Search

The article is devoted to the formation of theoretical, methodological foundations and the development of conceptual approaches to the practical provision of the green economy, considered as a vector of sustainable development. The study substantiates the need to create a new global economic school. The existence of two concepts of economic development of future generations is established. The author’s vision of economic growth in the conditions of sustainable development is formed, as well as its necessity is also proved. A component model of sustainable development is proposed, which allows reflecting the essence and content of the green economy. The positive experience of green integration is summarized. The negative aspects on the way to the practical implementation of the Millennium Development Goals are identified.

Problem setting. The concepts of economic development at the beginning of the third millennium have largely exhausted themselves and require immediate revision and updating. The modern economic development of our civilization at certain intervals has more, so to speak, “side effects” which are a kind of price to increase the welfare of people. Among them there are two main vectors: first, the depletion of limited planetary resources, and secondly – an increase in waste. These two vectors are the most important in the development of Ukraine and the world as a whole, the implementation of the state policy of “green” economy will save our land and live in harmony with our nature.Recent research and publications analysis. Theoretical aspects of the concept of “green economy” are studied by the following scientists: Bublyk, Galushkina, Ivanyuta, Chmir, Yakovenko, Yarmolenko and others. Today, many countries, given the experience of the shortcomings of globalization processes, are actively looking for new models of further development.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The concept of “green” economy today is actively discussed at the level of international organizations, national governments, and among scientists. Despite this, there are few such studies at the scientific level in Ukraine. It should be noted that most of the research in the field of public policy of the “green” economy is carried out by foreign scientists. Therefore, there is a need to systematize scientific and practical knowledge about the new course of formation and implementation of state policy of “green” economy and the definition of basic concepts of “green” economy for Ukraine.Paper main body To generalize the basic concepts of “green” economy development as an object of state policy, to reveal the essence, goals and principles of “green” economy.The concept of “green” economy adopted by the world community is designed to ensure the harmonization of the three components of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. “Green” Economy is not just a possibility but a compulsory way of development for all countries and nations if they want to ensure a secure future for their citizens. The transition to a green economy has a long and difficult path, but today a number of advanced economies and developing countries demonstrate leadership by adopting “green” economic strategies.Comparative characteristic of concepts of “green economy” is made, its purposes and principles are defined. It is emphasized that the model of “green” economy normalizes the interaction of human activity and nature. Summarizing all the concepts of “green economy”, which were considered in the paper, we can say that it embodied three areas – it is ecology, economics, social development.In this paper actualized problems in the transition of society to priority innovation areas “green” economy.The priority public policy based on the introduction of innovative environmentally sound technologies that will ensure the sustainable development of society in a strategic perspective. The author analyzes the concept as an important component of socio-economic development of the state, shows its importance to the national economy. Strategic priorities involvement of the Ukrainian regions’ “green” economics potential as the basis for the formation of “growth points” and “economic development areas” at the local and regional level has been reasonable. In paper it is proved that the development of “green” economics contributes to solute several system problems of the regions in Ukraine: reduces energy production, stimulates the transition to alternative energy, which creates jobs and improves the quality of life in the regions.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies Thus, the state policy of development of “green” economy is a new direction of strategy of many countries of the world which was formed during the last twenty years. It is believed that the development of public policy of “green” economy will ensure the development of most countries and save from the financial and environmental crisis.In view of the above, it is necessary to promote the ideology of public policy “green” economy as the main paradigm for the transformation of social change. Even with very conservative assumptions, the “green” investment scenario allows for decisive measures to achieve higher annual growth rates over 5 – 10 years and increases the reserves of renewable resources needed for the development of the world economy.

Problem setting. Modern economic systems in the process of their operation create certain negative consequences: environmental problems (climate change, desertification, loss of biodiversity), depletion of natural capital, large-scale poverty, social injustice, which threatens the socioeconomic development of present and future generations.The paper substantiates the position that one of the ways to ensure the solution of the problems of civilization development is the formation of a system of “green economy”, which helps to reduce risks to the environment and largely solves the problem of resource conservation.The transition to a green economy is due to the global consequences of climate change, irrational use of natural resources, exacerbation of social inequality.The analysis of modern tendencies of civilizational development testifies to the instability of modern models of economic development both at the regional and global levels. A common disadvantage of these models is the absolutization of economic growth in conditions of neglect of social and environmental problems. A number of global problems of socio-economic development at the present stage have been identified: climate change, depletion of limited natural resources and climate change due to the accelerated growth of the world’s population, which is accompanied by negative effects on the environment.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems of forming the foundations of the green economy are in the center of attention of leading domestic and foreign scientists and authoritative international organizations, within which a number of important policy documents aimed at developing and implementing theoretical and applied foundations of the green economy in the context of achieving sustainable development.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the fact that the problem of forming the foundations of the green economy is constantly in the spotlight, it should be noted the lack of tools for systems analysis in the development of scientific approaches to developing conceptual foundations of the green economy. The purpose of the article is a systematic analysis of the foundations of the green economy and the peculiarities of its functioning in modern conditions.Paper main body. A systematic analysis of the theoretical and applied principles of formation of the main principles of the green economy is performed. It is proved that the formation of a green economy and the transition to the principles of sustainable economic development are priorities at the global, national, regional and local levels. The functioning of the green economy is based on the use of such sources of economic growth, which, while reducing the anthropogenic pressure on nature, ensure sustainable development.Based on a systematic approach to the analysis of the essence of the green economy and the concept of sustainable development, it is proved that the concept of “green economy” replaces the concept of sustainable development – sustainable development is a broader concept and “green economy” can be interpreted as a tool for sustainable development. Summarizing the approaches of domestic and foreign scientists, it is proposed to interpret the green economy as an economic activity that operates on the basis of the unity of natural and social systems, which contributes to improving people’s living standards in the long run and without harming the environment. Based on the use of system analysis tools, it is established that the “green economy” is a means of sustainable development, and its formation necessitates a revision of living standards in order to preserve the natural environment, improve resource efficiency, environmentally oriented activities and restructuring the economy, increasing the share of “green” sectors and reducing the “brown”.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Using the results of research by leading scientists, the basic principles of the “green economy” are identified, which determine its features in comparison with the classical market economy: internalization, cost-effectiveness, property rights, sustainability, openness to consumers. The transition to a green economy should stimulate the creation of a favorable competitive environment, as well as the development of regulatory methods, including the implementation of relevant standards and regulations. The main task of the “green economy”, as well as the traditional market, is the rational management, which is the allocation of limited resources to achieve sustainable development. In the future, the task of studying the relationship between the approaches of the “classical” and “green economy” to solve the problems of rationality of economic activity. The main task of the “green economy”, as well as the traditional market, should be rational management, which is the distribution of limited resources to achieve the goals – due to limited resources there is a need to choose this or that option for their use.

