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This study explores the role and significance of VAT (Value Added Tax) and excise duties in Kosovo's economy, considering the economy in the Republic of Kosovo and the impact that taxes have on the collection of public funds, this paper aims to assess how these fiscal policy changes have influenced economic activity, compliance, and business operations within the country. This paper will provide evidence from research conducted earlier on the importance of taxes and excise in many different countries, including the Republic of Kosovo. The purpose of the study will be focused on the effects of several key changes: the increase in VAT from 16% to 18%, the reduction of VAT on essential consumer goods from 16% to 8%, the increase of VAT in the pharmaceutical sector from 0% to 8%, the implementation of a flat VAT rate for agricultural products, the reduction of the VAT threshold from €50,000 to €30,000, and the increase in excise duty on tobacco. Data are gathered through surveys conducted with businesses in Republic of Kosovo with close questions regarding the area of changes in taxes and excise, with the results processed using Stata to assess the impact of these changes. Fiscal policy is crucial for economic development, and this changes implemented by the Government of Kosovo have positively influenced overall state revenues. However, the increase in pharmaceutical products due to VAT changes has negatively affected consumers, while the increase in excise duty on tobacco has contributed to higher collected revenues. The main limitation of this research is the availability of comprehensive data from relevant institutions in Kosovo, which may affect the depth of analysis Also, although this study does not include all types of businesses, it is planned that future research will be more comprehensive, providing a more complete overview of business diversity in Kosovo. This research highlights the importance of fiscal policies in economic development and the need for the government to provide businesses with sufficient time and support to adjust to tax rate changes. The study also underscores the varied impacts of VAT changes on different sectors, emphasizing the need to consider consumer welfare in tax policy decisions. This study provides real data on the current situation of VAT and excise duties in Kosovo, from the business sector contributing valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, especially considering support for the private sector can lead to an overall increase in export levels and positively impact the economy as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important stimulators for the economic situation of enterprises is conducting research, development and innovation activities. However, the costs of running these activities are so high that they exceed the financial capabilities of many enterprises. The financial remedy turns out to be state aid funds, which can bring a number of different benefits. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the non-financial results of supporting the Aviation Valley cluster through public aid for R&D&I. The article is based on a case study of a unit that raises significant funds for these activities. It defines the concepts of research and development and innovation activities, and discusses the development of these activities in Poland in the years 2011-2021. It also characterizes the non-financial results of supporting the Aviation Valley cluster via public aid funds for R&D&I, summarizing the most important achievements of the Aviation Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the public subsidy of major league sport franchises and associated urban development projects remains wildly popular in some constituencies, these expenditures have, increasingly, been met with organized resistance. This article examines the formation of Voices for Democracy (VFD)--a grassroots community group that opposed the use of public funds to build a CAD $606.5 million arena and entertainment district in Edmonton, Alberta. I begin by providing an analysis of VFD's division of labor and the collective development of the group's political claims and tactical repertoire to challenge a powerful growth coalition between 2011-2013. Next, I examine the unfavorable political opportunity structure that set decisive limits on what the group could challenge. The article concludes with a discussion of why VFD was unable to cultivate a more widespread coalition of support and, in turn, how the 'boosterish' coalition in Edmonton--a coalition that included the Edmonton Oilers, the downtown business community, the mayor and a majority of council, and senior civil servants--were able to contain opposition over the course of this divisive debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant growth of import flows as a result of the lack of domestic production and increased domestic demand for goods, has made Kosovo unable for seventeen years to balance export and imports. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the support of the agricultural sector through public funds, their impact on the replacement of agricultural imports through increased domestic production. The export-import ratio has a huge imbalance of around 89% import and only 11% export. The continuous increase of import has affected the trade balance to be negative (-2.669 million euros), which means 24% of this deficit is the agro-food trade deficit, which has continued to grow from year to year. Kosovo's institutions have undertaken a considerable number of measurements to support this sector through public funds, to increase the competitiveness of agriculture and to replace imports by increasing productivity and introducing new technologies and products. To come to a conclusion, have the public investments in the agricultural sector affected the growth of production, import substitution and economic growth, the time periods 2007-2016 have been analyzed. The data collection that has been used to conduct this paper are: empirical, descriptive / narrative, cooperative / Comparative and tertiary which have been analyzed through the method of Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS) with the degree of reliability 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the factors which cause the fiscal dilemma of Academic Science in the U.S. The dilemma refers to the situation that if the U.S. government will not provide financial support to academic science, the growth of science and technology will be stagnant but if the U.S. government will provide financial support to the academic science the economy will be affected. Accordingly, this dilemma was due to the lack of forces that form higher education and academic science that mostly affected by economic aspect. This factor leads the colleges and universities in the U.S. to experience internal stresses since private investment is decreasing and public resistance is increasing.

