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The study aims to update the well-settled issue in literature of rate of return on investment in higher education in Europe. The proposed approach slightly modifies the existing methodology based on the Mincer equation, using an updated set of data for the period 2014–2016 from the European Central Bank's ‘Household Finance and Consumption Survey’. The results obtained, ranging between 13% and 21%, are higher compared to historical records for the years 1996–2013. As for the microeconometric estimates of the Mincer-type equation, they are sound and comparable, although showing higher margins in relation to the recent figures. Thus, they may suggest an increasing trend in valuation and importance of human capital based on high school degree, especially for the Central–Eastern European Union countries, resulting probably from rapid economic and cultural convergence.

Financing educational programmes in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) is at the cross-roads. The clamour for socialization of higher education in the face of large number of uncmployeci university graduates vis-a-vis dearth of adequate manpower to feed the development aciivities deserves consideration in a clearer perspectivc. The relatively high incidence of unemployment points out thc econotnic waste involved in using scarce resource. Moreover, for each occupation there is an optimum amount of formal schooling. Thus in some cases, labour productivity declines as schooling increases.

The real rate of return to capital plays a vital part in the economy in evaluating the contribution of capital investment to the economic growth. As it is also a key variable in estimating the econ...

This study aims to study the macroeconomic factors that affect the rate of return of securities in the transport and service category of the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The category comprises three groups: media services, tourism, hotel and recreation and transport and logistics. The study employs quarterly data from 2001 to 2019 estimated with the ARDL bounds testing approach. The results reveal that media services, tourism, hotel and recreation and transport and logistics groups in the tourism and service category were cointegrated with stock exchange volume (in thousands of shares), exchange rate, gold bullion price, interest rate and diesel oil price. This study also found the long-term equilibriums of the macroeconomic factors deviated from the short-run to long run for three groups. The gold bullion price factor is a major factor in determining the long run. This study suggests that the gold bullion price is an alternative indicator for investment. Investors in the transport and logistics group should focus on the exchange rate, the gold bullion price, the interest rate and the diesel oil price before investment. Investors should consider the level of the exchange rate before investing in the media service group in the Stock Exchange of Thailand while investors in the tourism, hotel and recreation group of the Stock Exchange of Thailand should be recognize the stock exchange volume.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the impact of various financial ratios used to evaluate a company’s liquidity and solvency on the rates of return on the shares of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. In the context of developing countries, the relationship between liquidity and solvency on the one hand and the return on equity on the other is still not clear. Poland is the most economically developed country in Central and Eastern Europe. A thorough analysis is necessary to take appropriate action and introduce adequate regulations in the country, as well as to create the foundation for researching other economies in this region. In addition, this article includes new estimators that have not yet been taken into account but that may affect the rates of return, which will contribute to the literature on the subject and to the development of knowledge on the volatility of returns on shares. In the study, we have calculated the time-varying beta coefficients of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) model and analysed portfolios based on three liquidity ratios and four solvency ratios, which were computed using the CAPM, Fama–French and Carhart models. The empirical study described in the article focuses on companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the period from 1 January 1999 to 30 June 2013. Regressions were estimated by the least-squares method and by quantile regression. Based on the results, it was found that listed companies at risk of bankruptcy are able to meet their short-term liabilities. Liquidity and solvency measured by financial ratios significantly affect the sensitivity of the rate of return on shares to the risk factors expressed in the CAPM, Fama––French and Carhart models.

In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Thomas Piketty (2014) explains growing income inequality via the difference between the rate of return on capital and the growth rate of the economy: the “r ...

We present the Average Internal Rate of Return (AIRR), which expresses the ratio of total income to total capital employed or, equivalently, the capital-weighted mean of the holding period rates. In particular, we show how to draw and use the (levered and unlevered) average ROI and the average ROE from the pro forma financial statements, how to assess the investors’ economic profitability (rate of return of the CFA stream) as distinguished from the equityholders’ economic profitability (rate of return of the CFE stream), and how to break down the project NPV into investment-period NPV and financing-period NPV whenever the project is a mixed transaction. We also present the notion of Economic AIRR and interpret it as representative of the project’s rate of return from the point of view of the capital market.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comment upon the relatively straightforward but often misunderstood role of gearing (or leverage) on the potential equity return of a property investment. Design/methodology/approach This education briefing is an explanation of the upside and downside risk of borrowing (at different levels) to successful investment. Findings The use of gearing can greatly enhance equity returns but at an increased risk. Practical implications The process of borrowing at a bank rate below the return rate on an investment project can increase the equity return of the project as long as all incomes and discount rate remain at appropriate levels. Originality/value This is a review of existing models.