The global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to look at development issues in a new way. As a result, many decision-makers have realized the importance of rebuilding economies with a sustainable development approach that involves investing not in fossil fuels but in renewable energies, reforestation, sustainable food systems, and cyclical, local and low-carbon economies. In this connection, the article considers food sharing as one of the possible mechanisms contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals and at the same time being an anti-crisis management tool. At the same time, this article gives directly the goals in the field of sustainable development, the state of affairs in the field of achieving the set goals in modern realities, the measures taken at the international level and in Russia, the essence of food sharing is also revealed, examples of foreign practices are given, problems that impede development are identified of food sharing in Russia, possible options for their solutions are proposed and promising results after its implementation are reflected, as well as a table with the effect of food sharing on specific goals of sustainable development has been compiled by the generalization method. This article can be useful to people interested in the rational use of food, businesses in order to restructure business processes to meet the requirements of the modern economy and government officials for timely and effective adoption of measures in the field of sustainable development.

The subject of this study is the green economy, green growth and greening as a concept introduced to the economy in order to maintain the environmental protection, biodiversity and to prevent the climate changes. These concepts implemented in the European Union are called the European Green Deal. All the green concepts are connected with the paradigm of the sustainable development and they become the form of the sustainable development execution in the developed strategies. This study is based on the subject literature and the documents created by United Nations agencies, international institutions and organizations as well as the European Union authorities. The notions of green economy, green growth and green deal are especially important for the sectors of economy that are based on natural resources – agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining. The greening means taking care of nature and the ecosystems in the economy and social life, especially in the territorial systems with a high concentration of the population and industry. The green concepts of the sustainable development implementation require investment and educational support. The green concepts of development embrace many ambitious assumptions and thus they can be considered too optimistic.

The purpose of this study is to study the approaches to measuring the indicators of the circular economy used in the countries of the European Union and in the OECD countries to form an understanding of the applicability of the presented methods. The study used the methods of econometric modeling, statistical and comparative analyzes. A model was built using data for the European Union countries, the following variables (factors) were used to build this model: the share of material extracted and returned to the economy, the intensity of CO2 emissions, the level of energy intensity of primary energy, GDP per capita, research and development costs, the share urban population in total. Based on the simulation results, it was concluded that GDP growth and growth in energy intensity, together with an increase in the level of technology in the economy, leads to an increase in the processing of materials and their reuse in economic circulation. The results of modelling confirm the conclusions of the previous authors, the analysis of the strategies of the EU and OECD countries. It is necessary to invest more financial resources in R&D, development of new technologies and innovations for achieve better results. Greater involvement of consumers and businesses in activities conducive to the circular economy is also critical. Achieving these two goals will contribute to sustainable economic development. Based on the analysis of the model and strategies of the OECD and EU countries on the circular economy, we concluded that international innovations in the circular economy are applicable to Kazakhstan’s economy.

The problem of the impact of economic development of the world on the state of the environment is quite relevant today. Entrepreneurs usually defend their private interests and try to increase profits in every possible way, without caring about the state of the environment and the future. If in the economically developed countries of the world the government is trying hard to control compliance with environmental legislation and implement a green economy, Ukraine is hopelessly behind, and only in recent years is beginning to actively think about preserving the environment and develop mechanisms to achieve this goal. It is important to explore how the legal aspect can help address the balance between Ukraine's economic development and environmental quality, especially in terms of its impact on climate change, where air pollution, waste generation and energy security are key factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic growth and environmental pressures. As a result, the world experience in finding ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic development of countries and the preservation of the environment was analysed. The study examined the factors influencing climate change, waste generation and energy security in the projection of economic development. The main principles (strategy) of the state ecological policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are analysed; regulations of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the preservation of the environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the problem of the interrelation between economic growth and pressure on the environment.

The essence of the concept "sustainable development" is considered. The need to strengthen state regulation of economic relations to smooth out or eliminate negative environmental consequences by forming a green economy as an alternative to the traditional resource-intensive model and creating a more comfortable living environment for the population through the so-called ruralization (or deurbanization - the outflow of the population from cities to rural areas) is shown.

