified version of Lintner's (1956) partial adjustment model, it attempts to ascertain whether they follow a stable dividend policy and how the 2008 global financial crisis affects the dividend stability in the UK. The results in general show that LSE firms have long-term payout ratios and slowly adjust their cash dividends to their target as suggested by Lintner. The study findings also detect a negative impact of the financial crisis on dividend payments and a tendency to adjust dividends immediately in response to earnings changes in the first five-year period 2008–2012. More specifically, despite the credit crunch and volatile earnings, UK firms set high payout rates but adopt stable dividend policies with a serious degree of dividend smoothing in early years. When UK-listed firms have a better chance to recover from the initial impact of the crisis, they however set even higher payout rates but distribute much more smoothed cash dividends (exhibiting more stability) over the second five-year period 2013–2017.

There have been many studies in the past which have studied the relationship between dividend policy of a firm its characteristics. This study builds upon these and extends the research to publicly traded, North American firms in the past 30-year time period (1989-2019). The key question that this research paper aims to answer is which, if any, firm characteristics have any causal relationship with the dividend payout ratio of the firm. This study also looks at the appearing and disappearing phenomenon of cash dividends in the past 30 years and aims to reconcile the changing characteristics of the firms to this phenomenon. This is done by creating sub-periods within the dataset and observing the changing characteristics of the firms and the possible impact on the dividend payout ratios of the firms. It was found that size and liquidity produce statistically significant results in terms of having some relationship the dividend payout ratios of the firms. After performing the Granger-Causality test, it was determined that only liquidity of the firm has some causal relationship with the dividend payout ratio of a firm.

We derive a consistent valuation approach integrating the interdependent effects of cash dividends, share repurchases, and active debt management while considering personal taxes. Additionally, we identify effects of share repurchases on the cost of equity by deriving appropriate adjustment formulae. Furthermore, we run simulations to investigate the valuation differences caused by distribution of excess cash via cash dividends or share repurchases. The results show that share repurchases have a significant positive effect on equity market value.

Both basic Black–Scholes and plain vanilla binomial models price options on non-dividend-paying stocks. But most stocks pay discrete dividends, and pricing models—especially for American options—must account for that fact, which is not that easy to do without upsetting the price dynamics of the original model. In principle, the value of a stock is the expected present value of its cash payouts out to the infinite future. In this article, the authors develop an approach that greatly simplifies the problem. The future stream of dividends is separated into two parts: those that occur in the immediate future and can be predicted out to some maximum forecasting horizon and the present value of all dividends to be received after that date. The latter is assumed to follow a specified stochastic process. This structure allows available information about near-term dividends to be fully incorporated while maintaining flexibility to use a wide range of processes for the total value due to long-term dividend flow.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to survey managers of dividend-paying firms listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in India to learn their views about the factors influencing dividend policy, dividend issues, and explanations for paying cash dividends and repurchasing shares. The authors compare the results to other dividend surveys based on firms in Indonesia, Canada, and the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use questionnaire to gather primary data from a sample of 500 firms listed on the NSE. Findings – The most important determinants of dividends involve earnings (the stability of earnings as well as the level of current and expected future earnings) and the pattern of past dividends. Comparing the overall rankings of the 21 factors by respondents from Indian firms to those of Indonesian, Canadian, and US firms reveals statistically significant correlations. Respondents also perceive that dividend policy affects firm value. Respondents also view maintaining an uninterrupted record of dividends as important. The most highly supported explanations for paying cash dividends concern signaling, the firm life cycle, and catering. Although none of the theories of repurchasing shares is dominant, respondents provide little support for the agency explanation. Research limitations/implications – Although the tests suggest that the sample does not suffer from non-response bias, the findings should be viewed as suggestive rather than definitive because of the relatively low response rate. Originality/value – The paper presents new evidence about dividend policy of Indian firms. To the knowledge, this is the most comprehensive survey of Indian firms to date that captures managerial perceptions on both cash dividends and share repurchases.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and synthesis of some important literature on dividend policy, chronicle changing perspectives and trends, provide stylized facts, offer practical implications, and suggest avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors provide a survey of literature surveys with a focus on insights for paying cash dividends. Findings – The analysis of literature surveys on dividend policy provides some stylized facts. For example, US evidence indicates that the importance of cash dividends as a part of investors’ total returns has declined over time. Share repurchases now play an increasingly important role in payout policy in countries permitting stock buybacks. The popular view is that dividend policy is important, as evidenced by the large amount of money involved and the attention that firms, security analysts, and investors give to dividends. Firms tend to follow a managed dividend policy rather than a residual dividend policy, which involves paying dividends from earnings left over after meeting investment needs while maintaining its target capital structure. Certain determinants of cash dividends are consistently important over time in shaping actual dividend policies including the stability of past dividends and current and anticipated earnings. No universal set of factors is appropriate for all firms because dividend policy is sensitive to numerous factors including firm characteristics, market characteristics, and substitute forms of dividends. Universal or one-size-fits-all theories or explanations for why companies pay dividends are too simplistic. Practical implications – The dividend puzzle remains an important topic in modern finance. Originality/value – This is the first a survey of literature surveys on cash dividends.

