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Claudia Goldin, a professor at Harvard University, made history by becoming the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences on her own. Her research has focused on gender disparities in the workforce and the causes of the gender pay gap. Goldin's work has challenged traditional perceptions and shed light on the importance of factors such as career choices, labor market structures, and familial responsibilities in understanding wage disparities. She has also explored the historical evolution of women's labor force participation and the impact of educational advancements and technological change. Goldin's research highlights the progress made towards gender equality in the labor market but also emphasizes the need for further changes to fully eliminate the gender pay gap. Her work has had a significant impact on the field of economics and has inspired a new generation of scholars to explore these critical issues. [Extracted from the article]

The article provides a report on the job openings for economists through the JOE Network platform. JOE Network automates various aspects of the economics PhD job market, allowing candidates to search for job vacancies, create profiles, and distribute confidential reference letters. The report states that the total number of new jobs listed for economists in JOE declined by 17% from 2022 to 2023, with a decrease in both academic and non-academic job listings. The article also includes information on the number of employers listing vacancies, fields of specialization, and the use of signaling and the scramble to match candidates with available positions. [Extracted from the article]

Many mainstream schools of economics argue that work is a burden, while nonmainstream schools argue that this might not be entirely true. This paper aims to reconcile this difference by suggesting that individuals will balance income and leisure only after the fixed expense for their current living standard is met. Three applications show that the above explanation can reconcile different historical perspectives, explain various discrepancies about labor supply between neoclassical theory predictions and empirical findings, and reconcile the different interpretations about lottery winners' labor supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues for a better understanding of the market foundations of 'elite' autocracy, and for a re-centring of the construction and exploitation of labour markets, in histories of economic and political power in South Sudan. Based on conversations with residents and migrant workers on the borders between north-western South Sudan and southern Darfur in Sudan over 2017 to 2019, it explores how cycles of wars, displacement, resettlement and reconstruction since the 1980s have rapidly monetised and commodified working lives, land and relationships. This has precipitated rapid class stratification, cash debt and worker exploitation, and sharp controls on the emerging cheap cash labour pool via border violence, wage depression, land alienation and rents, and the construction of a private educational market, which have all undercut older forms of collective work and mutuality. These changes have been encouraged and exploited by growing classes of private landowners, commercial farmers and military entrepreneurs, and been supported by the development and humanitarian system's investment in market forces and individual self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He has written prolifically on the labor market implications - unemployment in particular - of "youth bulges", a problem which should not matter at all if demand for workers magically created jobs as working-age populations shift. Other studies emphasized the importance of incorporating realistic expectations about job market outcomes, perceived fairness, and networking into such programs. Indeed, some of the most successful programs in the book detailed the use of cognitive behavioral therapy as a mechanism to improve labor market outcomes for participants. [Extracted from the article]

The Program Committee, chaired by Taylor Jaworski (University of Colorado), welcomes submissions on all subjects in economic history, though some preference will be given to papers that fit the theme of the conference. Papers should be submitted individually, but authors may suggest to the Committee that three particular papers fit well together in a panel. The Economic History Association announced the 2021 prize winners at the Annual Meeting held in Tucson, Arizona. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information about the JOE Network, a platform that automates time-consuming aspects of the economics PhD job market. It mentions that platform allows job candidates to search for, save, and organize listings of job vacancies of interest to them. It discusses that platform permits a candidate to create and post a profile that prospective employers can search, and to automate the job application process.

