Search

Disruption of health services due to the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to derail progress being made in tuberculosis control efforts. Forcibly displaced people and migrant populations face particular vulnerabilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which leaves them at further risk of developing TB. They inhabit environments where measures such as "physical distancing" are impossible to realize and where facilities like camps and informal temporary settlements can easily become sites of rapid disease transmission. In this viewpoint we utilize three case studies-from Peru, South Africa, and Syria-to illustrate the lived experience of forced migration and mobile populations, and the impact of COVID-19 on TB among these populations. We discuss the dual pandemics of TB and COVID-19 in the context of migration through a syndemic lens, to systematically address the upstream social, economic, structural and political factors that - in often deleterious dynamics - foster increased vulnerabilities and risk. Addressing TB, COVID-19 and migration from a syndemic perspective, not only draws systematic attention to comorbidity and the relevance of social and structural context, but also helps to find solutions: the true reality of syndemic interactions can only be fully understood by considering a particular population and bio- social context, and ensuring that they receive the comprehensive care that they need. It also provides avenues for strengthening and expanding the existing infrastructure for TB care to tackle both COVID-19 and TB in migrants and refugees in an integrated and synergistic manner.

PurposeThis study aims to understand the contributions and challenges of voluntary organizations towards the integration of refugees into the job market.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive research with a qualitative approach based on interpretivism was used, applied to mediators of social entities in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.FindingsThe findings of this study support the importance of voluntary organizations in the employment of refugees, based on background that will contribute directly to the training of displaced persons in the Brazilian labor market. Meanwhile, difficulties such as post-employment refugee monitoring, legislative obstacles to the verification of skills, structural and human capital limitations of mediators, the national economic crisis and the lack of government support are identified as the main challenges for long-term assistance to refugees.Practical implicationsThe results of the study can foster greater participation of public policymakers and society in supporting the third sector, aiming at a greater reach in the provision of services of mediators for the effective integration of refugees in Brazil.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on the integration of refugees into the labor market by demonstrating the importance of voluntary organizations in this process. It also demonstrates how the main challenges of the third sector in the Brazilian context impact its support in facilitating and maintaining the employment of displaced persons.

In spite of various policy initiatives and institutional frameworks, a good number of school-age children roam the streets of Nigeria. Nigeria unduly tops the rank in the total number of out-of-school children in the global scene. Now, about 16 million Out-Of-School Children (OOSC) live in Nigeria, and this means that about one out of five OOSC in the world relate to Nigeria. The number has increased from 8.7 million in 2014 to 13.2 million and 16 million in 2015/2019, respectively. But, this number reduced to 6.95 million in 2020. The breakdown of people in the out-of-school set includes children with disabilities; nomadic groups, comprising of pastoralists and migrants fishing groups; Almajiri students and displaced people due to violent Nigeria conflicts, mostly Northern states like Adamawa, Yobe and Borno. These schools are bedecked with series of schools which have been closed, and they amount to roughly 802, out of which classrooms of about 497 were practically sabotaged, while another 1,392 were entirely damaged. It is absolutely patent that the unadulterated surge in the hiking number of out-of-school children in Nigeria is traceable to the reinforced cases of insecurity, feeble institutional and policy structure, norms and traditions of the people, poverty, and total excommunication of children with disabilities in consideration of policies. This unearthed the OOSC fragments and the plausible instigations of the growing occupants in Nigeria. While this study adopts qualitative approach, it banks largely on secondary data to find out the perplexing population of the out-of-school children. The study concludes that, albeit series of government policy interventions have helped reduce the number of OOSC in 2020, more strategic actions need to be taken to further cushion the growth of the menace of OOSC in the country. Hence, the study proposes some recommendations to reinvigorate the decreasing trend of the OOSC. Key words: Out-of-school children, causes, Nigeria educational system, legal and policy interventions.

Incidence of Displacement has been a common issue in the journey of development, and the people who are displaced have often been offered rehabilitation in the form of low-income housing. But those rehabilitations are rarely the coveted solutions to the everyday problems of the poor, neither are they the dream housing complex the poor are made to believe. Rehabilitations are often planned arbitrarily, without proper planning and programme, and the result of the lack of sincerity of the authorities in rehabilitation of the displaced people are paid for by the poor, displaced people. The rehabilitated people, in most cases, are given small spaces to live, notwithstanding the size of the families. This leads to an overcrowded household, sometimes a family of six people are clumped together in a one room flat. The rehabilitated also face the problem of income in the new place, where the Government moved the people, but barely thought of any economic amenities in the surrounding area. The problem of clean drinking water and sanitation has also been noteworthy problems in the rehabilitated places. If displacement could not be avoided, and the question of rehabilitation follows, it is imperative for the authorities to plan fruitful rehabilitation programmes so that the people are not further impoverished, but instead, be empowered. KEYWORDS- Displacement, Eviction, Migration and Resettlement, Rehabilitation

Purpose of Review This commentary summarizes recent literature pertaining to healthcare challenges and needs during the current pandemic among refugees and asylum seekers residing in a host country. We conducted a literature review to identify barriers to shielding these structurally marginalized populations from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent Findings Many populations, including refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers, endure structural vulnerabilities in refugee camps and during their resettlement. These structural vulnerabilities include fear of contacting the healthcare system, cultural differences, housing insecurity, food insecurity, discrimination, lack of health insurance, health illiteracy and lack of readily available, and culturally appropriate educational materials. During pandemics, displaced persons suffer disproportionately from poorly managed chronic diseases, economic hardships isolation, and mental illnesses, in addition to the threats posed by the infectious agent. Summary Underserved groups, including refugee populations, shoulder a disproportionate burden of disease during pandemics. In order to mitigate the impact of preventable chronic illnesses and also reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other easily-transmissible and deadly viruses during pandemics, governments and public health authorities need to implement policies that allow refugees, asylum seekers, and displaced persons to be fully incorporated into their respective healthcare systems, so that they can be supported and protected and to reduce the amplifying networks of transmission.