O presente artigo procura levantar fundamentos para a construção de um design orientado pela economia verde, como um modo de se fomentar a transição para a sustentabilidade. O conceito de economia verde tem sido legitimado como uma economia na qual o crescimento está dissociado da exploração do meio ambiente, enquanto viabiliza a regeneração do mesmo, reduzindo os danos, aprimorando o bem-estar humano e a coesão social. Apesar de o crescimento econômico ilimitado provocar impactos negativos na própria economia e nas outras duas dimensões da sustentabilidade, a ambiental e a social, entende-se que uma expansão pautada na economia verde é relevante em contextos nos quais se necessita de maior empregabilidade e aumento da geração de renda, bem como de aprimoramento no manejo dos recursos naturais, entre outras questões relacionadas. Assim, os autores consideram que um design para a economia verde possa vir a propor soluções sistêmicas que contribuam na solução desse tipo de problema, de modo gradativo e a longo prazo. Logo, objetiva-se realizar uma revisão teórica que contemple essa proposta econômica, e os conceitos derivados dela, a fim de identificar abordagens e estratégias relativos ao design. Como resultado, o estudo contextualiza a legitimação da economia verde e investiga as prescrições de ordem produtiva das economias criativa, circular, compartilhada, colaborativa e distribuída e do comércio justo. Desse modo, identifica- se as estratégias de desmaterialização, manutenção e reparo, bem como de simbiose industrial e as abordagens de criação de sistema de produto mais serviço sustentável e de valorização intelectual e/ou cultural.

Purpose The international institutions, policymakers and governments are promoting green growth as a policy objective for global financial stability (FS) without sound empirical investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the green economy would be successful in achieving its main objective i.e. stabilizing the world financial system because the investment stakes are too high for this green transition. Design/methodology/approach The study used the two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) methodology on panel data of 90 countries for 6 years from 2010 to 2015 to investigate the impact of green growth economy on FS. Findings The results of the current study revealed that overall green growth enhanced FS in the country for both the short and long run. However, the social inclusive dimension of green growth was irrelevant in creating FS. Research limitations/implications The results of the current study validate the growth-led finance hypothesis and encourage the policymakers to strengthen the policy initiative for green growth. Because green growth mitigates economic and environmental risk to create a stable financial environment. However, social inclusiveness needs to be explored through alternate paradigm in relevance to FS. Originality/value As per the author’s knowledge, it is a pioneer study to empirically investigate the impact of green growth on FS which would be useful in understanding the green growth and FS dynamics.

The green growth paradigm has gained much attention in the last decade. Green growth not only protects the environment and human beings but also serves as a substitute for scarce natural assets. Governance institutions develop laws and policies for all industries in a country and are directly responsible for natural resource exploration and environmental protection or destruction. Pakistan is the fifth most vulnerable country to environmental hazards in the world. To address this issue, this study is the first to analyze the relations among governance indicators, ISO 14001 and green growth in Pakistan by using time-series data from 2000 to 2017. The study utilized advanced mathematical Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) models, namely, absolute grey relational grade (GRG), Deng's GRG, and Second Synthetic Degree of Grey Incidence Analysis (SSGIG) models, to capture the relations among the studied variables. The main results revealed that ISO 14001, with the highest GRA values of 0.8-0.9, proved to be effective in channeling green growth. Among all governance indicators related to green growth, the rule of law with the highest maximin criterion value of 0.644 was found to play a key role for Pakistan. The study findings provide insights into how good governance can contribute to accomplishing the objectives of environmental sustainability. They can also help legislators and organizations understand the importance of ISO 14001 certification to promote sustainable practices across sectors in Pakistan.

The goal is to consider the priority areas of green economy concept: principles, factors, mechanisms and prerequisites for Kazakhstan's transition to the implementation of environmental policy. Objectives – to show the need to develop government programs for the long term and their stages to move towards ecosystems; substantiate that the dynamics of response and effective functioning of the labor market play a key role in facilitating transformation to a resource-saving economy, increasing the number of jobs in this industry. “Green” growth is also an opportunity to expand the labor market. At present, the totality of global environmental and economic threats and challenges has put the world economic science in front of the need to search for new ways of developing the world economy. Methods – in the research methods of scientific analysis, comparison and synthesis were used. Results – the authors carried out a search and proposed a formulation of the most accurate and capacious modern definition of eco-innovation, which unambiguously reflects their essence. Domestic and international scientific developments on the issue of sustainable development of a new model for reducing environmental deficit have been studied. Conclusions – the authors state that in order to comply with international standards, agricultural sector of the republic needs to be updated. Expansion of the organic agriculture sector could be an alternative to the existing management models. The article also focuses on the fact that the concept of "green" economy does not replace the strategy of stable forward movement, but focuses on "green" sectors as new engines of growth aimed at improving the quality of life of the population while minimizing the depletion of natural resources and preserving nature.

The subject of this study is the principles, factors and features of the green economy as a complex multicomponent system. It was important to clarify the ontology of the term “development” and to propose a methodology for filling the meaning of this term with a specific scientific approach, which consisted in identifying factors that shape directed, natural (regular) and inevitable changes as mandatory elements of development in the philosophical sense of the latter. The article analyzes different approaches to the definition of green economy, which gave the authors a reason to propose their own perception of the green economy as a socio-eco-economic system, which should be simultaneous under directed, natural (regular) and inevitable changes to ensure its development. The authors dwelled on the characteristics of each of the three mandatory changes. Directed changes in the green economy as a system were considered through the prism of seventeen goals of sustainable development (defining those for which the green economy “works” directly), which form new requirements for key components of the economic system: production, exchange, distribution and consumption. Regular changes are characterized as those that correspond or do not contradict the basic economic laws of the post-industrial era and form the ecological basis for the competitiveness of the economy. Irreversibility of change is defined as justified regulatory measures of strict environmental and economic policy, based on the methodological, proven by scientists, the principle of regulation in a mixed economic system and the abandonment of free market mechanisms (which “does not work” to achieve sustainable development). The authors have proposed a system-hierarchical approach to ensuring intermediate principles of green economy development as a system (direction, regularity and irreversibility of changes) and their integral effect on the quality of sustainable development of the social system as a whole. Further directions of research of system principles of development of green economy have been defined as well.