Slack OECD economic performance and weaker macroeconomic policy support Summers's reuse of the phrase 'secular stagnation'. Globalisation has redirected growth towards emerging economies, and anticipated rates of return on investment are impaired by perceived risk, institutionalised risk aversion, ageing and dependency, declining commitments to public investment and research and development with rising shares directed to health, retained trade distortions, industrial concentration and slower human capital accumulation, not to mention unexpected global abundance of fossil fuels and a slower Chinese economy. The information and literature supporting these concerns is reviewed and implications for global and Australian policy are inferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous studies have extensively explored the impacts of rail transit on economic development after its opening, few have examined its impact on real estate development before its opening. Using the building permit data of the city of St. Paul, this study investigates the effects of key announcements of the Green Line light rail transit (LRT) by employing location quotient analysis and difference-in-difference models to compare building activity in the LRT corridor and control corridors. We found that the announcement of preliminary engineering had no positive impacts on the count and value of building permits whereas the announcement of Full Funding Grant Agreement tended to increase the number of building permit by about 24% and the value by 80%. We concluded that LRT investment, in conjunction with proactive land use planning policies, public subsidies and public funded projects, increases building activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brownfield redevelopment is traditionally associated with private investments and often through public-private partnerships to result in economically beneficial ventures. Public sector investments have, therefore, traditionally not been considered as viable options due to some persistent arguments and general beliefs. This commentary discusses five common arguments against public investments in brownfield redevelopment and addresses each one by presenting approaches, views, and examples that would aim to persuade researchers, practitioners, and local governments to think otherwise. Addressing the argument that brownfield redevelopment has higher costs than benefits and that greenfield development is more economical than brownfield redevelopment, one has to see beyond perceived costs and benefits and understand the true nature of infrastructure costs and the intangible benefits of redeveloping inner-city, deteriorated, and blighted areas to be able to fully justify brownfield redevelopment. Addressing other arguments that state brownfield redevelopment is not an effective use of public funds as it does not generate tax revenue and is too complex an issue for public agencies, is that an effective use of public funds is anything, in general, that benefits residents, be it econommic, environmental, social, or health-related. Even though public investments in brownfield redevelopment might not result in an economic endeavor, it does have a positive ripple effet on nearby communities and leads to increased assessed property values that ultimately result in increased tax revenue. Finally, increasing political interest and local capacity is vital to ensuring successful brownfield redevelopment projects by public agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US State governments invest in early-stage innovative activity as an economic development strategy. Nevertheless, attention directed at the public sector's role in this capacity has been placed on federal policy actions overlooking the growing role of states. The primary aims of this paper are two-fold: (1) to articulate the motivations for multilevel public support for small business innovative activity, placing emphasis on state level incentives directed towards entrepreneurial activity; and (2) to empirically evaluate the State Match Phase I (SMP-I) program. The SMP-I program is a diffuse state level policy designed to complement the federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program by offering noncompetitive matching funds to the state's successful SBIR Phase I recipients. This offers an opportunity to examine the marginal impact of public R&D given the state intervention. This paper employs a state and year fixed effects model and considers two outcome variables-SBIR Phase II success rates and SBIR Phase I application activity. To account for industrial heterogeneity, the data are stratified by the federal mission agencies. Results from the empirical analysis indicate that the state match increases the Phase II success rates for firms participating in the National Science Foundation SBIR program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation has been placed at the heart of the EU's strategy to create growth and jobs. EU countries are encouraged to invest 3% of their GDP in R&D by 2020 (1% public funding, 2% private-sector investment) - this is expected to create 3.7 million jobs and increase the EU's annual GDP by nearly €800 billion. The EU initiative Innovation Union focuses Europe's efforts -- and its cooperation with non EU countries -- on the big challenges of our time: energy, food security, climate change and our ageing population. It uses public sector intervention to stimulate the private sector and remove bottlenecks which prevent ideas from reaching the market -- including lack of finance, fragmented research systems and markets, under-use of public procurement for innovation and slow standard-setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic, social, and financial developments in face of a very fast globalizing environment and the efficiency required in the appropriate use of public funds has lead to very significant changes and advances in our world, which have to reevaluate the role that the auditor profession entitles. The world today requires more effective public institutions and auditing agencies in order to promote honesty and competent governance, for the benefit of the present and the future of every nation. Keeping this objective at mind, this study concentrates on the efficiency and effectiveness of audits in the public sector in terms of improving governance while focusing specifically on issues related to efficiency indicators and their effectiveness. This study gives an overview of public sector audits and the institutions that carry out these duties, as well as the theoretic basis of conducting an audit in the public sector. Measuring effectiveness and efficiency of an audit is evaluated through several factors and indicators, which we believe are very influential in the process. The study realistically examines the current situation of the auditing process in Albania and