Taking into account the current trends and opportunities in the financial markets of developing countries, the subject of the research is to analyse, test and quantify the impact of the holiday effect on the daily return rates from investing activities for the observed financial markets of Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary. The aim of the research is to gain a concrete, empirically tested and quantified knowledge of the capabilities and effectiveness of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (A.R.C.H.) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (G.A.R.C.H.) models, in order to quantify the impact of the holiday effect on the rates of return from investing activities in the observed financial markets. The time period covered by the research is 2003–2016, where the length of the research time horizon makes possible model effectiveness testing in the periods before, during and after the global financial crisis. The methodology also includes S.I.C.–A.I.C. (Schwarz and Akaike) model selection criteria and a number of tests suitable for or adapted to the specific characteristics of financial markets in developing countries. The research results confirm the role and importance of the application of econometric models in order to quantify the risks of investing activities in the financial mar- kets of developing countries.

Using the theory of asset securitization, we analyze the feasibility of the securitization of letters of guarantee in theory. In the process of constructing the model of rate of return of securities backed by letters of guarantee, we propose two indices: the risk probability of asset-backed securities and the loss rate of asset-backed securities to analyze the cash flow of securities. On the basis of no arbitrage principle, the expression of rate of return of securities backed by letters of guarantee is put forward. In order to study the relationship between the rate of return of securities and other influential factor in the model, a simulation experiment is designed. The experiment results show that (i) an increasing risk probability of cash flow or a short maturity date also make the return rate of securities increase and (ii) the return rate of securities is higher in economic boom than that in economic recession when other parameters remain unchanged.

In the real development of a capital one has to take into account not only the interest rate but also inflation, which is usually forgotten or simply not considered.

This study aims to identify the determinates of the rate of return on deposits in Islamic banks. The study, according to the best of my knowledge, is the first study to investigate the factors affecting the rate of return in Islamic banks using cross-country data with a large sample of banks and for a prolonged period. To achieve its aim, the author used data from almost all Islamic banks in the world for a 20-year period (1989-2008). The data were analyzed using a two-way fixed-effect model. The empirical results demonstrate that capital adequacy (default risk), credit risk, age, economic growth, and concentration significantly and negatively influenced the return on deposits in Islamic banks. The results also suggest that foreign ownership, size, inflation, and oil prices had significant and positive effects on the rate of return. Moreover, the results indicated that deposit insurance (positive), interest rates (positive), and deposit growth (negative) are not determinants of the rate of return in Islamic banks.

The transition from a short-term cost-plus tariff regulation to either a long-term rate-of-return or long-term price cap regulation in Russia started in 2009 and was completed in 2012, causing substantial changes in investment over the course of the reform. We estimate panel data of 46 Russian electricity distribution entities with a dynamic investment model using the system generalized method of moments and addressing potential endogeneity issues. We show that, despite the noncredible regulatory policy, the transition from short-to long-term regulation had a positive and significant effect on the investment rate of regulated entities. The specific long-term regulation design applied in Russia from 2008 to 2017 (either rate-of-return or price cap) had no effect on the investment rate. These results are important for the introduction of changes in regulatory frameworks in developing countries.

Real estate—housing in particular—is a less profitable investment in the long run than previously thought. We hand-collect property-level financial data for the institutional real estate portfolios of four large Oxbridge colleges over the period 1901–1983. Gross income yields initially fluctuate around 5%, but then trend downward (upward) for agricultural and residential (commercial) real estate. Long-term real income growth rates are close to zero for all property types. Our findings imply annualized real total returns, net of costs, ranging from approximately 2.3% for residential to 4.5% for agricultural real estate.

Regulated firms are exposed to asset-stranding risk whenever allowed revenue depends on past capital expenditure: if demand falls far enough, past expenditure is unrecoverable. I show that such regulation induces firms to invest in more capital, but distorts the trade-off between investment scale and timing flexibility. Lower allowed rates of return induce firms to invest earlier. Slower regulatory depreciation induces them to invest in larger steps. In order to maximize welfare the allowed rate of return should be set significantly above the cost of capital and the rate of regulatory depreciation significantly above any plausible measure of actual depreciation.