The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the necessity for eco-innovation supporting and provide the scientific and practical recommendations for improving eco-innovation public and private financing in the globalizing conditions of sustainable development. Methodology. In the paper, eco-innovations are considered as new technologies, new ways of organizing production and social programs that ensure the movement of society in line with the principles of the theory of sustainable development and the interaction between economic development and environmental preservation, to a greater extent due to the production of additional interrelated internal and external effects.The survey is based on the modern methods of scientific research, in particular, general and special methods of analysis of economic phenomena and processes: historical-logical method; comparative analysis; structural-comparative and graphic analysis; structural-factor analysis (to analyze the impact of environmental factors on economic development and determine the relationship between environmental indices, individual factors and GDP growth rates); correlation-regression analysis (to model the impact of environmental factors on the economic development of the world); scenario approach (to substantiate the priority areas of development of greening of the global economic space); methods of logical analysis, abstract and cognitive modeling. The results of the survey showed that along with the existing problems, there is significant potential for green financing scaling up. The study identified problems that limit the development of eco-innovation financing, which include both problems typical for “green” projects (for example, the lack of a clear definition of the term “green”), and problems typical for the financial sector as a whole (for example, underdeveloped capital markets or discrepancy in financing terms). Scientific and practical recommendations for capital attraction stimulating and the development of eco-innovation financing in the context of world economy sustainable development are proposed. It is substantiated that the main condition for the mobilization of “green” investments from the private sector is a combination of public funding, regulation and participation of private market actors in an effective public-private partnership. Practical implications. The analysis of the peculiarities of the eco-innovation financing allows to determine the impact of public financial instruments on the acceleration and increase of the effect from private financing for “green” investment. The main advantages of introducing and tracking eco-innovations in the global economic system are identified. The conclusion is made about the positive impact of the use of environmental and energy efficient technologies on the level of economic development, investment attractiveness and competitiveness of the country. Value/originality. The provided theoretical bases and practical recommendations consider current trends and conditions for sustainable development of the developed and developing countries economies, may be used by the governments of countries to develop policies towards effective environmental natural resources use and formate an environmental management system in the global economic development greening process, and are the basis for the formation of an ecological and economic model of the country’s development.

In the 21st century, economics and ecology have become even more closely interconnected and have a direct impact by each other than before. Ecologization of the economy is a focused process aimed at transforming economic activity by reducing the negative human impact on the environment. The article considers the causes, essence, main goals and principles of this process. As a result of the conducted research it was found out that the beginning of the concept of ecologization of economy is considered to be the second half of the XX century, when the world community began to pay special attention to the problems of negative impact of man on nature. In addition, the paper highlights the main characteristic features of this phenomenon, which include the orientation of economic activities towards rational use of natural resources and the transition to resource-saving sectors of the economy.

The purpose of the paper is to study the current problems of ecology and environmental protection, which is associated with the current sustainable trends in economic development. The growth of the world economy as a whole and the economic progress of most developed countries with market relations tends to an increasing use of natural resources and at the same time to an increasing depletion and pollution of the environment. The goal is to determine the essence, prerequisites for the emergence and development of the green economy as a modern concept of interaction between society and nature through the economy, as well as reflect the prerequisites for the activation of the green movement on a global scale in order to preserve nature and ensure the natural conditions of human habitation. The topic of the article is due to the need to disclose modern economic dynamics and rates of social progress and their impact on the environment. In this regard, the essence of the green economy, directions and principles of its implementation for the restoration and strengthening of natural potential are considered. Methodology. A correct assessment and analysis of the dynamics and trends in the development of the world economy in terms of increasing economic potential and increasing the production of economic benefits to ensure the welfare of society allows us to assess the level of impact on nature and the environment. Without the results of these assessments and calculations, significant errors appear in the choice of state priorities for socio-economic policy and in making optimal decisions in the field of production. The study is based on an assessment of the interaction between the world economy and the environment in modern conditions. Results. The questions of modern economic trends in nature and environment are studied. The need for the implementation of the green economy in modern conditions has been determined. The necessity to preserve nature and reduce environmental pollution is becoming more and more urgent. Practical implications. The state of the natural environment and the possibilities of preserving and improving the environment are being studied. An adequate assessment of the state of nature and natural resources will allow the world community to pursue a balanced and effective socio-economic and environmental policy for the harmony of society and nature where it lives. Value/originality. It has been determined that nature is the basis of social life, and at the same time, its preservation is the main goal of social progress. The economy is just the means by which nature creates welfare for society. Nature can exist without humanity, but humanity cannot exist without nature. Therefore, the preservation and strengthening of the environment are more than relevant. To this end, a green economy policy is being implemented in the modern world.

The transition to a “green” economic model is a complex strategic task that requires a combination of two previously incompatible development vectors: maintaining dynamic economic growth and preserving the natural environment on a long-term basis. No country has yet been able to cope with such complexity, nevertheless, an active search for a new balanced model continues, with the development of appropriate strategies. China is among the countries moving in this direction. The article analyzes the influence of social, economic, and environmental factors on the prospects for the development of a green economy and the preservation of natural areas in China. The dynamics of changes in the ecological situation from 1970 to 2018 is investigated. The authors propose a methodology for assessing the state of the environment based on demographic dynamics, economic indicators, and the level of technological development. Over the past 50 years, China has experienced intensive industrial development, as a result of which the degradation of valuable natural assets is increasing in most regions. At the same time, efforts are being made in a number of provinces to remedy the situation through the formulation of new policies, the first results of which have been already visible. The government has established a new environmental legislation designed to scale the green practices of the pioneering regions throughout the country, including the trend toward the de-urbanization of individual megacities and others. The implementation of this strategy will be facilitated by the expansion of interdisciplinary scientific research, the development of complex technological solutions, and development programs that simultaneously take into account various factors.