gives relevant recommendations which conclude that the effectiveness of audits depends on factors related to the process itself as well as how it is perceived, such as the characteristics of the institution being audited, the characteristics of the environment, independence, integrity, as well as professionalism. The result from an audit process aims to be an added value to governing activities and is often of little economic significance. Nevertheless the effect it has on improving governance is very positive thus helping change the notion that the auditing process should be regarded as merely a necessity or need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: The accountability of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has various dimensions. From an economic perspective, official financiers, private donors as well as aid recipients could expect more charitable output from NGOs, if less efficient organizations were squeezed out of international development activities. We consider administrative overheads as an important aspect of NGO efficiency. Our empirical analysis focuses on the effects of administrative overheads, public funding and the interrelations between these two factors on the probability of “market” exit for almost 900 US based NGOs with overseas aid activities since the mid-1980s. We find that larger administrative overheads increase the probability of exit for NGOs receiving any public funding. However, this effect weakens with increasing shares of public funding of NGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Immigration is a controversial topic in most developed economies. The presence of a redistributive welfare state in all major immigrant host countries creates a margin on which immigration affects native welfare. The primary focus of the paper is whether a large intake of immigrants reduces welfare state effort. It is usually argued that steady increases in immigration lead to public pressure for lower levels of publicly-funded social expenditures. In contrastz to the earlier empirical literature on this topic, we find little evidence in favour of this hypothesis. While immigration does have a relatively modest effect on the welfare state, if anything there is some support for the view that a greater influx of immigrants has lead policy-makers to increase welfare state spending. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pritchett (J Econ Growth 5:361-384, ) convincingly argued that the difference between investment cost and capital value is of first-order empirical importance especially for developing countries where public investment is the primary source of investment. This paper constructs a public investment efficiency index that captures the institutional environment underpinning public investment management across four different stages: project appraisal, selection, implementation, and evaluation. Covering 71 countries, including 40 low-income countries, the index allows for benchmarking across regions and country groups and for nuanced policy-relevant analysis and identification of specific areas where reform efforts could be prioritized. Research applications are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil's recent growth -- combined with the optimum conditions of its external accounts and the realisation of its macroeconomic policies -- has placed the country in a good position to recover its public policies and strategies over the long term. Several of these policies began to be implemented in the final years of Lula da Silva's government, and they should be continued during Dilma Rousseff's current government, by focusing particularly on public investment policy, industrial and technology policy and regional economic placement. However , the positive results of the current period have begun to reveal a number of limitations and shortcomings. These will be the specific challenges for the Rousseff government over the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the governmental scheme of planning and control in Sicily, Italy. It states that the regional administration Act of 2000 gave rise to the Sicilian management and strategic control program. It tells that the government pushes the region forward in attaining development as compared with European and Italian counterparts. Moreover, it asserts that Sicily should strive towards economic growth by using liquid assets of the public for the structuring of general wealth.

Corruption is thought to prevent poor countries from catching up with richer ones. We analyze one channel through which corruption hampers growth: public investment can be distorted in favor of specific types of spending for which rent-seeking is easier and better concealed. To study this distortion, we propose a dynamic model where households vote for the composition of public spending, subject to an incentive constraint reflecting individuals’ choice between productive activity and rent-seeking. In equilibrium, the structure of public investment is determined by the predatory technology and the distribution of political power. Among different regimes, the model shows a possible scenario of distortion without corruption in which there is no effective corruption but the possibility of corruption still distorts the allocation of public investment. We test the implications of the model on a set of countries using a two-stage least squares estimation. We find that developing countries with high predatory technology invest more in housing and physical capital in comparison with health and education. The reverse is true for developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the nexus among democracy, corruption, and economic development in Nigeria using empirical evidence for the period of 1996 to 2006. Although a number of growth determinants can be identified theoretically, a multiple regression model of economic development via economic growth is formulated with democracy measured through a dummy variable, and corruption as exogenous variables. Results from empirical estimation of the coefficients of both the conventional and distributed lag models show that the coefficient of democracy is positive and statistically significant in the two models while that of corruption is not. This finding is consistent with the notion that democracy, especially in developing countries, promotes economic development. Although an inverse relationship between corruption and economic development could not be established from the empirical analysis, a comparative survey of competitive indicators, such as the corruption index itself, index of legal system, extent of diversion of public funds, bureaucracy, red tape-ism, and distortion in government intervention, effectively sums up and portrays weak growth and development competitiveness indicators for Nigeria in Africa and globally. The paper, therefore, recommends