What is the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much? Is there a tendency for returns to fall in the long run? Which particular assets have the highest long-run returns? We answer these questions on the basis of a new and comprehensive data set for all major asset classes, including housing. The annual data on total returns for equity, housing, bonds, and bills cover 16 advanced economies from 1870 to 2015, and our new evidence reveals many new findings and puzzles.

This note demonstrates that when there is a discount on uniform cash flow, the rate of return would not increase to the extent of the discount. The extent to which the rate of return would increase depends on the investment horizon.

Using factor model and fixed or random effect approaches, this article studies the factors affecting the rate of return on the stocks listed on the Vietnamese stock market. The results show that the rate of return is affected by the two factors: inflation and the Nikkei index as an indicator of regional economy. The impact of inflation is much more powerful. The strongest impact of the unexpected inflation is found in industrial sector and consumption while enterprises with good business performance only suffer a milder effect. The impact of Nikkei index on local stocks is rather weak but less dispersed.

In March 2010 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued the National Broadband Plan (NBP) detailing strategic proposals to increase broadband availability in the US. One of the sweeping suggestions of the NBP is to convert all incumbent local exchange carriers from rate-of-return (RoR) regulation to price cap regulation. Most of these RoR carriers are small Rural Local Exchange Carriers (RLECs) operating in sparsely populated, isolated territories of the US. Since AT&T’s divestiture they have participated in revenue and cost sharing pools which have served as an effective mechanism for reducing unsystematic business risk. We stress that pooling makes both rate of return and price cap regulation operational in RLEC territories and has to be considered in the policy debates. Using cost and demand data from RLECs, we show that if FCC’s suggestion was implemented under current price cap rules, many RLECs would likely face financial distress within 3 years of the regulatory regime change. We further show that allowing pooling arrangements under any regulatory regime could improve market efficiency. We suggest that potential efficiency gains are greatest when RLECs within a pooling arrangement have the option of remaining under RoR regulation or volunteering to move to a form of incentive regulation.

This study explores whether UK managers behaved opportunistically when determining the expected rate of return on pension assets (ERRs) during an extended period of major changes in pension accounting rules (1998–2002), and whether this behaviour changed with the transitional adoption of FRS 17. The empirical results support the contracting hypothesis that UK firms with tightening debt covenants inflated their reported ERRs over this period. The contracting cost incentive underlying reported ERRs appears to be stronger during the FRS 17 transitional adoption period, and ERRs were used jointly with salary growth rate to manage balance sheet leverage. One important implication of our findings is that the IASB's 2011 revision to IAS 19, Employee Benefits, which removed the flexibility that firms could exercise in selection of ERR assumptions, potentially improves the reliability of reported pension cost components.

A number of scholars of private equity (“PE”) have attempted to assess the ex-post returns, or performance, of PEs by adopting an ex-post perspective of asset pricing. In doing so a set of phenomena has been recognized that is thought to be specific to the PE sector, such as “money-chasing deal phenomenon” (Gompers and Lerner, 2000) and “performance persistence” (Lerner and Schoar, 2005). However, based on their continuing use of an ex-post perspective, few scholars have paid attention to the possible extent to which these and other PE phenomena may affect expected returns from PE investments. To address this problem this article draws on an ex-ante perspective of investment decision-making in suggesting how a number of drivers and factors of PE phenomena may produce “abnormal returns”, and that each of those drivers and factors should therefore be considered in accurately assessing the required risk premium and expected abnormal returns of PE investments. In making these contributions we examined a private equity investment of a regional PE in Italy and administered a telephone questionnaire to 40 PEs in Italy and the UK and found principally that while size is the most important driver in producing abnormal returns illiquidity alone cannot explain the expected returns of PE investments (cf. Franzoni et al., 2012). Based on our findings we developed a predictive model of PE decision-making that draws on an ex-ante perspective of asset pricing and takes into account PE phenomena and abnormal returns. This model extends the work of Franzoni et al. (2012), Jegadeesh et al. (2009), and Korteweg and Sorensen (2010) who did not consider the possible influence of PE phenomena in decision-making and will also help PE managers in making better-informed decisions

The rate of return on capital is a key parameter in pension reform policy making. While evaluating pension reform, the method Feldstein proposed to measure the rate of return on capital is widely adopted. Here we calculate the rate of return on capital in China by this method. The calculation demonstrates that the rate of return on all the industrial enterprises is around 6.5 percent from 1996 to 2000, and the average rate of return on state-owned industrial enterprises is lower than the above figure by 1.5 percent during the same period. Finally, we draw a conclusion that the rate of return ranging from 5 to 7 percent is appropriate for the pension reform in China.