Subject. The article discusses export opportunities of the Russian regions, including green entrepreneurship, in terms of sustainable development goals. Objectives. We conduct the aggregate evaluation of the export potential of the Russian regions by indicator of export opportunities, including the description of the development of green business segments. Methods. Integral analysis is the baseline methodology accounting for multiple parameters of the local export potential and green business development. Results. We determined the highest export potential of green entrepreneurship in regions by commodity group. To perform the comprehensive analysis of the export potential for business segments of the green economy, we propose and assess the aggregated index, which provide for factual indicators of exported products and requirements for green business development. Conclusions and Relevance. If the export potential of the green economy is evaluated by simply examining exports of the above sectors, the findings will not be very informative, because they will not unveil business opportunities of the green segment. To comprehensively analyze the export potential for development business segments of the green economy, it is necessary to assess the aggregate index providing for factual indicators of exported products and requirements for the green business development.

African countries seek to intensify their industrialization while also increasingly pursuing green growth and, more recently, circular economy strategies. The competitive implications of this are, however, little researched empirically. We seek to investigate how African countries, examplified in this paper by Kenya, are experiencing a green and circular structural change of their economies. On the basis of early findings from a survey among 27 mixed manufacturing companies in Ruaraka industrial area in Nairobi, we highlight green and circular innovation trends, conditions and dynamics for different types of industries and firms (size). We apply a strong business perspective in framing the questions. We conclude that the companies are reaching a moderate stage of greening,although with a high degree of variability. Circular innovations are relatively widespread and ensuring resource supply seems to be a more important incentive than cutting costs. There seems overall to be quite strong business incentives to go circular among Kenyan companies, although these incentives are not necessarily realized by the companies, a factor that could be utilized in policymaking. We suggest a strong business-oriented survey methodology as a way forward to expand insights into the greening of industries in Africa and similar economies.

Sharing economy is also a kind of green economy in essence, which brings opportunities for the development of resource-sharing green industry. By constructing a general evolutionary game model of g...

During the last three decades the entire progressive world has been trying to put into practice the concept of sustainable development, which implies balancing environmental, economic and social aspects of development. The main focus of this paper is to generalise and systematise modern theoretical and practical approaches to achieving the sustainable development goals. The author devotes particular attention to the concept of circular economy. The conceptual frameworks of sustainable development, green economy, and circular economy (closedloop economy) constitute the methodological basis of the research. The methods include analysis, synthesis, classification, observation. The author proves the possibility and importance of taking into account the sustainable development goals while managing general modernisation processes in society and the economy. The paper reveals that the development of the ‘umbrella’ concept of green economy as a tool for attaining the sustainable development goals, relies on the concepts of environmentally friendly production, the best available technologies, and the circular economy. The author considers theoretical and practical foundations of the circular as a new trend in the development of the concept of sustainable development and studies regulatory, market, financial, investment, economic, technological, and organisational factors that affect the application of the circular economy principles in Russia. The results of the research can help to reach the sustainable development goals at various levels and spheres of economic management using the closed-loop economy tools: circular business models, secondary raw materials markets, methods for managing the cyclical nature of production and consumption

The article is aimed at carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the world energy market, identifying the main problems of its functioning, and substantiating possible ways to solve them. The research considered the structure of the world energy market, provided a description of its main components. The essence of the energy problem is analyzed, the main causes of its occurrence are defined. It is found that the energy problem occupies a significant place among such global problems of humanity as the threat of nuclear war, epidemic, ecological crisis, demographic problems, international terrorism, etc. A dynamic analysis of the use of traditional energy in the world is carried out. It is determined that due to the limited global reserves of natural gas and oil, in the near future it will be impossible to meet the growing demand of humanity for energy resources. The rating of countries that are trying to actively develop green energy at the State level is presented. The main methods of energy saving of leading countries of the world are highlighted. An analysis of the scale of investment in energy efficiency and energy saving of the leading world countries is carried out. It is determined that China is the leader in investments in green energy. During the research, the essence of the concept of «energy security» is disclosed and its main priorities in the application by different countries are specified. The most important aspects of international energy security are defined. The tendencies of further development of the world energy market are highlighted and the main ways of solving energy problems are proposed.

Currently the "green" economy is an important part of positioning in the international arena as an environmental component of sustainable development. Russia, as an active party in the international arena, supports resolutions on the "green" economy development and "green" financing tools for resolving issues of climate-resistant economic growth. Factors and trends in the Russian "green" economy development are radically different from most developed countries. At the same time, Russia has undeniable advantages in terms of preserving natural landscapes and the ecosystem services’ potential. Russia also has huge and almost unused opportunities for "green" growth. Our article is devoted to these problematic economic issues related to the "green" investment development. It is a basis for environmentally sustainable evolution. We discuss the latest trends and facts in the the"green" economy development of Russia. In addition, we describe possible promising directions for its growth in the future. Our results can be interesting and useful for researchers and experts working in the field of strategic management, spatial development and innovation economics. It is attractive for stakeholders and politicians involved in the economics and environment issues.

the study is aimed at considering modern models of ensuring the sustainable development of the macroeconomic regulation mechanism due to its main direction of achievement – orientation to the “green” vector of development. All participants in the world economy, depending on the level of their socioeconomic development, define in different ways the goals and objectives of the transition to green growth. This has highlighted three strategies for building a sustainable development model: progressive, egocentric and constraining. Priority development areas have been identified for each of them. Some are opportunistic, others are due to forced adaptation to existing global realities and internal problems, while others are determined by the need to overcome internal macroeconomic contradictions, which are a barrier to the transition to a green economy. It has been proven that the lack of common priorities and goals for achieving green growth leads to the “blocking effect” of all effective international initiatives in this area, and can inevitably lead to unpredictable negative consequences.