The study aimed at understanding the implications of compensation packages for the social networks of displaced persons in Uganda’s oil-rich Albertine Graben. Questionnaires, interviews, focus grou...

Refugees and displaced persons have been severely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet findings from this narrative review reveal that the health needs of refugees have been largely neglected within global healthcare responses. Such gaps include: (1) responding to the needs of refugees in camps and detention centers; (2) providing adequate public health information; (3) providing access to healthcare and mental health services; (4) and including refugees as decision-makers within health responses. More research is urgently needed to investigate why these gaps exists and to provide recommendations for improving the inclusiveness of healthcare policies during a pandemic.

Displaced people are increasingly living in urban areas and humanitarian organisations are rethinking their policies and practices. The ‘Neighbourhood Approach’-an area-based policy model has become globally popular amongst humanitarians. In this paper, I trace its development in Lebanon through a Temporary Technical Committee (TTC) on Neighbourhood Upgrading. Although it failed in being taken up as a distinct policy, aspects of it are being incorporated into plans and agendas of various actors. Through a critical document analysis I interrogate how humanitarians imagine ideas of ‘neighbourhood’ and ‘community’ in urban contexts. Using the critical literature on urban policymaking and mobilities, I show how the making of the neighbourhood approach draws together people, experiences, lessons, and territories both near and far, thus complicating its provenance as local or global. I offer a glimpse into the world of urban policymaking by humanitarian organisations whilst also challenging the mainstream discussions on urban policy mobilities.

Immigrant inflows in 2015 triggered manifold reactions all over Europe. Questions about the integration capacities of nation states dominated media coverage. Fears of negative consequences for host societies were widespread. But what did experts (scientists, practitioners, and policy-makers) think? Using 203 assessments of experts collected through a questionnaire sent in late 2015 and early 2016, the present article addresses expected effects of refugee flows on future vulnerability in European societies. As many young families and minors are among asylum-seekers, we focused on the expected development of economic, psychological and social vulnerability of families with children. On average, experts assumed that their vulnerability would increase in the context of current and future refugee flows especially in the upcoming years. In line with affectedness by displaced people (i.e. asylum applicants per inhabitant), estimations differed by country. Expected mean increases in vulnerability are largest in German-speaking and Nordic countries. With regard to long-term consequences (until 2050), a rise in social vulnerability seemed most likely indicating experts worry about stigmatisation, discrimination, and social cohesion in European societies.

Based on a wide range of sources, the article analyzes the process of organizing and providing medical care to peasant migrants in the Akmolinski and Semipalatinskii regions of the Steppe Territory of the Russian Empire. It is noted that in the 80s XIX century at the legislative level it has been adjusted peasant resettlement process in the Asian part of the country, which greatly increased the migratory flows. The organization and control over the resettlement were entrusted to the Resettlement Administration, which was specially created in 1896 under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was revealed that one of the central tasks of its work was the organization of medical and sanitary assistance to displaced persons on the way to the places of expulsion. The practical implementation of the task found expression in the creation of special medical and sanitary points at railway stations, where the trains, which transported the migrants, stopped. Such trains were provided with medical personnel, medicines and medical equipment. In the resettlement distribution points where the settlers arrived, medical and nutritional centers were created. This centers providing medical assistance to the newcomers, providing hot meals and clean water. It is emphasized that in the process of organizing and operating the medical and nutritional centers, the Resettlement Administration had to face a number of problems, the main of which was the lack of medical personnel. Nevertheless, thanks to the established medical and sanitary service and the professional activity of medical personnel, the Resettlement Administration managed to bring the epidemiological situation under control and reduce the percentage of mortality among the migrants on their way to the places of exclusion.

The article considers the process of human rights regulatory development since the mid XXth century and adoption of social and legal responsibility by states in relation to migrants. The author analyses the legal status of migrants on the territory of the Russian Federation, European Union countries, the USA. The paper raises a wide range of issues related to granting socioeconomic rights and ensuring access to medicine to former compatriots, who returned to Russia and their children. The study notes that in recent years, Western countries have been reviewing approaches to state regulation of the social sphere, which in some cases discriminates towards refugees and displaced persons from other countries. The paper estimates the impact of the global epidemiological crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the socio-economic situation of migrants, the provision of medical and social assistance to the population of countries. The author concludes that in the context of COVID-19 pandemic states should provide migrants with free medical care and find effective social support mechanisms. The pandemic should not be used as a justification to undermine the guarantees of migrants’ rights.

Recently, 1st of January, 2018 to be precise, communities in Guma local government area of Benue state, Nigeria were attacked by suspected Fulani herdsmen thereby forcing them to abandon their ancestral homes and livelihoods. The displaced lost their social, legal and economic ties and thus suffered considerable physical and psychological hardships. Attempts were being made by the combined assistance of National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the state government and spirited individuals to address their food, shelter and water needs however, it was not certain if the information needs which, is measured as the fifth of the human needs in ranking with air, water, food and shelter has been identified and addressed. The crux of the study therefore, is to ascertain the information needs of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Guma local government area of Benue state and how to meet the needs. One thousand (1000) displaced persons from seven IDPs camps were randomly selected for the study. Descriptive and evaluative survey research designs were adopted for the study while oral interview was used to collect data for the study. The data collected were analysed using statistical descriptive tools such as tables, simple frequencies and percentages. The findings from the study revealed that the IDPs’ greatest information needs among other things included information needs on: water supply, food supply, healthcare, the where about of their loved ones, when to go back home to reintegrate with their families and the Governments’ efforts to end the crisis. The study further revealed that majority of the IDPs are illiterates and their major sources of information are basically the churches and Public gatherings. In addition, the paper attempted to offer measures on how to meet their information needs. Keywords: Information, Information needs, Internally displaced persons (IDPs).