During the last few years, there has been a large increase in the rate of return for most LatinAmerican private pension fund institutions (AFPs). This favorable performance of funds comes with an economic boom in the region. However, efficiency, which is the equivalent of good management, does not go along with this successful performance of AFPs. We measure efficiency with the Data Envelopment Analysis technique, and we test for a sample of 9 countries in Latin America to determine if there is any link between efficiency of AFPs and their rate of return. The results suggest that local market power is not necessarily sufficient for certain large AFPs. JEL: G23, G28, O54

This article assesses the contribution of the various industrial sectors to the growth of the British equity market in the 1825–70 period. It also provides estimates of the rates of return on these industrial sectors in this period. The article then proceeds to examine whether differences in rates of return across the various sectors can be explained by risk or other financial factors. One of the main findings is that the relatively high rates of return in the banking, insurance, and miscellaneous sectors appear to be in some measure explained by the presence of extended liability and uncalled capital.

The rate of return to ownership of California dairy quota is about 27% per year-well above that of typical financial assets, but in line with other measured returns to agricultural quotas. Ownership of dairy quota does not contribute positively to total variation of typical portfolios, including those of dairy farm assets, and so contributes little or no portfolio risk. A plausible alternative hypothesis for the high rate of return is that quota owners see significant risk of policy change that would reduce future quota values. That is, they face default risk in quota ownership. T he capitalization of farm program benefits and the effects of policy on the rate of return to investments in farm assets have long been important to agricultural policy analysis. The issues arise in the context of the influence of policy on prices of farmland, other physical assets, and policy-created assets such as farm program quota. Basic economic principles tell us that the benefits of government programs will affect returns to and prices of resources connected to a program. The incidence of flow benefits depends, in part, on the elasticities of supply of these resources, with the prices of inelastic resources affected most. The capital prices of assets do not depend directly on past returns, but on expectations about future returns. Of course, in many practical cases, the history of past returns is a crucial source of information used to form expectations. Johnson assessed the literature on returns to farm quota, stating, "Roughly speaking, the discount rate used to value future earnings from [farm-program created] quotas is approximately 25%. Thus, individuals who have recently

This study identifies determinants of the rate of return on U.S. Saving and Loan (S&L) assets during the 1970–97 period. The Instrumental Variables (IV) estimation reveals that this rate of return is an increasing function of the spread between the S&L mortgage interest rate and the S&L cost of funds, the regulatory S&L capital-asset ratio, and the percentage growth rate of real GDP. It is negatively affected by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and positively affected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991. Based on these findings, certain policy implications and general conclusions are suggested.

This study aims to identify the most important determinants of the rate of return on investment in stocks and the application of it on industrial enterprises, contributed to the ASE, which consists of 91 industrial companies during the study period from 1997- 2009. The study used Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, The Model included a number of independent variables which are the cost of capital, Financial leverage, and growth rate of dividends. The results of the study showed that there is appositive effect and statistically significant for growth rate of dividends on rate of return on investment (dependent variable). On the other hand, the study showed no effect with statistical significance for each of the cost of capital and Financial leverage on rate of return on investment (dependent variable). It turns out that the effect of the growth rate of dividends on the rate of return on investment is not compatible with the hypotheses of the study, while that the effect of each of cost of capital and Financial leverage on rate of return on investment in the stock, consistent with the hypothesis of the study.

A comparison of Hong Kong and United States rate-of-return regulation indicates differences in the definition of the rate base and in the proportion of it permitted a fair rate of return. These differences imply that Hong Kong electric utilities utilize proportionately more fixed (less current) assets, and that these assets are financed proportionately more by equity (less by debt), than their United States counterparts. Our results support both these predictions, providing further evidence that since rate-ofreturn regulation is implemented by reference to “reported” results, comparatively minor differences in regulatory frameworks can have quite dramatic consequences for utilities' asset structure and financing mix.