Aim. Identification of structural elements, parameters and processes of electronic-digital transformation of the "green" economy model in the context of overcoming socio-economic and production-economic problems caused by the aggravation of the epidemiological situation in connection with the spread of COVID-19. Material and Methods. In the process of considering the problems of electronic digital transformations of the "green" economy in connection with COVID-19, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, genesis of new knowledge, methods of modeling and forecasting the most likely change in the socio-economic situation, methods of statistical and economic data analysis, methods of normative-legal analysis of strategic documents, methods of generalization, analogy and comparison of initial data. Results. The processes of transformation of the traditional economic system into a "green" economy during the spread of COVID-19 are based on the widespread use of digital technologies that provide the systematization of multidirectional information about the nature and level of morbidity of the population. This enables public authorities and the management of individual organizations to make informed managerial decisions on changing the mode of activity based on electronic technologies in accordance with the main conditions for the development of digitalization of the "green" economy. Conclusion. The formation of a sustainable system of "green" economy in a crisis situation of the COVID-19 pandemic is determined by the observance of a number of socio-economic, legal and technological conditions associated with the use of digital technologies. This provides expanded opportunities to fully inform the participants of public-private cooperation about the nature of the implementation of building a "green" economy. At the same time, the development of complex organizational, legal and economic measures to overcome the crisis situation during the spread of COVID-19 is taking place.

Purpose: This paper tries to find out the current progress of subjective developed and developing countries regarding green economy development. Research Methodology: This paper uses a graphical radar approach to show countries' overall performance toward the green economy. Results: This paper concluded that developed countries are ahead of developing in terms of current health expenditure, large forest area and tons of national parks. However, they are on the same page in terms of pollution, whether it is air or solid. Limitations: Several elements restrict this study. The study is carried out in chosen underdeveloped countries and developed ones. The position of the countries is therefore restricted. Consequently, the results and outputs may not apply to geographical sites. Because of unavailability, this study sample may not be sufficient. Contribution: This study will benefit both developed and developing countries by providing a clear understanding and scenario about the green economy, well-being, and green infrastructure. The findings of this study will be beneficial to institutions, researchers, politicians, the government, and others. Governments and government agencies can plan and promote their strategies and policies to understand green infrastructure and its impact on human health clearly. This study further extends the literature on the green economy and provides a new way of measuring it through its different components. Furthermore, this study can help explain where we stand right now and where we should set sail to.

As the world economy attempts to move towards a circular economy, the Republic of Belarus has adopted its “National Strategy for Sustainable Development for the period to 2030” and “National Plan of Action for the Green Economy”, thereby taking the first steps towards creating a circular economy. The purpose of this article is to understand the potential of applying the principles of the circular economy to the economy of the Republic of Belarus. This is the first known article that has directly studied the state of Belarus’ transaction towards a circular economy. This article’s findings are based on analyzing the main articles and reports related to the circular economy literature and by analyzing the state of Belarus’ economy in the context of transitioning from a “green” to a “circular” economy. In Belarus, there are some successes in areas of their circular economy transition, such as recycling plastic and construction wastes; however, other areas require further development. A potential limitation of this study is that it only analyzed the main works on the definitions and principles of the circular economy, and therefore wider research may be needed.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the Russian eco-finance system: fundamental strategies, key regulatory documents, measures and tools. The analysis was based on the methodology of sustainable development and consideration of ESG factors. We found that the formation of the institutional framework of ecofinance and the development of advanced measures of support and stimulation of projects of green economy takes into account methodological principles for sustainable development: integrating anthropogenic impacts on natural areas; balanced decision-making on establishing regulatory requirements in the field of environmental safety, responsibility for negative impact on the environment; priority of national interests in the development of measures. The analysis showed that there is an established system of measures to support and stimulate eco-projects, both administrative and financial, direct and indirect, incentives and sanctions. The system is evolving and being modernized: measures have been developed and implemented to support issuers of securities whose target orientation (securities) is related to investing in eco-projects, and a draft article “Environmental tax” has been developed and is being discussed. The features of the Russian system of support and stimulation of environmental projects are its “youth”, being at the stage of formation, and the “lack of configuration” of economic mechanisms, which makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken. When evaluating environmental projects and the effectiveness of support measures, it is advisable to take into account the principles of sustainable economy, as well as the relationship and mutual influence of ESG factors.

The concept of sustainable development has become the basis for the future of humanity, and one of the tools for achieving it is green economy, which needs to be evaluated by offering certain methods of measurement. The purpose of this work is a comparative analysis of the most well-known methods for evaluating the implementation of the green economy concept at the national and regional levels, identifying their advantages and disadvantages. The analysis of foreign and domestic literature has shown that two types of integral indices are used mainly to measure the “greening” of economy: indices whose constituent elements require normalization (The Global Green Economy Index, The Index of the Green Economy, The Green Growth Index, The Ecological Footprint) and the indices that comprise the indicators which have a common unit of measurement (The Index of Adjusted Net Savings, “Green GDP”). As a result of the research, it was found that the normalized indices do not fully meet the criteria for aggregate indicators presented by the OECD. In addition, all the considered methods allow only to reflect trends towards the transition to a green economy, but not to assess the degree of its implementation. Further research will develop a set of indicators that can be used to characterize not only trends, but also the specific stage of transition to a green economy.

In the modern world, sustainable development includes not only the transition to renewable energy sources, united by the concept of “green energy”, to on energy efficiency and resource conservation, but is already considered much more broadly, as the transition or restructuring to the “green economy”. It involves the development of adequate legal principles, regulatory methods, a new legal terminology, as well as the Concept of the development of “Green” law. The author poses this urgent task and substantiates the role of legal enforcement and support for the development of the “green economy”, which is especially important for Russia as a country is still at the starting point of transition. Otherwise, such countries will be threatened by environmental problems in the future against the backdrop of a loss in social economic and energy development.

The food problem in the Arab region is the constant irritating factor. It depends almost in a full way on the severe local climate and with characteristic the lack of fertile land. It is also integrated rigidly into the general framework of factors of paramount political importance to keeping social calm practically in every place in the Arab East. Presently, high hopes are put on implementation of the sustainable growth concept which found itself capable to take over some niches in the international field while nowadays is penetrating by some of its elements and in a step by step mode in the form of materialised green growth idea into various practices in some Arab countries, including the Arab oil-exporters where it comes in sight more distinctly in the form of relatively broad experiments.