The right to compensation and rehabilitation for those displaced by projects is a generally recognised principle of multilateral development institutions and, increasingly, of national governments. There is no such consensus of the concept of benefit-sharing—neither its definition nor realisation. This paper advances this discussion: reviewing past performance of benefit-sharing and anticipating its future rationale, timing and delivery. Drawing upon country laws and project reviews for hydropower, it also briefly examines prospects for another revenue generating sector: mining and non-revenue generating urban projects. It addresses the question: should benefit-sharing be limited to monetary benefits derived only from projects generating revenue during the project operations phase or should a broader concept of benefit-sharing prevail? The authors compare both financial and resettlement logics of each form. In anticipating an uncertain future, they conclude that centralising partnerships and negotiated consent with the resource losers can lead to workable, durable, ethical and effective benefit-sharing.

Most government and international financial institutions worldwide have adopted financial inclusion as a veritable platform for achieving the Social Development Goals of hunger and poverty eradication, inequality reduction, and employment creation. Their efforts will not yield much dividend if a sizeable part of the populace are constrained from social and formal financial inclusion due to social disorder. This study examined the relationship between social seclusion of forcibly displaced persons from formal financial inclusion in twenty-seven Sub-Saharan African countries. Granger Error Correction Method (ECM) with Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) was used to analyze the short panel data obtained from the World Bank database. The study found a negative long-run relationship between social seclusion and financial inclusion. That is, an increase in social menace overtime will result in more people being financially excluded from formal financial transactions. It, therefore, recommends, amongst others, that government should encourage forcibly displaced persons to become gainfully employed and productive. Specifically, persons in refugee and internally displaced persons camps should be trained to acquire skills that will enable them to become self-employed, create wealth for themselves, and contribute actively to the sustainable economic growth of their host country rather than just provide food and other welfare packages as a temporal palliative for survival.

Una de las peores consecuencias de los conflictos armados es el desplazamiento de personas de las zonas de conflicto en busca de seguridad. Estos acontecimientos generan graves efectos en la salud mental de la población y deterioran el tejido social. El objetivo principal de este artículo es comprender los problemas de salud mental que sufren los desplazados por el conflicto en Colombia desde la perspectiva de la restitución integral de las víctimas. La principal conclusión es que la atención de la salud mental de los desplazados es un proceso integral que involucra no sólo factores clínicos, sino también factores sociales, económicos y culturales que, en conjunto, crean las condiciones para que superen el trauma sufrido durante el proceso de desplazamiento forzado.

The insurgent group known as Boko Haram have carried out targeted assassinations, shootings and bombings, which led to deaths, destructions and displacements of Millions in north-eastern Nigeria. These crippled the region’s economic, cultural and social status, which attracted various forms of humanitarian supports from philanthropists, governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the adverse effects of humanitarian supports by NGOs on socioeconomic development in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The study adopted qualitative approach using FGD in generating data from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of humanitarian support in selected communities of Maiduguri. The study revealed government reluctances and over-reliance of people on the support provided by the NGOs. The standard of living has ascended because of the operations of NGOs. Supports provided by NGOs have further distorted the community’s social cohesion as it created various forms of domestic violence and conflict between displaced persons and host communities. In addition, it has increased social vice such as sexual exploitation and abuse in an effort to get provisions/employment. There are further continuous accusations that NGOs are supporting Boko Haram group with food and logistics. The study concluded that the operations of NGOs would contribute in prolonging the physical and social insecurity in crises ravaged areas if not adequately regulated/monitored. Thus, recommended that NGOs do more capacity building programmes than emergency relief supports. Governments should regulate the operations of NGOs by introducing strict policies that will force them to be transparent and accountable, and operate in line with counter-insurgency strategies.

The essay focuses on Russian policy towards displaced persons from Ukraine’s war-torn territories from 2014 until mid-2019. The privileging of refugees from Ukraine relative to immigrants and refug...

Though resettlement and rehabilitation is considered to offer a development opportunity for project-displaced people, such people are often not cared for and continue to be disregarded by the powerful governments in India in their ‘development’ projects. Oustees in India continue to be one of the most deprived sections of society, and resettlement and rehabilitation is still a critical issue of concern to them. Their basic rights to a decent life are violated in the resettlement and rehabilitation process, although the Indian Constitution guarantees certain rights to its citizens. Such deprivation and violations of rights in resettlement and rehabilitation can be seen particularly in the case of the Gundlakamma Reservoir Project in the State of (undivided and residual) Andhra Pradesh.

More than one million forcefully displaced Myanmar nationals, known as Rohingyas, are currently living in the 34 camps in the Cox’s Bazar district in Bangladesh. To reduce the pressure of Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar, the government of Bangladesh has started the process of relocating some of the Rohingyas to Bhasan Char Island located in Noakhali district, Bangladesh. However, some international organisations, NGOs, and some people expressed their concerns over this relocation process. This article, thus, offers an evidence-based holistic perspective that explains the available facilities and opportunities that could bring a new hope instead of a threat to Rohingyas. Through a multi-method research approach, the paper argues that the Island is suitable for the displaced Rohingya people. It also explores that the relocation project has opportunities for Rohingyas to engage in some livelihood activities. The Island is stable and livable on a temporary basis and has adequate safety and security measures–embankments, wave breakers, shelter centers, and modern housing facilities–have been undertaken. This article, thus, concludes that Bhasan Char can offer a new hope–not a place with threats, for the Rohingya displaced people, to live temporarily before their repatriation to Myanmar.

With a growing number of displaced people, there is a need for robust approaches to coping with displacement. Uganda has a progressive refugee policy that promotes freedom of movement and the socioeconomic rights of the refugees. Specifically, refugees are often allocated land to settle and cultivate rural settlements, and the integrated social service provision facilitates interaction with host communities. However, there remain challenges in creating sustainable livelihoods for refugees in rural settlements. There exist significant tensions over shared resources such as land, water, woodlots, and grazing areas. Based on a survey of 416 households and key informant interviews with South Sudanese refugees in selected settlements in the Adjumani district, the paper highlights refugees’ access to social and economic spaces as critical pathways to sustainable livelihoods and integration. Uganda’s progressive policy expands the opportunity space, however, refugees still encounter significant barriers in accessing the socioeconomic spaces.