the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria, a concerted effort at fighting corruption, and the creation of a conducive macroeconomic environment which is both receptive to private sector practice and foreign investor friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• R&D subsidies increase total R&D inputs despite reducing private R&D investments. • Total effects promote technological progress, capital deepening and economic growth. • Increasing investments in residential buildings suggest misallocation of public funds. This paper investigates the impact of research and development (R&D) subsidies on R&D inputs and their wider economic effects. The empirical analysis employs a structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model using a panel of Chinese provinces during the 2000–2010 time period. In support of a partial crowding-out view, public R&D subsidies allocated to large and medium-sized enterprises (LMEs) are found to increase total R&D inputs proxied by total R&D personnel, despite reducing privately-financed R&D inputs. Specifically, we find that an increase of R&D subsidies by one standard deviation decreases private R&D expenditures in LMEs by 6.5%, but increases total R&D personnel in LMEs by 2.6%. We also find evidence that the effects of R&D subsidies extend beyond their main effect on corporate R&D, promoting technological upgrading, capital deepening, and economic growth. We further find evidence suggesting some misallocation of research-oriented public funds. The findings help shed important insights into the ongoing debate regarding the role of the state in promoting innovation in a transitioning economy context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Croatia there is recognized growing interest and effort gain by authorities to give all areas equal opportunities to gain economic and social resources above all needed for EU accession. Allocation of budget which can ensure expected quick economic growth of eastern parts of Croatia justifies budget deficit. The paper shows necessity to accept a challenge of change the mainstream of financing capital investments because conventional patterns slow down and make difficult to run development projects. There is a great extend of opportunities of financial sources but not used in enough scale. The goal is to answer on questions: what kind of sources of financing are suitable to use in public sector, and is their current way of borrowing fit efficiently enough to be adequate for quick economic development? This paper contributes in attempt to present some solutions to problem of areas legged behind in Eastern Croatia which plead for strengthening development and economic prosperity because nominated projects for public goods exceed their budgets possibilities. Many factors depend about financial productivity of local units. For that purpose the current mainstream of public debts will be considered. The potential of different pattern of public debt will be foreseen and at the same time identify the possibilities which could bring new patters of financing public investments like involvement of private sector in projects of public interest like public-private partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the economic significance of the federal government revenue and spending by province in Canada. The concepts, sources, as well as the methods behind the economic estimates and several pitfalls involved in determining the beneficiaries of the federal activities has been discussed. Furthermore, a chart which demonstrates the federal government net lending by province and territory for 2004 has also been provided.

The article discusses the literature on the implications of economic growth on public infrastructure. An empirical research led by David A. Aschauer showed a significant impact of public capital on productivity and economic growth. The World Bank has noted the importance of the policy and environmental settings surrounding public investment. One of the dominant features of the literature is that most of the analyses focused on a select few countries, particularly the U.S.

Urban settlements in the Western Cape sustain regional development and are vital to the national spatial economy, but because not all contribute or participate equally they do not grow at the same rate – some flourish while others decline. The Provincial Administration of the Western Cape therefore commissioned a study to evaluate and monitor their functions and performance. This paper assesses the study's methodology and procedures. It describes the variables used and explains how the raw data were transformed into comparative indices and combined into a single composite development potential index. It evaluates the sub-indices and the composite index by mapping the results and uses multivariate statistical techniques to explore the logic and validity of the results. It confirms that the indices created for measuring urban growth potential were well chosen and constructed, laying a sound theoretical and methodological base for future decisions about public investment in rural towns.1Respectively, Professor (retired); Senior Lecturer; and Research Fellow and Professor (retired), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent water sector reforms and increased scarcity and vulnerability of water resources, combined with declining public funding available for large scale infrastructure investment in the sector, have led to a greater awareness by the Government of Vietnam for the need to analyze water resource allocation and use in an integrated fashion, at the basin scale, and from a perspective of economic efficiency. In this study we focus on the development, application, and selected policy analyses using an integrated economic hydrologic river basin model for the Dong Nai River Basin in southern Vietnam. The model framework depicts the sectoral structure and location of water users (agriculture, industry, hydropower, domestic, and the environment) and the institutions for water allocation in the basin. Water benefit functions are developed for the major water uses subject to physical limitations and to constraints of system control and policy. Based on this modeling framework, we will analyze policies that can affect water allocation and use at the basin level, including both basin-specific and general macroeconomic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on China's saving and investment levels as of March 2006. For a developing economy like China, a high level of domestic saving and investment implies that residents are forgoing current consumption in order to add to the capital stock, that leads to an increase in labor productivity. The Chinese government has undertaken the wealth storage role for the nation by investing in U.S. government securities and European bonds. It compares the economic growth of China with that of Japan.

