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The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Agenda calls for targeted attention to the needs and rights of the most vulnerable populations to ensure a life of dignity and human security for all. In this paper, we argue that persons with disabilities are in a disproportionately vulnerable situation in public health emergencies. By using the example of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), we explain why that is and call for the systematic consideration of the needs and rights of persons with disabilities during the response to the outbreak and during the recovery phase. Otherwise, equity will continue to be merely an aspiration during this COVID-19 emergency - as it will in future health emergencies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13690-021-00656-7.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most complex global health challenges today. The world has long ignored warnings that some antibiotics are losing effectiveness after decades of overuse and misuse in human medicine, animal health and agriculture. Antivirals, antiparasitic agents and antifungals are also becoming increasingly ineffective. Though we live in an age of technology and innovation, we could soon find ourselves in an era where simple infections kill millions of people every year. Common illnesses like bacterial pneumonia, post-operative infections, certain cancers, as well as the world's biggest infectious killers--tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria--are increasingly difficult to treat because of the emergence and spread of drug resistance. (1) Worsening antimicrobial resistance could have serious public health, economic and social implications around the world. The World Bank has warned that antimicrobial resistance could cause as much damage to the global economy as the 2008 financial crisis. (2) Antimicrobial resistance can only be tackled through a concerted global effort, led by heads of state and global institutions, and through coordinated action by the health and agricultural sectors, in partnership with the food industry, campaign groups and community organizations. Governments need closely aligned policies on the responsible use of medicines in human and animal health, and new standards for antibiotic use in agriculture and food production. A one health approach, involving close coordination among all relevant sectors and actors, should be urgently implemented by all governments. In the past two years, we have seen global political momentum for addressing antimicrobial resistance. In May 2015, at the Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly, governments adopted a global action plan which identifies a set of strategic objectives. (1,3) In 2016, the United Nations General Assembly held the first high-level meeting on antimicrobial resistance and passed a political declaration. (4) The issue has also been on the agenda of recent group of seven (G7) and group of twenty (G20) meetings. Since May 2015, progress has also been made in the implementation of these global commitments. Over one hundred countries have completed, or are about to complete, their national multisectoral action plans. WHO has established a global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system to track which drug-resistant pathogens are posing the biggest challenge. (5) In May 2016, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative and WHO launched a global research and development partnership to develop new antibiotics and promote their responsible use. (6) In August 2016, WHO updated its guidelines for the prevention and treatment of the three common sexually transmitted infections--chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis. …

Over the past few decades, the BRICS countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa) have occupied a unique position in the world and in the international health community. Their growing economies have lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty. Marked improvements have also taken place in health outcomes, and substantial progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. These countries have also made remarkable progress in moving towards universal health coverage and in strengthening their health systems. At the global level, they offer a solid, distinctive voice and perspective on global health. For these countries, health is an essential element in social and economic development and they are becoming increasingly important partners in international development. BRICS are truly contributing to reshaping the international health-cooperation landscape. Health cooperation among the countries themselves is also gaining momentum, proving to be a promising channel for both improving health in these countries and fostering changes in the rest of the world. BRICS’ ministers of health met for the first time in Beijing in July 2011 to discuss their role in providing wider access to quality and affordable drugs around the world. They signed the Beijing declaration, which called for collaboration with international health organizations, as well as with each other. Coordination mechanisms among BRICS’ health authorities were established, with the engagement of every country’s ministry of foreign affairs, and the assistance of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). A second ministerial meeting took place in New Delhi in January 2013. It expanded the scope of cooperation and concluded with a strong call for strengthened cooperation in applying affordable, equitable and sustainable solutions both for ensuring access to health services and for combating emerging health threats. Working groups were established for five thematic areas: (i) strategic health technologies for communicable diseases (led by Brazil); (ii) medical technologies (led by the Russian Federation); (iii) strengthening health surveillance system (led by India); (iv) drug discovery and development (led by China); and (v) reducing noncommunicable-disease risk factors, prevention, health promotion and universal health coverage (led by South Africa). The ministers also met during the session of a United Nations high-level meeting on noncommunicable diseases at United Nations Headquarters, New York, in September 2011 and during the World Health Assembly in Geneva in May 2012 and 2013. Following each meeting, the ministers issued joint communiques. At their most recent ministerial meeting in Cape Town, in November 2013, the countries reiterated their commitment to collaborating on the five thematic areas and adopted a BRICS Framework for Collaboration on Strategic Projects in Health. Three tracks of work were defined for collaboration: public health, health care systems and biomedical sciences. The ministers emphasized the importance of monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage, and commissioned a monitoring framework to help countries track their progress. Overall, the partnership among these five countries has greatly evolved since the Beijing and New Delhi declarations set ambitious goals. Annual meetings of BRICS’ ministers of health are now considered essential to advancing inter-BRICS cooperation. Interestingly, the themes that form the backbone of BRICS cooperation are, in fact, a synthesis of the most important issues shaping progress globally. First, strengthened surveillance systems, as part of robust health and service management information systems, will be indispensable for managing services as well as for ensuring accountability and transparency in the health systems of the future. Second, medical technologies and health technologies for communicable diseases will determine not only much of the innovative potential of personal and population health services to improve the health of future generations, but also the cost of those services. Drug discovery and development is also responsible for another substantial part of the affordability and equity equations. In short, much depends on these elements to elucidate whether universal health coverage of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, rehabilitative and caring services for the increasing burden of co-morbidities due to communicable and noncommunicable diseases, as well as accidents, will be a global reality. Reaching real consensus on implementation and delivering concrete results while building on synergies will be the key to meeting such goals and thereby improving the health and well-being of millions of people.