This paper makes a theoretical contribution by providing clear and detailed derivation of economic agents’ decision problems including elastic labor supply in Gertler’s overlapping generation (OLG) model. We apply the model to the Korean economy by calibration based on Korean economic data. It also analyzes the impact of current social issues such as aging and extension of retirement age, on the Korean economy in a long-run equilibrium. Subsequently, we also discuss the implications of the analysis. Aging has prolonged the period of retirement; therefore, population structure changes by the increase in the proportion of retirees, the total consumption-toGDP ratio decreases, and capital stock increases due to reduced propensity to consume out of wealth in preparation for an individual’s retirement life. The implementation of retirement age extension increases the proportion of retirees relatively less and alleviates fluctuations in labor supply and the share of financial assets for both economic agents. However, the decrements in consumption-to-GDP ratio is larger than before, and this leads to a larger rise in the capital stock compared to when there is only an aging effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Women's labor supply in Sri Lanka has increased steadily since the early 1990s following economic reforms, but remains well below the level predicted by national income, a feature shared by a number of Asian and Latin American countries that have undergone similar reforms and economic growth. To understand the microeconomic determinants of women's work in Sri Lanka's growing economy, this paper estimates a binary‐choice model of married women's labor supply using household survey data spanning a 23‐year period. Decomposition and cohort analysis reveal that women have been drawn into the workforce through falling fertility rates, rising tertiary education, and declining income effects among younger generations, but other factors have undermined this positive trend. Educational attainment reduces married women's labor supply except at the tertiary level, consistent with social stigmas associated with married women in non‐white‐collar employment. The strict sectoral segregation of married women by education level supports this hypothesis. In addition, growth has been concentrated in low‐skilled sectors with self‐employment more prevalent, reducing employment prospects of educated women and prompting their labor force withdrawal. This suggests it is the structure of economic development, rather than speed, that matters for women's labor force activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cash transfers increase farm production by 33.5 percent. • None of these impacts are channelled through transfer-induced changes in farm labour. • In fact, cash transfers have no significant impact on family labour supply or on demand for hired labour. • This implies that the productive impacts of cash transfers flow through other channels, different from the labour one. Abstract This paper has the double aim to study whether unconditional cash transfers have an impact on farm production and to look into the causal mechanisms through which government transfers produce productive impacts. We use mediation analysis to identify the total effect of transfers on farm production and to isolate the influence of the labour channel from other transmission channels. In particular, we analyze whether changes in farm production are caused by transfer-induced changes in the use of farm labour – either by reallocating family labour between off- and on-farm work or by changes in the demand for hired labour – or if other transmission channels are at work. We find that cash transfers have a sizable impact on farm production but they do not lead to increased use of family or hired labour on the farm, which implies that the productive impacts of cash transfers flow through other channels, different from the labour one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article measures the size and incomes of six major social classes across the industrial revolution using social tables for England and Wales in 1688, 1759, 1798, 1846, and 1867. Lindert and Williamson famously revised these tables, and this article extends their work in three directions. First, servants are removed from middle‐ and upper‐class households in the tables of King, Massie, and Colquhoun and tallied separately. Second, estimates are made for the same tables of the number and incomes of women and children employed in the various occupations, and, third, incomes are broken down into rents, profits, and employment income. These extensions to the tables allow variables to be computed that can be checked against independent estimates as a validation exercise. The tables are retabulated in a standardized set of six social groups to highlight the changing structure of society across the industrial revolution. Gini coefficients are computed from the social tables to measure inequality. These measures confirm that Britain traversed a 'Kuznets curve' in this period. Changes in overall inequality are related to the changing fortunes of the major social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to examine the long-run relationship between international trade, gross fixed capital formation, total labor force ad economic growth in the context of Pakistan. Although the positive association between international trade and economic growth has been widely investigated in different economic settings, however, the findings in developing countries are still inconclusive. This study analyzed the impact of trade openness on Pakistan's economic growth during a period of 1980 - 2017. The total labor force and gross fixed capital formation are served as control variables in this study. The study employed Johansen cointegration and Granger causality test for robust inferences. The results confirm the growth-led trade hypothesis in a given country. The results further show a unidirectional causality running from i) trade openness to gross fixed capital formation and ii) total labor to economic growth. The study proposed a number of policy implications to diffuse trade openness in a given country for long-term sustained growth. The study has a novel contribution in the existing literature by including labor and capital in the trade-growth modeling to analyze endogenous production function, which is imperative for country's long-term growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal analysis using samples from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics suggests that men’s income and