The paper examines the processes through which people forced from their homes by conflict can become exposed to heightened risk from environmental hazards in the places where they resettle. It reports on research undertaken with internally displaced people who moved to informal settlements in four locations in Colombia. With one of the world’s largest displaced populations and a high annual incidence of hazard events such as landslides and floods, enabling people to create a durable sense of security in their places of resettlement is a major development challenge for the country. However, as the testimonies from individual experiences and perspectives makes clear, this problem is not one that can or should be addressed simply by enforcing existing land use and tenure regulations. The study combined qualitative interview methods with arts-based elements designed to facilitate and open up dialogue with research participants. We found that creating a permanent home, however modest, has symbolic meaning that reflects both personal struggle and collective effort: it represents security and stability, even in sites people know are associated with hazards. In tracing how they have interacted with multiple forms of risk, our work shows how displaced people have had to weigh up the threats they face against limited resettlement options, in an ongoing context of marginalisation. For complex reasons, this is a population that tends to be excluded from formal disaster preparedness and mitigation. However, there are indications that this prevailing situation could be challenged, promoting greater flexibility on the part of governmental organisations and enabling communities to become more engaged in disaster risk reduction. In bringing empirical depth to a topic of global significance at the intersection of displacement, disaster and development, we support the call for adaptable approaches to disaster risk management that can support displaced people more effectively and equitably.

In 2016, Germany received approximately 50% of the 1.2 million asylum applications in the European Union. The applicants represented a population influx of displaced people that were accomm...

For decades, refugee policies on local, national, regional, and international levels have set the narrative surrounding refugees' identities and roles in society. Often, these policies negatively affect refugees and can hinder any effort for successful integration (ie, employment). The focus of this article is to identity how refugees, specifically refugee nurses, are reshaping standard policy practices when it comes to integration and inclusion, as well as economic and social well-being. With an estimated 68.5 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide (25.4 million of which are refugees), it is important to shed light on the importance of including their voices in the dialogue during all stages of the policy development process. They should be included in the dialogue, from agenda setting to evaluation, in order to challenge current beliefs and attitudes. It is critical for societies to recognize refugee nurses' professional qualifications, skills, and abilities in order to address the ongoing shortages of health professionals that many nations are facing today.

In an attempt to divide and marginalize the black population, the apartheid regime forcefully relocated some 3.5 million South Africans to rural homelands between 1960 and 1980. This event, considered one of history’s largest social engineering exercises, created overcrowded and economically deprived communities of displaced people. This article uses geo-coded data to explore the long-term effects of removals on current measures of social capital. Comparing people within the same homeland, I show that those living close to former resettlement camps have higher levels of trust towards members of their social network, people in general, and members of other ethnic groups. These findings are important, as solidarity among suppressed people is believed to be a critical factor in explaining the demise of the apartheid regime.

The relevance of the study is fueled by the need to identify the factors contributing to the resettlement of IDPs in Ukraine, which will make it possible to identify their structural features, immediate needs and to introduce directions of regional policy aimed at solving the acute problems of IDPs. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that influence the territorial concentration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine. The territorial characteristics of the placement of IDPs, most of which reside in regions geographically close to the Separate districts of the Donetsk and Luhansk region, are considered. A significant proportion of immigrants live in the territory of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kiev regions and in the city of Kiev. Uneven placement of IDPs in Ukraine leads to excessive social and administrative burden on host communities, local labor markets, social infrastructure of resettlement regions, complicates the implementation of employment policies. The author has identified four groups of factors that influence the placement of IDPs: naturalgeographical, political, economic, socio-demographic. Migrants choose for their residence economically developed areas, which have a significant proximity to the territories of their previous residence, while other areas are almost ignored. Therefore, among the most important possible factors for the placement of internally displaced persons, the following were considered: territorial, proximity to certain districts of Donetsk and Lugansk regions, employment opportunities, resettlement experience of predecessors, urbanization level of the receiving region, access to education, health care, family ties, ethno-national and religious views of the local population, electoral views, values of the population, the possibility of social protection, the attitude of the local population towards the immigrants and the like. The group of economic factors includes employment opportunities, the availability of jobs and favorable working conditions, takes into account the industrial specialization of the region, the stable development of the economy, high quality of life and a high index of regional development.

Purpose It might seem plausible to argue that effective monitoring of disaster data loss can help achieve progress in reporting to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and the global targets of sustainable development goals and associated indicators. Nevertheless, with the lack of climate change and disaster data losses in the Arab region, the integration of risks associated with socio-economic dimensions at the wider scale of displacement is important to shape a regional understanding of resilience terminology and provides the means of translating it. The purpose of this paper is to identify the means of redefining “Resilience” in the Arab region context of climate change, conflict and displacement in association with the theoretical principles of the “fragile city”. Design/methodology/approach In an attempt to achieve the SFDRR target (E) “substantially increase the number of countries with national and local DRR strategies by 2020,” this study investigates the use of the (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) disaster resilience scorecard as a guiding principle for city-to-city (C2C) resilience-building knowledge exchange between Amman (Jordan) and Khartoum (Sudan). Findings Facing similar urban challenges against disaster and violent conflict-protracted displacement, the study findings indicate that the C2C exchange program was useful in understanding the cities’ urban risk profiles, promoting dialogue among local governments and creating a culture of learning organizations for knowledge sharing on DRR governance and beyond. However, the applied resilience assessments overlooked the qualitative and socio-ecological understanding of climate change risk and human security principles among the most vulnerable groups of refugees and internally displaced persons in fragile settings. This is recommended to be integrated into building coherence for resilience across the 2015-2030 Global Agendas reporting and monitoring mechanisms, leaving “no one behind”. Originality/value The C2C exchange program for Amman and Khartoum was an opportunity for understanding the cities’ urban risk profiles, addressing challenges and building “decentralized cooperation” beyond the cities’ institutional boundaries (UN Habitat, 2001), with recommendations for “selecting resilience indicators specific to fragile cities” to quantitatively measure disaster displaced persons’ (DDPs) vulnerabilities and current status of “income and social equality, microeconomic security, provision of basic services and social protection” while providing qualitative evidence on “social cohesion, social networks/social support and local government–community cooperation” (Patel and Nosal, 2016).