The world is in the early stages of a paradigm transition toward a global green economy. In this article, we propose the notion of green windows of opportunity, highlighting the importance of institutional changes in the creation of new opportunities for latecomer development. We emphasize how demand and mission-guided technical change influence the directionality of latecomer development and highlight the important role emerging economies may attain in the global green transformation. We provide important insights regarding opportunities for green development in emerging economies, how these opportunities emerge in different renewable energy sectors and their implications for the global green economy.

Subject. The article focuses on the need to coordinate efforts stimulating the economic growth and environmental protection so as to drive the economic development without any losses and difficulties. Objectives. In the study, we examine the mechanism for the mutual impact of the economic growth in industries and the environmental protections so as to build the empirical basis for the reasonable natural protection policy. Methods. Theoretical projects are based on the analysis of economic literature and empirical studies on resources, environment and sustainable economic development in the existing theories of economic growth. Results. We substantiate and corroborate the assumption that the gist of green development implies the sustainable economic and social development driven by a concerted and sustainable economic and environmental growth. The understanding of natural environment should be totally revised so as to convey that the natural environment is not a resource that can be consumed eternally, but does have its own limits. Conclusions and Relevance. In the future, Russia’s economy should rely upon the sustainable development model, where the green constituent will dictate a new strategy underlying the national economic growth and advancement.

In 2015, as a response to global challenges, the members of the United Nations (UN) designed the Sustainable Development Goals they intend to achieve by 2030. The transition to a green economy is at the core of the global sustainable development agenda. Such an approach includes the introduction of sustainable production and consumption patterns, increased use of renewable energy sources, and carbon footprint reduction in production chains. In particular, the countries that export fuel and energy resources are under pressure due to the plans to stop using hydrocarbons as a fuel source. Subsequently, a new technological paradigm will put additional pressure on the countries that export mineral resources. Thus, it is appropriate to examine how commodity producing countries integrate the principles of sustainable development in national policies. We analysed the countries that are largely dependent on the export of fuel and energy resources as well as the countries that export mineral resources. Then, we assessed the participation of these countries in key international initiatives for sustainable development. Finally, we summarised and systematised the approaches of the examined countries to introduce sustainable development principles into national strategies and policies. Examination of the international experience allows making the following conclusions. Commodity producing countries consider the global sustainable development agenda as an opportunity to improve the national economy and implement the reforms necessary for further development. In this case, the global agenda is an additional argument to substantiate the necessity of reforms for the national elite. In the field of sustainable development, there is a trend towards strengthening the regulatory role of the state, which combines direct control measures and measures aimed at the establishment of the green national economy.

The articles aims to substantiate the socio-economic, environmental, historical and cultural role played by green tourism and its contribution to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals based on current innovative trends and capabilities of tourism in the face of challenges posed by the ongoing crisis in global economy caused by the latest pandemic. The objectives of the research were to detail the theoretical, methodological and applied approaches to the development of green tourism, which is a market sector providing travel services. The definition of green tourism has been made more profound through connecting it with the Sustainable Development Goals, which is rather logical. The motivating factors for the development of green tourism have been analyzed taking into account the model of multifunctionality in agriculture and its importance in rural development policy. The nature of changes in the green tourism sector has been identified with respect to the peculiarities of the current global situation, when a pandemic is restraining the world tourism intensity, on the one hand, and is stimulating local tourism, on the other. It is worth adding that local tourism is mostly green and focused on the conservation of the environmental and natural resources, as well as sustainment of mostly rural areas. The research carried out shows that green tourism can become a driving force for economic growth in rural areas, a motivator for employment, a factor in preserving rural culture and traditions in a particular area. At the same time, the results of the research prove the existence of a link between green tourism and national economic, environmental, socio-cultural, intellectual, energy security due to the most typical development priorities of such tourism. On analyzing the experience of the countries that suffered the pandemic most, we have found some prospects for green tourism development. It is a new system of partnership between the state, business and civil society which can become an additional incentive to preserve the potential of green tourism. Thus, strategic guidelines for green tourism development based on institutional priorities, with the current economic crisis challenges in mind, have been designed.

The article is devoted to the issues of measuring environmentally oriented economic development. The current stage of economic development requires the integration of environmental development, taking into account: environmental boundaries, biosphere processes, social problems, human needs and environmental processes. A green economy can become the main point of growth for the modern global economy. The article presents a complex of measures for the transition to a green economy, as well as tools for their implementation.

This article focuses on the eighth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for the global community, analysing its objectives and recommendations that are to be achieved by 2030 in the sectors of economic growth and employment. It is a critique of the SDG chosen, in light of the current economic system and its contradictions, taking into account the new factors of the decade, such as technology and the environmental crisis. Economic growth was present in every economic analysis in the past decade, but should it be the focus of the next? The current environmental concerns have forced the global community to rethink the way we look at economic growth and the system in general. The article will also explore the contradictions in employment and work while attempting to explain the problems of this sector. A special attention will be given to profit and the way it prevents the creation of decent jobs. The new possibilities of the green economy and the technological progress will be taken into account and developed. It will finish with a reflection on the economic system in general and the SDGs, while also proposing a solution to the problems of the next decades concerning the economic and employment sector.

Environmental pollution, exhausting natural resources and effects of climate change are causing economic stresses and therefore require significant financial expenses. Environmentally sustainable growth funding requires a significant amount of investment. First of all, we are talking about «green» financing of global projects. The main factor in the development of green economy is the green financing that can prevent social, economic and ecological changes caused by the sharp expansion of the global population and the catastrophic exhaustion of natural resources and their negative consequences. The financial sector, with active support of the state, can provide global sustainable development and qualitative changes in such conditions. In the format of the United Nations Conference in 2012, most of the global agreements on the «green» economy were taken at the global level. It is noteworthy that the uniform definition of «green» economics has not yet been established. Mainly under the green economy, economic activity is meant, which improves human wells, ensures social justice and significantly reduces the risks to the environment and nature.