This paper presents new evidence on the rate of return on tangible assets in the United States, incorporating the recently-revised national accounts as well as new estimates of the replacement cost of the reproducible physical capital stock. The pretax return on capital in the nonfinancial corporate sector has averaged 8.5 percent over the 1959–1996 period. The paper also presents new estimates of the total tax burden on nonfinancial corporate capital, which averages 54.1 percent over this time period. For the 1990s, this tax rate, which includes corporate income taxes, corporate property taxes, and taxes on stock-and bond-holders, averages 42.1 percent of pretax profits. The average pretax rate of return for the 1990–1996 period is 8.6 percent, and the average after-tax return is 5.0 percent. Although the accounting return to corporate capital has been higher in the mid-1990s than at any previous point in the last two decades, the substantial volatility in the return series makes it premature to conclude that these years represent a departure from past experience.

There is a puzzle in financial economics, called risk-free rate puzzle, named after Weil (1989). This puzzle consists of the observation that the risk-free rate is too low to be explained by actual consumption behaviour. Building upon previous research, and applying the concept of minimum compensation with expected utility, this article finds an equilibrium risk-free rate of 0.2% in real terms compared to an actual real risk-free rate of around 1%. Therefore, the puzzle is reversed; the actual risk-free rate is too high to describe investor sentiment.

This study examines the optimal fiscal policy in a stochastic endogenous growth model with private and public capital. The government is willing to actualize a socially optimal equilibrium using a lump-sum tax and government debt linked to public investments, subject to the budget constraint under the golden rule of public finance. A socially optimal fiscal policy states that a deterministic rate of return on government bonds sets the marginal product of public capital. Moreover, public investments optimally adjust the ratio of private capital to public capital to equate the rates of return on such capital. The presence of stochastic disturbances results in a disparity between the optimal marginal products of the two types of capital, as reported in previous empirical studies. This disparity significantly affects the socially optimal growth rate in response to investment risk.

Does the social rate of return to physical investment exceed the private rate to an economically significant extent? In particular, is the return to investment in plant and machinery very high? We address this question by estimating a number of different models employing cross-section, time series and panel methods on data from the Penn World Table. The balance of the evidence suggests the answer to these two questions is no, particularly for the currently rich countries. The estimated elasticity of output with respect to capital seems roughly equal to capital's share and the estimated social rate of return is in line with estimates of the private rate. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.

This paper examines the widely-held notion that the regulatory approach to setting earnings equalizes the accounting and internal rates of return, and that this condition holds for any depreciation profile. The evidence suggests that the practical usefulness of this proposition for policy-making may be quite limited. This paper also examines the underlying premise—that, because of its relative constancy over time, the regulated rate of return must equal the internal rate of return—and finds that contrary to earlier suggestions, this result does not always hold in the multi-asset case.

The Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000, pp. 65–66) states, “School mathematics experiences at all levels should include opportunities to learn about mathematics by working on problems arising in contexts outside of mathematics. These connections can be to other subject areas and disciplines as well as to students' daily lives.” In this article we shall see that the discipline of finance can provide rich real–life applications of mathematics.

Depreciation schedules allocate capital expenditure over time. Investors are properly compensated under any full depreciation schedule, when the allowed rate of return plus inflation adjustments to the rate base just equal the investors' nominal discount rate. Whether changes in this nominal rate are reflected in adjustments to the rate base or the rate of return, depreciation schedules can be chosen to generate efficient time paths of output prices. Practical limits on depreciation schedules, nominal rates, or information may affect the choice between adjusting the rate base or rate of return for temporal changes in capital cost.

Rate-of-return regulation has been criticized for providing inappropriate incentives to regulated firms and for being costly to administer. An alternative is price-cap regulation, by which ceilings (“caps”), based on indices of price and technological change are imposed, below which the regulated firm has full pricing freedom. The differences and similarities of the two are reviewed herein in the light of recent literature. In practice, price-cap is not distinct from rate-of-return regulation. Especially for the multiproduct firm, information requirements—the ultimate source of problems with rate-of-return regulation—are comparables. Price-cap regulation fails to address the real regulatory issue of whether an industry is, in whole or in part, a natural monopoly.