The objectives was to find empirical evidence of the influence fi­nan­cial d­e­cisions, firm size, and owner­ship structure on firm value in the three economic con­di­tions (before, during, and after the crisis). The model was used mul­tiple reg­ression. The study was con­duc­ted in 1992–2008 with samples of 78 public com­pa­nies and 1084 datas. The results explained that company size and de­cision not to pay dividends were most af­fected varia­bles. In addition, policy not to pay dividends had negative ef­fect on firm value. There were also significant differences of company value. For public companies, company's size should be considered. Po­li­cies of paying cash dividends could be con­sidered in order to increase company value .

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine preferences of Chinese individual and institutional investors to cash dividends and stock dividends. Using categorized daily holding information from the TOPVIEW database, the authors test how percentage holdings of individuals and institutional investors change, respectively, around annual report dates and registration dates.Design/methodology/approach– The results show that individuals and institutional investors often express heterogeneous preferences to dividends. After controlling for firm size and market performance, the authors find that the higher the ratio of stock dividend is, the more likely institutional investors will increase their overall holdings of the stock-dividend-paying firm in the week after annual report date, but they do not prefer to do so around registration dates. Meanwhile, the higher the ratio of stock dividend is, the more likely individual investors will increase their overall holdings of the stock-dividend-paying firm in the week before registration date, but do not prefer to do so after annual report dates. Such patterns do not exist for cash-dividend-paying firms.Findings– The results imply that different types of investors chase high stock-dividend-paying firms at different stages of dividend events. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis of “price illusion,” but do not lend support to the signaling hypothesis of stock dividends.Originality/value– This paper uses categorized data of daily share holdings to test how different types of minority shareholders respond to stock dividends and cash dividends for the first time. It sheds lights on the on-going academic debate about the “stock dividend puzzle” in China.

Cash transfers are increasingly prominent across Africa, as many countries continue to grapple with high levels of extreme poverty and vulnerabilities amongst their populations and as a “quiet revo...

A limitation of prior research on imputation credit value is researchers’ selective interpretation of the regression coefficient used to estimate credit value. This ignores the in-sample evidence on the value of cash dividends and the value of a fully-franked dividend. This is a problem because a sample of security prices, unfranked dividends and franked dividends necessarily leads to the simultaneous estimation of the value of a cash dividend and an imputation credit. We measure the value of imputation credits under three tax regimes, accounting for the joint estimation of the value of cash and credits. The practical implication is that in the cash rebate regime, the market value of imputation credits lies within the range of -0.12 to 0.17. A dollar of cash is valued by the market at somewhere between 88 cents and 98 cents. At the lower end of the cash value (0.88), credits are worth between 0.04 and 0.17; and at the higher end of cash value (0.98), credits are worth between -0.12. and 0.00. The value of imputation credits has, in our view, moved over time in a direction consistent with changing tax treatment. But it is plausible that the value of imputation credits has remained within the range of -0.04 to 0.06 across all three tax regimes.

This paper investigates the cash flow sensitivity of cash dividends in different cash dividend taxation systems. Using a cross-country study, we find that a firm's dividend policy in a single dividend taxation system (relative to a double dividend taxation system) is more sensitive to cash flow as measured by the propensity to initiate a cash dividend, propensity to pay a cash dividend, and in the size of the cash dividend. The cash flow sensitivity of cash dividends is asymmetric -- firms in single taxation systems more aggressively adjust dividend policy when confronted with negative rather than positive cash flows. Our findings are qualitatively identical before and after the 2003 dividend tax cut in the United States.

We use a survey approach to investigate the factors leading to the decision not to pay cash dividends in Canada. Our results show that Canadian managers perceive growth opportunities, low profitability and cash constraints as the major reasons underlying a firm's decision not to pay dividends. Questionnaire results also show that, for non-dividend-paying firms, taxation is at best a second-order determinant of dividend policy and that stock repurchases are not substitutes for dividends. Finally, our findings are inconclusive regarding managers’ views on the relationship between dividend policy and stock prices and the signaling role of dividend policy.

Previous studies have documented that an announcement of dividend initiation and resumption is associated with an increase in stock price, while Boehme and Sorescu (J Finance 47:871–900, 2002) argue that the dividend anomaly only occurs by chance. However, their sample contains firms listed within 3 and/or 5 years of their respective initial public offering (IPO) dates, as well as regulated firms. We conjecture that the confounding effects of IPOs and regulated firms may interfere with the increase in stock prices due to dividend initiations and resumptions and bias their results. We thus reexamine the long-term stock performance following dividend initiations and resumptions by excluding newly IPO firms and regulated firms. We find no evidence that the non-robust positive price drifts for firms, which initiate or resume cash dividends, is due to the confounding effects of IPOs and regulated firms. Therefore the price drifts after dividend initiation and resumption announcements may be a sample-specific result of chance, even after controlling for possible sample selection biases.