It is estimated that between 2008 and 2014, 4.7 million people were displaced due to natural disasters in Bangladesh and that by 2050, one in every seven people in Bangladesh will be displaced by climate change. The subject matter of this paper is based on a theoretical analysis of various existing social and legal barriers relating to climate displacement in Bangladesh. This article critically analyses the social and legal barriers to helping Climate Change Displaced People (cdp) by drawing on existing legal literature such as the Bangladeshi constitution and qualitative data from Bangladesh’s experience with cdp. Ultimately, this article corroborates the lack of a coherent human rights framework for cdp in Bangladesh and suggests international cooperation as a first step towards a functioning regime.

This article discusses the trajectory of project implementation in the development of the Hatirjheel lake area in Dhaka, which involved forced relocation and socio-economic deprivation for most project-affected people. It raises questions over the extent to which such processes need to be seen as state-induced violations of basic justice, asking whether more justice-focused management of such projects is becoming an unrealistic expectation in an increasingly crowded Bangladesh. The article discusses the socio-political dynamics and community-related issues affecting different stakeholders during the implementation of the project. Despite the official presence of participatory planning techniques, the forceful imposition of the development plans and the drastic ramifications of forced land acquisition are shown to have violated basic principles of good governance. It is suggested that less violent and more inclusive approaches are possible despite resource scarcities and that lessons can be learned from such experiences for the future.

Conflicts and insurgencies constitute some of the greatest challenge to societal peace and development. While daily effort are made by government and humanitarian organisations to address the problem of conflicts and insurgency, the absence of quality health service for those affected by conflicts have further amplified the potential for conflicts and human insecurity. The paper examines conflict and insurgency as barrier to quality health service for internally displaced persons in the North Eastern part of Nigeria. It argues on the failure and inability of the Nigerian government to respond to the exigency of conflicts and insurgency, tugging on instability which affects quality health services. Access to global quality health services has become unattainable and inaccessible and the implication for the worsening health conditions of internally displaced persons in Nigeria. As the outcome of a qualitative research carried out to interrogate the impact of conflict and insurgency on global quality health services on internal displacement persons, its methodology relies heavily on in-depth and key informant interviews. The paper concludes that unless concerted effort through legal and political will are put in place to address the problem of conflict and insurgency in the northern part of the country, especially with the growing activities of Boko Haram and farmer-herders conflicts, quality health service will become unattainable, especially for internally displaced person who are not only victims of insurgency, but also vulnerable to poor quality service in the process of their integration and durable solution. Key words: Conflict, insurgency, counter-insurgency, global health services, internally displaced person, and Northern Nigeria.

تعتبر سورية من الدول الأکثر إثارة للتراث الثقافي في العالم من حيث العدد والمعالم التاريخية لآثارها. فقد حدد أکثر من 1200 موقعا ذو الأهمية الثقافية والدينية والتاريخية بتعاون دولي مع الهيئات الحکومية السورية، والتي أصبحت جميعها الآن مهددة ومتضررة. أما في المدن السورية فيتواجد التراث الثقافي کجزء من الحياة اليومية فيها. حيث يعيش السکان في المناطق والأحياء والنسج العمرانية القديمة، يصلون في المساجد والکنائس التاريخية ويتسوقون في البازارات القديمة ويرتادون الساحات والفراغات الأثرية. لذا فإن تدمير التراث السوري يمثل مخاوفا اجتماعية فورية مما يزيد من الحاجة إلى معالجة حماية النسيج الثقافي للبلاد.Syria is one of the world’s most impressive Cultural Heritages in terms of the number and historical significance of its monuments. The city of Sweida could be considered as a part of this human heritage .The purpose of the research is to create opportunities for the social and economic development of the historic city center of Sweida and to revive the central street and its important living spaces; small church, square and Roman theater, through the rehabilitation and restoration of selected elements in addition to the creation of social and cultural activities .During the crisis, Sweida hosted thousands of displaced people putting pressure on the city’s resources. The heritage sites have suffered from deterioration in the interest of their preservation. Despite heritage sights' importance, the residents haven't been interested in these sites and after the crisis began, the visits to this site dropped dramatically. All monuments became a question of speculation and many have been ruined by unfortunate actions. Some buildings were completely replaced by senseless unhealthy buildings or were built on the remains of ruins that belong to ancient civilizations; other structures were badly restored by adding new building materials not integrated with the original one. Unfortunately, there is an approach to destroy ancient structures and compete to build multistory buildings. In other cases, the most ancient structures are not maintained and transformed into informal dumps.Enhancement of the city’s built heritage has the potential to contribute greatly to general ‘quality of life and helps to generate a ‘sense of place’. For people, preserving the heritage will lead to preserving the traditions and the culture of the city. That means creating public places for socio-cultural events, raising awareness about historical values, and promoting dialogues of local actors (the municipality, academia, chamber of commerce) around heritage .

In conflict situations, many people are displaced because of hostility and arms in the area. Displaced people are forced to leave behind their properties, and this in turn interrupts the relationship between people and their land. The emergency period in particular has been identified as a weak point in the humanitarian response to land issues in post-conflict situations. In addition, during this period of response, most post-conflict governments do not prioritize land administration as an emergency issue due to other social, economic, security, and political challenges, which countries face in the immediate aftermath of the conflict. In the longer run, this results in post-conflict illegal land occupation, secondary occupation, numerous disputes and claims over land, and dysfunctional government institutions that legalize these illegal and secondary occupations. This research explores the nexus between displacement and land administration in a post-conflict context. It uses empirical data from fieldwork in Rwanda, and discusses how government interventions in land administration in emergency and early recovery periods of post-conflict situations affect future land administration during the reconstruction phase. The post-conflict Rwandan government envisaged proper land administration as a contributor to sustainable peace and security as it enhances social equity and prevents conflicts. Thus, it embarked on a nationwide systematic land registration program to register land all over the country with the aim of easing land administration practices and reducing successive land-related claims and disputes. However, the program faced many challenges, among which were continuous land claims and disputes. Our research anticipates these continued land claims and disputes are due to how land issues were handled in the emergency and early recovery period of the post-conflict Rwanda, especially during land sharing initiatives and Imidugudu (collective settlement policy).