We develop a Ramsey type model of economic growth in which the “Engine of Growth” is public capital accumulation. Public capital is a public good, and is financed by taxes on private output. The government may either use the taxes gathered to fund public capital accumulation or consume the resourses itself; that is engage in corruption. There is an irreducable level of endogenously determined corruption which constitutes rents for which potential governments compete. This competition takes the form of choosing a time path for public capital invesment, which implies time paths for output and household consumption. We study both the model’s steady state, and dynamical behavior along the saddle path. The predictions of our theory accord well with the existent empirical evidence on the relationships between the level and growth rate of output, corruption, public investment and fiscal transparency. Our analysis also provides a perspective on the transition experiences of several Eastern European economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public agencies in the US have committed resources to encourage private investment in reusing contaminated sites. With public funds in short supply, the effectiveness of their efforts matters both to the agencies and the development community. This paper draws on a mail survey of private developers that uses conjoint choice experiments to investigate the relative attractiveness of incentives to promote residential infill on contaminated property. Results suggest protection from third party liability offers the most value, with protection from cleanup liability and relief from public hearing requirements also important. The findings indicate several opportunities for planners to promote infill on contaminated sites in a socially and environmentally appropriate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article revisits the relationship between growth and public productive expenditures by investigating the growth impact of "new" public investment along with maintenance expenditures in public capital. We sketch out the importance of these components of public capital expenditures for growth and then use survey data from Canada to assess the impact of these variables on Canadian growth. We find evidence that the Canadian economy would benefit from a fall in total public capital expenditures and from a reallocation between new public investment and maintenance expenditures. We also identify the growth impact of the associated sectoral public capital expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate City Planning means a mutually supportive economic private-public partnership in which public funds are used for private sector purposes. This is a study of 128 smaller Kansas communities in which the lack of public professional management expertise assures the adoption of such a public philosophy stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether government investment spending exerts a positive or a negative effect on private investments. Time-series data for Greece as well as the methodology of cointegration suggest that, over the period 1948-80, public investment spending exerted a positive effect on private investments, while over the period 198 1-96, the relationship turned out to be negative. Empirical results indicate that the large increase of the public share in the total investment process tended to crowd out private investments and to jeopardize the growth process of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an econometric analyses of a nation's growth rate and the size of its social spending. The expansion of tax-based social transfer and indeed social spending in general, costs a significant part of a country's national product. Economists claim they find these net losses of national output called deadweight losses because they are not removed by gains to anybody both in computer simulations of the economy and in statistical regressions designed to analyze the behavior of individual households. One of the symptoms that should result from the costs of redistribution is Darwinian survival of the leanest and meanest. There should be a natural selection toward lower-tax, lower-transfer governments. One would expect that by comparing the differences in social-transfer shares between nations and between states, it would be clear that higher-spending governments have lower levels of growth rates for product.

Rapid economic growth along shorelines places property in harm's way because of exposure to storms, and has sparked debate about the government's role in attenuating the associated risks faced by beachfront property owners. This paper analyzes the effects of government shore protection activities. Additional development that takes place in shoreline areas because of shore-protection projects provides net social benefits, even when more property is placed in harm's way. Our empirical analysis shows, however, that growth in beachfront communities has been prompted mainly by rising income and employment in inland areas, rather than by public investments in shore protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents discussion on the monetary aspects and interrelation between monetary developments and saving and investment. Institutions with varying functions for handling the public's funds have played an increasingly important role in influencing the rate and direction of money flows in the economy. Their impact on the volume and use of credit has become more closely similar to that of banks. Their potential influence upon the maintenance of economic growth and stability is very great. This has resulted in an increasing emphasis on the study of these institutions as an integral part of the study of monetary developments. The article focuses on the impact of controls on debt, and through them on the economy. Present general monetary measures-discounts, open market operations, and changes in reserve requirements-apply to commercial banks. They do their work through their effect on the reserves of commercial banks The impact spreads from banks throughout the economy, depending on the operation of the commercial banks under our so-called "private enterprise system."

The article reports on investment into the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2013. It mentions that total investment into the economy from all sources of funding amounted to 4 trillion 598.6 billion UZS. It discusses investment from the Fund for Reconstruction and Development, foreign investment and loans, and investment from the funds of the public.