The article proposes a methodological approach to assessing and ensuring the economic security of the federal districts of the Russian Federation by stimulating the growth of market potential for the development of entrepreneurial segments of the green economy. The aim of the work is to substantiate the place and role of instruments of the "green" economy in ensuring the economic security of territories. The original system of indicators for assessing the market potential for the development of entrepreneurial segments of the green economy has been substantiated. Based on the method of integral analysis, the values of the integral indicators of the development potential of entrepreneurial segments of the green economy and economic security of each federal district of the Russian Federation were obtained, the rating of districts was compiled, and a comparative analysis of the assessment of their positions in the corresponding matrix space was performed. In conclusion, it was noted that the proposed methodological approach to assessing and ensuring the economic security of federal districts by stimulating the growth of market potential for the development of entrepreneurial segments of the green economy allows us to identify stimulating and disincentive factors for the sustainable development of territories to develop targeted measures to support the green economy, taking into account the existing regional differentiation. The recommendations presented in this work can be used in developing directions for stimulating the development of a green economy in order to ensure the economic security of territories.

Актуальность исследования. Повышенная антропогенная нагрузка представляет серьезную опасность для человечества и грозит создать трудноразрешимые проблемы, если промышленность и другие виды деятельности будут продолжать развиваться прежними темпами и способами. На современном этапе развития возникает необходимость повышенного внимания к экологической составляющей проводимой государственной политики. Цель исследования заключается в необходимости совершенствования экономической политики государства посредством широкого применения эколого-экономических регуляторов, способствующих переходу к «зеленой экономике» как новой модели устойчивого развития. Методы исследования. Обоснованность выводов проведенного исследования обеспечивалась системным подходом к решению поставленной проблемы, применением комплекса методов и методик, адекватных задачам исследования. Главными научными инструментами работы явились экономический анализ, включая эколого-экономический вид такого анализа, системный анализ и его разновидности – понятийный контент-анализ, информационное моделирование. Результаты исследования: предложены направления устойчивой эколого-экономической политики, среди которых важнейшими должны являться резервирование финансово-кредитных ресурсов на природоохранные нужды, экологизация налоговой системы страны, страхование антропогенной нагрузки, государственные контроль и мониторинг системы рационального природопользования и охраны окружающей среды. Практическая значимость: результаты исследования имеют прикладное значение для законодательных и исполнительных органов государственной власти (Министерства экономического развития РФ, Министерства природных ресурсов и экологии РФ), научно-исследовательских организаций.

This article examines the role played by demand in catching up and in leadership changes in green industries, motivated by the belief that demand-led catch-up is a prevalent pathway in such industries. The article first examines stylized cases of sectoral green catch-up by China in which the local market and domestic demand played an important role before the sector started expanding globally. In particular, the focus is on three industries: wind, biomass and hydropower. Then, it uses a history-friendly model to study the effects of a major increase in domestic demand (a “demand window”) in a green industry. The baseline simulation first examines the effects of a demand window in promoting learning and capability building by latecomers and in triggering a catch-up process. Then, the counterfactual simulations show that (i) a technological discontinuity which takes place after the demand window could reduce the effectiveness of the demand window in the catch-up process; (ii) the specific timing of the demand window could significantly alter the dynamic patterns of catch-up; (iii) protectionism is a necessary condition for the demand window to have its effect; and (iv) regimes of slow capability accumulation could turn out to be beneficial for the latecomer when a technological discontinuity follows the demand window. These results can help policymakers in identifying key conditions related to demand-led catch-up strategies.

The article discusses green tourism and notes that green tourism in the regions of Georgia is at an early stage of development, with the potential and desire of the local population as a major user of green services. The proposed system of indicators may be universal for express-evaluation of the state at the regional level. The existing system of green tourism has shown that the state has to change its approaches to the formation of green tourism products (lack of green certification, etc.). The study identified trends in the growth of domestic tourism flows that can be proposed as effective promotion of regional tourism. For the further successful development of green tourism, it is first and foremost necessary to educate the public on a clear understanding of the increase in the price of these tours. One must realize and be aware that the money he or she pays to achieve a high quality of tourism is to serve specific ecological measures, one must feel the result of their implementation. Directions for improving green tourism include management system, ecotourism transport support, infrastructure development and provision of a wide range of services to the population that do not harm the ecological condition of the area, enhances the general ecological culture of the population, introduces new technologies for resource consumption and for waste recycling.

Economic crises often become the source of new business concepts and the transformation of economic systems. Since the global financial crisis of 2008, the importance of implementing the principles of sustainable economic development has been growing as a key element of the green revolution and the transformation of the existing, traditional, brown economy of surplus into a sustainable, green economy of moderation. However, the main factor behind the increase in popularity in the world of science of the issues of sustainable economic development, social environmental responsibility, green economy and circular economy are confirmed by the results of research conducted by climatologists, biologists, ecologists, etc. the process of global warming, the source of which is the growing emission of greenhouse gases, which is a side effect of the development of civilization based to a large extent on the classic model of energy production based on the combustion of fossil fuels. This article deals with a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to the issues of determinants of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development into economic processes, including corporate social responsibility, environmental social responsibility, eco-innovation, green finance and the pro-ecological transformation of the economy towards green economy and circular economy.

В статье даны основные понятия об относительно новой экономической модели "зеленой" экономики, рассмотрены причины модернизации энергетической отрасли как фактора перехода к низкоуглеродной экономике, показана актуальная проблема загрязнения окружающей среды за счет использования традиционных источников энергии и необходимость перехода на возобновляемые источники энергии (ВИЭ).