Recent data provided by UNHCR indicated that 85% of the world’s displaced people are hosted in developing countries, while Asia and the Pacific are homes to about 3.5 million refugees. These hosting countries are often not well equipped with the resources needed to accommodate for the huge surplus in the number of refugees. The ability to predict the population growth of refugees thus enables refugee-hosting countries and NGOs to prepare for refugee migration beforehand, resulting in better infrastructure and opportunities for the refugees expected to enter a country. Advanced analytics could assist experts to chart where refugees are likely to head next, study the signs of future influx, prepare for reroute plans and raise crisis funds. In this paper, we present a regression model that predicts the anticipated number of refugee population in 20 Asian refugee-hosting countries. Using time-series analysis, we establish the pattern of refugee growth for Asian countries with a history of an average population of 2,000 refugees within the last 25 years as well as the last decade. Our model considers several input factors affecting the refugee population growth and predicts the number of refugees between 2017 to 2022 with promising results.

Este artículo de investigación interpreta la contribución al desarrollo sostenible y a la paz en el municipio de Turbaco (Bolívar, Colombia), a través de programas desarrollados por parte de una empresa privada. El análisis de estos programas, en compañía de los líderes de los desplazados, señala aquellos programas e iniciativas aportantes al desarrollo sostenible y a la paz y abre un abanico de posibilidades para que el sector empresarial público y privado siga nuevos modelos que contribuyan a la paz y al desarrollo social en aquellas comunidades donde tienen presencia. Se revisó un periodo entre 2014 y 2016, incluyendo 107 encuestas con miembros de la comunidad desplazada y entrevista a la directora de la empresa privada que implementó los programas.

The article is devoted to the re-awareness of the European and national experience of overcoming the problems of depressed groups caused by armed conflicts. The European Union has accumulated considerable experience of facilitating conflict resolution, post-war rehabilitation, formation of a culture of tolerance. One tool for translating this experience is the Peace Education project, aimed at conflict prevention, cultivating the values of peace, stability and prosperity, reducing the level of aggression and violence. The theoretical and methodological foundations of this project are analyzed, including polemology, conflictology, multicultural, communication paradigm, geophilosophy etc. The functions of Peace Education, which include post-conflict reconciliation, are described. This function is of particular importance for post-Soviet states that have gone through armed conflicts (Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Ukraine). They were faced with situations which some European countries have already gone through and are forced to look for solutions to the same problems that have been relatively successfully overcome in EU Member States. Therefore, it is necessary to study this experience, to realize achievements in national educational spaces. Particular attention is paid to the war-generated "new inclusive categories" – combatants, civilians who are physically, psychologically, financially affected by the armed conflict, relatives of the dead, displaced persons, etc. These categories are potential translators of negative experiences of violent problem-solving. Successful encapsulation practices for depressed groups, such as open borders and educational space, academic mobility and vocational retraining programs can be implemented in Ukraine with adaptation to national realities.

In the 1950s, the United Nations lobbied Canadian officials to help close Europe’s remaining displaced persons camps and resettle “hard core” refugees—individuals who were unsponsored, sick, infirm, or disabled. As part of Canada’s contribution to World Refugee Year (1959-1960), the federal government appeased public demands for a humanitarian response by implementing a special program that brought 325 tubercular refugees and 501 family members to Canada. Despite federal concerns about the financial cost and potential burden on the health care system, the resettlement scheme represented a notable departure from existing immigration policy for unsponsored immigrants with tuberculosis and became an early antecedent to broader reforms in the 1960s.

Background Military conflict has been an ongoing determinant of inequitable immunisation coverage in many low- and middle-income countries, yet the impact of conflict on the attainment of global health goals has not been fully addressed. This review will describe and analyse the association between conflict, immunisation coverage and vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks, along with country specific strategies to mitigate the impact in 16 countries. Methods We cross-matched immunisation coverage and VPD data in 2014 for displaced and refugee populations. Data on refugee or displaced persons was sourced from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) database, and immunisation coverage and disease incidence data from World Health Organization (WHO) databases. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) databases provided additional data on national and sub-national coverage. The 16 countries were selected because they had the largest numbers of registered UNHCR “persons of interest” and received new vaccine support from Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation (GAVI), the Vaccine Alliance. We used national planning and reporting documentation including immunisation multiyear plans, health system strengthening strategies and GAVI annual progress reports (APRs) to assess the impact of conflict on immunisation access and coverage rates, and reviewed strategies developed to address immunisation program shortfalls in conflict settings. We also searched the peer-reviewed literature for evidence that linked immunisation coverage and VPD outbreaks with evidence of conflict. Results We found that these 16 countries, representing just 12% of the global population, were responsible for 67% of global polio cases and 39% of global measles cases between 2010 and 2015. Fourteen out of the 16 countries were below the global average of 85% coverage for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT3) in 2014. We present data from countries where the onset of conflict has been associated with sudden drops in national and sub-national immunisation coverage. Tense security conditions, along with damaged health infrastructure and depleted human resources have contributed to infrequent outreach services, and delays in new vaccine introductions and immunisation campaigns. These factors have in turn contributed to pockets of low coverage and disease outbreaks in sub-national areas affected by conflict. Despite these impacts, there was limited reference to the health needs of conflict affected populations in immunisation planning and reporting documents in all 16 countries. Development partner investments were heavily skewed towards vaccine provision and working with partner governments, with comparatively low levels of health systems support or civil partnerships. Conclusion Global and national policy and planning focus is required on the service delivery needs of conflict affected populations, with increased investment in health system support and civil partnerships, if persistent immunisation inequities in conflict affected areas are to be addressed.

