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Although they are pegged to receive, emergencies occur with some frequency and sometimes cannot be "predicted" or even when emergency situations occur they become crucial and can save an organization from a harmful disbursement. However, most urgent purchases are oriented toward the low or inexistent planning, which, in addition to the economic factor in increasing the value of the good or the service, affects the areas involved, and even the image of the organization, the environmental and safety factors. Thus, the cause of emergencies becomes an indication and the negotiations can mean reduction of millions in expenses of large industries. Thus, the study became systemic in the emergency purchases of a large Brazilian pulp and paper producer, in addition, a methodology that allowed the reduction of planting and application costs. As a result, the goal of a 10% reduction in emerging expenditures in 2018 when compared to the previous year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Optimal Fibre Flow Model, a combined optimization and simulationmodel, calculates the optimal combination of energy recovery and recycling of waste paper for paper and board production. In addition, the environmental impact is estimated by using an environment load unit-index (ELU-index). The ELU-index assigns an environmental load valueto emissions and to the use of non-renewable resources such as oil and coal. Given a 'forced' utilization rate for the Scandinavian forest industry, optimization of marginal revenue shows environmental impact to be at a minimum with a utilization rate of about 30% in Scandinavia and 73% (an assumed upper limit) for the rest of Europe. If instead environmental impact is minimized, the utilization rate for Scandinavia is almost the same, while the utilization rate for the rest ofEurope is 53% (a lower assumed level). Given a fixed use of virgin fibres for the rest of Western Europe, a comparison of the environmental load at different 'forced' utilization rates for the Scandinavian forest industry shows no significant differences between the economicand environmental optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]