This study investigates the intra-industry effects of cash dividend announcements for U.S. real estate investment trusts (REITs). That is, based on the market model framework, this study examines whether a change in an announcing REIT’s dividends has information externality on its peers/rivals. Our results suggest that REIT dividend announcements have contagion effects. In addition, consistent with the existing literature, these contagion effects are found to be asymmetric and more prevalent for dividend-decreasing events.

Because cash dividends no longer appear to be a complete measure of corporate distributions, tests of dividend irrelevance based on cash dividends may not be well specified. We compare the performance of long/short investment strategies based on portfolios of high, low-, and zero-payout firms and on each of three measures of corporate distributions. The strategy with the highest risk-adjusted returns is long in high-payout/short in low-payout stocks formed on the basis of the most comprehensive measure of payout, including dividend yield, and net share repurchases. We show that corporate profitability and investment opportunities are significantly associated with firms' payout policies, and this helps explain the relatively strong performance of the zero-payout stocks.

The effects of dividend policies on stock prices of firms have been investigated in this study. The dataset used in the study consists of annual observations between 2010 and 2015 of 1117 non-bank firms selected from S&P 500, FTSE 100, Nikkei 225, CAC 40, SSEC, BOVESPA, NSEI and BIST 100 indexes. According to the results that are estimated by System in GMM, increase in the cash dividend payout ratio of the firms affect their stock prices as positive. Thus, it might be said that obtained results from the paper support Signalling and the Information Content Approach and Bird in Hand Theory. On the other side, there isn’t enough evidence for validation of Irrelevance Theory.

In this paper we consider the fair pricing of single stock futures (SSFs) and the effect of dividend risk on the dividend compensation component in the pricing formulas. SSF valuation is subject to the pricing of discrete cash dividends (not percentages or dividend yields) in the underlying stock. Discrete cash dividends present modelling challenges which are not present when dividends are in the form of yields or percentages. Problems are created for market-makers and investors when the actual cash dividend is different from that predicted by analysts and used for pricing. We propose a new model for the fair price of a single stock futures contract which addresses dividend uncertainty.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis of the literature on the changing perspectives of corporate distribution policy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper synthesizes and interprets the theoretical, empirical and survey‐based research on corporate payout policy.FindingsDividends once constituted a prominent part of an investor's total return, but this role has declined over time. Although many companies still pay cash dividends, share repurchases have risen dramatically and are now a significant component of payout.Research limitations/implicationsNew theories and perspectives on corporate distribution are likely to be introduced; while this paper represents an up‐to‐date view on the topic, it is not possible to anticipate new research developments that may affect some of the perspectives expressed herein.Practical implicationsNo single explanation fully accounts for the changes in distribution policy, most notably, the declining incidence of dividend‐paying firms and the increasing level of repurchase activity. Factors that explain the popularity of share repurchases in the USA include the improved regulatory environment, economic conditions, and the flexibility of repurchases relative to dividends. Developing a comprehensive model that explains the choice between dividends and share repurchase remains a challenge facing researchers.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the body of knowledge by providing an integrated perspective on dividends and share repurchase, summarizing decades of theoretical, empirical, and survey‐based research.

This paper examines two arguments presented in Gray and Hall (2006). First, that the generally used estimate of 0.06 for the market risk premium within the Officer version of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the generally used estimate of 0.50 for the parameter ‘gamma’ within the Officer framework are jointly inconsistent with evidence concerning the market risk premium in the standard version of the CAPM. Second, that the first two of these parameter estimates are also jointly inconsistent with the observed cash dividend yield on the Australian market. To resolve these problems, Gray and Hall recommend setting gamma to zero. The present paper shows that the first argument does not account for the fact that imputation induces a reduction in the market risk premium as defined in the standard version of the CAPM. The present paper also shows that both arguments identify a problem that characterizes only parts of the Officer framework, and these parts are not generally used in Australia. Therefore, rather than suggesting that gamma should be zero, Gray and Hall's analysis identifies parts of the Officer framework that should be avoided.

The objective of the msearch is to examine the relationship between ac-counting income and cash income with cash dividend of consumergood industrylisted in Jakarta Stock Exchange . This adopted correlational method, which determined whether there was relation orcorrelation between accounting income and cash The variables understudy were accounting income, cash income and cash dividend. The sou 4 ce of this research data was secondary data, in the form of annual financial statement published by Pusat Referensi Pasar Modal Bursa Efek Jakarta . The analysis used were Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient. The result of the analysis and discussion revealed that there was positive and significant relationship between accounting income with cash dividend and cash income with cash dividend , where the accounting income has greater influence on cash &Mend compared with cash income. Keywords :Accounting income, cash income, cash dividends.