wages decrease after entering into single fatherhood by marital separation. This loss exceeds what can be explained by marital separation alone. Using a difference in difference approach, I estimate that single fatherhood suppresses men’s annual income by more than $8,000 per year, putting these men and their children at increased economic risk. Similar labor market changes are experienced by widower fathers, a subset of exogenous single fathers. The apparent effects show persistence after single fathers remarry, but mostly diminish after children mature and leave the household. These results stand at odds with previous research suggesting that fatherhood increases men’s wages and hours, and that male labor market outcomes are not significantly influenced by housework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to set out to discuss the best strategies to engage millennial employees in the workplace.Design methodology/approach The feature explores desktop data, theories of psychology, social data and industry research.Findings The feature explains that via a flat structure approach, and an “experience-led” culture, with team working and connectivity, millennials can be very successfully engaged in the workforce.Originality/value The feature offers a fascinating insight into how generations have evolved in the workplace and how social and economic conditions have effected an employee’s motivation over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a dangerous disease that was considered one of the leading causes of mortality in Iran up to Pahlavi II period. The small and weak population of Iran could not enjoy favorable economic conditions because of the disease. Therefore, overcoming this social and economic weakness became a strong motivation for combatting malaria. These efforts became more concentrated by founding Planning Organization in 1948. The Organization for Combatting Malaria (the main executor of the plan) managed to achieve impressive results up to the end of the third construction project in 1967. They curbed malaria in some parts of the country and continued efforts despite the enormous obstacles in the path. Keeping malaria in check made improvement in public health to some extent and raised people’s hope that other health problems might be resolved. Mortality rate dropped and work force achieved recovery. This paper investigated combatting malaria from 1948 to 1967 and addressed its obstacles, approaches and achievements. Accordingly, research questions were answered through content analysis and deductive reasoning. The major sources used were reports released by the state, particularly the reports of Planning Organization and Ministry of Health, as well as old magazines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American households are facing severe time constraints as women increase their participation in the wage economy. The implications of this situation for the adoption of time-saving technology in the home are not well understood. Previous research suggests several scenarios regarding the consequences of female labor force participation for the purchase of time-saving technology: (1) there may be no effect, (2) female labor force participation may have a direct effect, (3) female labor force participation may have an indirect effect through income, or (4) direct effects emerge overtime. This article evaluates these hypotheses with a case study of the microwave oven, through proprietary cross-sectional surveys or married-couple households conducted from 1978 to 1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clerical workers are an important segment of the work force. Catholic social teachings and eucharistic practice shed useful moral light on the increase in contingent work arrangements among clerical workers. The venerable concept of "the universal destination of the goods of creation" and a newer understanding of technology as "a shared workbench" illuminate the importance of good jobs for clerical workers. However, in order to apply Catholic social teachings to issues concerning clerical work as women's work, sexist elements in tradition-al Catholic social teachings must be critically assessed. Participation in the Eucharist helps share a moral stance of inclusivity and sensitivity to forms of social marginalization. While actual practice fails fully to embody gender or racial inclusivity, participation in the inclusive table fellowship of the Eucharist should make business leaders question treating contingent workers as a peripheral work force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the engineering profession has grown steadily over the past several decades, the labor market for engineers has exhibited marked cyclical fluctuation. A shortage of engineers in the late 1950s and early 1960s was followed by a surplus in the late 1900s and early 1970s. This paper uses a cobweb model — which focuses on the relatively fixed time; delay between the decision to enroll in engineering and entrance into the labor market — to explain the supply of new engineers and their starting salaries over the period 1948–72. Regression analysis indicates that the supply of new entrants to engineering is highly responsive to economic conditions, as measured either by salaries or by factors that determine job opportunities, such as spending on research and development and durable goods output. Forecasts of future engineering enrollments and degrees, using the cobweb model, produce quite different results from those based on extrapolation methods, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of gross interstate migration in the period 1955-1960 for each sex, color and five year age cohort within the labour-force range in the U.S. This is done by using simple linear correlation and regression techniques. The findings of this study are cohort population size explains a high and significant proportion of interstate variation in cohort outmigration, the propensity of nonwhites to outmigrate is lower than that of whites, a five-year lead change in employment opportunities explains a significant but low proportion of interstate variation in cohort inmigration, and whites generally are more responsive to changes in employment opportunities than nonwhites. The finding that cohort population size is a highly significant determinant of cohort outmigration is held to show that such migration is closely linked to life-cycle stages, rather than to economic conditions. The rates of inmigration to particular states, on the other hand, is significantly determined by a five-year lead change in employment opportunities.