Environmental objectives tend to receive a push to the background in post-conflict scenarios. On the other hand, the processes displacement and refugee's relocation in post-conflict countries have been associated with different environmental impacts. Currently, Colombia faces a post-conflict scenario, which brings about relevant socio-environmental challenges: it is a mega-biodiverse country, it has millions of displaced people and is one of the most inequitable country in the world. Since there is a gap in post-conflict studies regarding the exploration of victims' involvement in environmental strategies, this paper aims to analyze victims' willingness to participate (WP) in Land Recovery Strategies (LRS) in post-conflict Colombia. This research (1) describes the socio-economic characteristics of forced-displacement victims from a Caribbean municipality of Colombia; (2) analyzes the victims' WP in hypothetical LRS and their preferred type of participation in the project, (3) identifies the way of grouping victims according their WP. Finally, (4) it analyzes the kind of benefits victims would prefer to receive in exchange for their participation in the LRS. Our results made evident that the majority of the consulted victims are willing to participate in LRS by giving up manual work time or in exchange of local ecological knowledge. We also found that the victims' participation in LRS associates to the age of the respondents, and whether they have benefited from government programs previously. Victims would prefer monetary retribution in exchange for their involvement in LRS, which may be explained by their vulnerable socioeconomic conditions. This research also demonstrates that victims with positive WP in LRS are a heterogeneous group. We highlight the need of actively involving women in LRS and other post-conflict projects in order to ensure their wellbeing. The results of this research are valuable, because they put forward the population of victims as an active performer within environmental sustainability.

Humanitarian emergencies are increasing globally and the world is facing the worst human displacement crisis since the end of World War II. The number of forcibly displaced people due to conflict, violence, severe weather events and complex emergencies has reached a record high of approximately 70 million. The United Nations estimates that 235 million people will urgently require humanitarian assistance in 2021 at a cost of approximately US$35 billion. The increase of emergencies as well as the expansion of the humanitarian sector are accompanied by growing levels of professionalisation. The past few decades are characterised by humanitarian reforms, and the emergence of new codes, standards and frameworks to provide improved, better coordinated humanitarian aid. The increasing professionalisation of humanitarian aid is also reflected in the rapid growth of professional training and formal education. University courses in the field of ‘humanitarian action’ are multiplying around the globe. This is especially the case at a master’s level and most visible in the ‘Global North’. Despite this trend, there is no universal agreement on a core course curriculum in Humanitarian Studies. This working paper surveys 23 ‘humanitarian action’ master’s degree programs offered in the US, the UK, Europe, Australia and Nigeria to identify key commonalities across courses. This paper does not put forth a proposal of how a core curriculum should look like; rather, it highlights core commonalities across programs. Findings presented in this working paper are preliminary and contribute to the understanding of what could qualify as part of a ‘core curriculum’.

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) represent an increasing global challenge with the majority of mortality occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Concurrently, many humanitarian crises occur in these countries and the number of displaced persons, either refugees or internally displaced, has reached the highest level in history. Until recently NCDs in humanitarian contexts were a neglected issue, but this is changing. Humanitarian actors are now increasingly integrating NCD care in their activities and recognizing the need to harmonize and enhance NCD management in humanitarian crises. However, there is a lack of a standardized response during operations as well as a lack of evidence-based NCD management guidelines in humanitarian settings. An informal working group on NCDs in humanitarian settings, formed by members of the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of the Red Cross and others, and led by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, teamed up with the University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals to develop operational considerations for NCDs in humanitarian settings. This paper presents these considerations, aiming at ensuring appropriate planning, management and care for NCD-affected persons during the different stages of humanitarian emergencies. Key components include access to treatment, continuity of care including referral pathways, therapeutic patient education/patient self-management, community engagement and health promotion. In order to implement these components, a standardized approach will support a consistent response, and should be based on an ethical foundation to ensure that the “do no harm” principle is upheld. Advocacy supported by evidence is important to generate visibility and resource allocation for NCDs. Only a collaborative approach of all actors involved in NCD management will allow the spectrum of needs and continuum of care for persons affected by NCDs to be properly addressed in humanitarian programmes.

The long-term impact of the displaced persons is enormous from all fronts such as security, psychology, education, human rights and all forms of livelihood. The paper aims to empirically study the economic as well as noneconomic inequality and deprivation of the displaced persons living in No. 01 Bengtol Relief Camp in the district of Chirang in Bodoland Territorial Council, Assam, India. The paper tries to understand the nature of their deprivation and role of government and civil society organizations in bridging the gap of deprivation. The result shows that displaced person has to undergo deprivation in their income, access to education, as well as access to government social schemes. The role of the government and civil society organizations were also found to be inadequate while addressing the deprivation of the displaced persons. We conclude that the study shows displacement makes people deprived of their natural entitlements and host of other benefits.

Refugee resettlement has never been more urgent. With dramatic increases in global ethnic conflict, religious persecution, political instability, disasters caused by extreme weather, drought and famine, the number of forcibly displaced persons had surpassed 80 million by the summer of 2020 (UNHCR Press Release, December 2, 2020). In 2020, 80% of the world’s refugees were being hosted (temporarily) in developing countries (UNHCR Fact Sheet, March 2020). Recent news headlines demonstrate that the convergence of multiple global and local forces (political, economic, environmental) has created conditions of extreme uncertainty and precarity in a growing number of regions – creating unstable or unsafe conditions that have pushed large numbers of people to uproot themselves, their families and their lives in search of safety and security. New displacements are also driven by recent increases in violence in Syria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Somalia, Yemen, and Central America.

Conflict, war and the resultant displacement of populations increase risk for infectious disease transmission. Forced migration, loss of safe shelter, loss of livelihood and interrupted access to clean water, electricity and healthcare all lead to increases in epidemic risk. Refugees and displaced people are uniquely vulnerable to COVID-19. The chaos of war and its aftermath override the population health education messages to wear a mask, socially distance and wash hands frequently. Risk of COVID-19 transmission is heightened for people living in densely populated community spaces and overcrowded shelters, particularly for those with inadequate access to clean running water, soap and appropriate sanitation and hygiene facilities. Such circumstances make it challenging to physically distance and maintain proper hand hygiene. Overwhelmed healthcare systems and fragile capacities for social services further contributes to group-specific vulnerabilities of refugees and displaced people. World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) have recognised the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on these communities and the need to protect them.1 2 We, the Public Health Working Group for Armenia, echo the call previously made by Kluge et al 3 for an inclusive approach in guiding the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasising the principle of leaving no one behind. We are particularly concerned about the postconflict setting in the Nagorno-Karabakh Region and the recently displaced Armenian population who have relocated to the Republic of Armenia. In November 2020, the governments of Azerbaijan, Russia and Armenia signed a ceasefire agreement which brought an end to a 6-week long war between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region, an enclave historically populated by indigenous ethnic Armenians (online supplemental file 1). A recent re-escalation of the decades-long conflict, despite the United Nations Secretary General’s call for a global ceasefire during the pandemic4 …

On Thursday, June 20, 2019, the world celebrated World Refugee Day to honor the strength, courage, and perseverance of millions of refugees. The United Nations suggests that persons become refugees due to persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. The importance of such an observation is emphasized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report that alerts readers to the unparalleled level of displacement of persons globally. The UNHCR affirms that over 10 years, the number of displaced persons (viz., people who are forced from their homes due to some adversity) worldwide grew from 43.3 million in 2009 to 70.8 million in 2018 – an increase of 27.5 million displaced persons worldwide. Of the 70.8 million displaced in 2018, 25.9 million of these persons were refugees. Of these 2018 refugee populations, about 50% was comprised of children younger than 18 years – a 9% increase over 10 years. Of interest to this discussion is that of these 25.9 million refugees in 2018, the UNHCR data suggest that 3.2 million of these refugees come from two African countries: Sudan and Somalia.

"Currently, an estimated 70.8 million individuals worldwide are forcibly displaced due to war, violence, and persecution. Barriers to providing dermatologic care include the large number of affected people, their movement within and across international borders, security issues, and limited access to dermatology expertise and formularies. Screening protocols for skin diseases and sexually transmitted infections differ worldwide, raising the need for shared guidelines to assess migrants' health. This article reviews the literature of skin and sexually transmitted infections in migrants and displaced persons, highlighting the impact of social determinants on skin health and challenges faced in providing care."

Background According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre report on global human displacement, Ethiopia has the highest number of newly displaced people forced to flee their homes. Displaced people have arrived in other regions, sometimes leading to conflict. Several regions in Ethiopia experience on-going ethnic tensions and violence between tribes, which leaves smallholder farmers suspicious of any outside activities in their locale, assuming other ethnic groups may harm them. Changes in the central Ethiopian government have also led to suspicion of non-local agencies. The Campylobacter Genomics and Enteric Dysfunction (CAGED) research project’s objective is to improve the incomes, livelihoods and nutrition of smallholder farmers and was conducted during this period of increasing violence. The project aims to assess the impact of reducing exposure to chicken excreta on young children’s gut health and growth. This paper does not report empirical findings from CAGED, but is part of a series that aims to identify challenges in humanitarian research and reports on mitigation strategies during this research. Discussion This research is important to determine whether Campylobacter infection in chicken’s contributes to illness and stunting in children. However, violence against other researchers in different parts of Ethiopia led to mistrust and lack of engagement by the community with the researchers. Some reactions were so hostile that the team was fearful about returning to some households. As a result, the team designed strategies to respond, including establishing two types of community advisory boards. One used pre-existing village elder structures and another was composed of village youth. Data collection team members received training in principles of ethics, consent, and crisis management, and were provided on-going support from local and international principal investigators and the study’s ethics advisor. Conclusion The hostility and mistrust led to fear among the data collectors. These and the resulting strategies to address them resulted in delays for the research. However, the interventions taken resulted in successful completion of the field activities. Moreover, the lessons learned from this project are already being implemented with other projects being conducted in various parts of Ethiopia.

Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh are the identity-less parasites in global politics and lives in the densest refugee camps in world history. The financial and institutional support for refugees is challenged due to many unavoidable factors that the world is facing nowadays while the number of refugees and displaced people is increasing all over the world. The article observes the longitudinal and multidimensional factors that led Rohingya as a stateless in the political geography of the world. The study warrant of permanent solutions for the prevailing crises of Rohingya refugee that indicates extensive research on Rohingya. It is also revealed that interdisciplinary and multispectral research can help to identify the ways to help them for their distress voyage. The paper argues for the combination of an array of non-state, state, and other allied actors for the research on Rohingya for their peaceful and permanent settlement in and outside of their country.

The Syrian crisis has led to rapid and large-scale population displacement. This paper has two main aims. (i) It documents the size and timing of the Syrian refugee influx into Jordan, Lebanon, and Kurdistan, characterizing the forced nature of displacement and exploring factors that influenced the decision to flee and subsequently move within the host country. (ii) The paper describes the daily living conditions of refugees after displacement, documenting vulnerability along several dimensions, such as housing access and quality, labor market attachment, and financial security. The data sources include the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' registration database and multi-country, multi-topic surveys conducted in 2015-16.

The Syrian crisis has led to rapid and large-scale population displacement. This paper uses several sources of data, including the United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees' registration database and multi-country, multi-topic surveys collected in 2015-16, to characterize service delivery in the context of a rapid influx of displaced populations. The study encompasses infrastructure services, such as electricity and garbage disposal, and social services, such as health and education, and considers both measures of access to services and their perceived quality.