The article discusses the developments in the economic condition and wage structure of Japan since World War II. The prewar labor market of the country was characterized by a dual wage structure, one for large and small firms. Wage differentials, developed from the end of the Taisho period to the beginning of the Showa period, has been carried over almost intact into the postwar period. The pattern of employment also appears to have changed from immediate post-World War I years to pre-World War II period. Consequence of the demand-supply pattern in the labor market brought about by economic recovery, growth, and a decrease in the rate of population increase and participation rate is also discussed.

Although immigrants to the United States earn less at entry than their native-born counterparts, an extensive literature has found that immigrants have faster earnings growth that results in rapid convergence to native-born earnings. However, recent evidence based on U.S. Census data indicates a slowdown in the rate of earnings assimilation. We find that the pace of immigrant wage convergence based on recent data may be understated in the literature as a result of the method used by the census to impute missing information on earnings, which does not use immigration status as a match characteristic. Because both the share of immigrants in the workforce and earnings imputation rates have risen over time, imputation match bias for recent immigrants is more consequential than in earlier periods and may lead to an underestimate of the rate of immigrant wage convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the contribution of public investment to economic growth in Cameroon from 1977 to 2015. It uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag cointegration (ARDL) approach to estimate a modified version of the production function. The estimates indicate that real gross domestic product, labor force, public investment and private investment are cointegrated. Also based on the estimates, public and private investments have positive and significant effects on real gross domestic product in both the short-run and the long-run. The estimates further show that labor force has a significant long-run relationship with real gross domestic product but found no evidence of a significant short-run relationship. The error correction term is negative and significant suggesting that any deviations of real GDP growth from the long-term value would be corrected subsequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Se exploran los determinantes a corto plazo del emparejamiento entre oferta y demanda de trabajo identificando los desplazamientos de la curva de Beveridge en doce países de la OCDE entre el primer trimestre de 2000 y el cuarto trimestre de 2013. Mediante tres metodologías complementarias (examen visual, técnicas de cointegración y estimaciones no lineales), observamos que el crecimiento de la población activa, la legislación de protección del empleo y las políticas activas de mercado de trabajo (incentivos a la creación de empresas, programas de trabajo compartido) favorecen el emparejamiento, mientras que los niveles de instrucción intermedios, el desempleo de larga duración y las políticas pasivas (prestaciones por desempleo, fiscalidad del trabajo) lo dificultan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic history of women in Italy is still very much in its infancy. Not only there are few quantitative historical interpretations that explicitly include women, but there is also a lack of systematic evidence on many key variables describing women's evolving economic role, wellbeing, and inequality relative to men throughout the country's history. This paper takes the first step toward filling this gap: it builds a new time series of female labor force participation for post-Unification Italy, that adjusts census-based estimates using both aggregate and micro-data from alternative sources, including historical household budget surveys. Women's work before the Second World War was more pervasive than previously thought, and female labor supply has followed a decidedly asymmetric U-shape pattern throughout Italy's history. These findings prompt new questions on the effects of economic growth on women's wellbeing in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study on the economic condition in China from 1991 to 2015. The study reportedly involved a decomposition analysis to analyze the impact of population, age structure shifts, labor force participation changes, and labor productivity on China's economy. The results revealed that the size of the population played a crucial role in China's economic growth in the 1990s, however it has declined starting in the late 2000s.

Abstract: This study examines the effect of international migration in Egypt using fixed‐effect regressions and panel data from Egypt Labour Market Panel Surveys in 2006 and 2012. We find that men and people with higher education are more likely to migrate than women and people with lower education. Middle‐aged people are also more likely to migrate than young or old people. International migration does not seem to affect the overall employment of remaining members of migrant‐sending households. However, it tends to increase the self‐employed work of members of migrant‐sending households. Finally, international migration also helps migrant‐sending households increase their wealth index. Remittances are used to improve living conditions (housing) and purchase more assets and durables. This finding supports the theory as well as the policy to increase migration as a way to stabilize consumption and reduce poverty in low income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Canadian Labour Force Survey for March of 2006 through 2012, the present study examines precarious employment and trends over time between immigrants (recent and established) and their Canadian-born counterparts. The regression models are run separately for males and females as existing research shows that many precarious jobs are occupied predominantly by women. The findings of the present study show recent immigrant males and females (respondents in the sample who have lived in Canada for five years or less) are over-represented in involuntary part-time work and this trend is increasing over time. The pattern is not as pronounced for multiple-job holders nor for temporary-job holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]