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The attempt to superimpose western industrial organization upon less-developed societies has been only partially successful. The cultural values which eased the introduction and development of industrial capitalism in the West are usually quite different in nonwestern societies, and it is now recognized that industrialization in such societies will develop as some sort of a mutation rather than along western lines. The critical variables that affect economic development include family structure, religious systems, governmental forms, the structure of class and power in a given society, educational and shill level of the masses, and so on. In some societies unique barriers to industrialization and economic change exist. The caste system of india, with which the following analysis deals, provides a striking example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses problems of economic growth in the poorer nations that became a major foreign policy concern of the wealthy and powerful nations of the world. The relative progress in the development of the two countries, India and China, is of great significance. There were strong parallels in their preplan structure and strong contrasts between China's totalitarian and India's democratic programs. Their performance relative to one another may influence the programs adopted by other, now less advanced, countries. It will certainly bear upon the United States and Soviet foreign policies. Furthermore, the record of the course of development in these two lands provides a unique opportunity for examining the process of development as such. Structural unemployment, underutilized resources, overurbanization, nonmonetized savings and investment flows-these are illustrative of the types of problems that must be understood and treated if there are to be steady output gains in most of today's underdeveloped areas.

.Focuses on the various aspects of urbanization in India. Growth of towns and cities across the country brought about by the increased number of populations; Problems with socioeconomic conditions in the country; Social implications of industrialization and urbanization.

No national use of evaluation has been more loaded with responsibility, more ambitiously organized, or more intensively conducted than the work of the Program Evaluation Organization (PEO) established by the Planning Commission of India in 1952 to have surveillance over that country's wide-flung community development operations. This has been and still is a battle-test of evaluation in an urgent and fast-changing national program of social and economic development. An early formulation of the objectives of the PEO specified the purposes as follows: to help determine progress or accomplishments against what was intended, to provide guidance, to study nonadopters and nonadoption, to check teaching procedures, to provide evidence of the value of the work, to provide guides for training personnel, and to give villages some evidence and sense. It is clear that PEO in India has marked its first five years by survival; successful and useful prosecution of numerous studies; accumulation of a creditable series of reports; and manifest influence on the policy, program, and methods of community development.

The present article focuses on the dual role of the TLA: as a trade union, and as a leader in the national struggle to control the "protest" movement. The following is a brief history of the development of the TLA which serves as a background for its present ideology and its current national role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three methods for mapping levels of economic development and applies each to the case of India. First, to provide a substantive addition to knowledge about the economic geography of India; second, to demonstrate that even within nations generally recognized simply as "underdeveloped" one can meaningfully map differential sub-levels of development; and third, to stimulate critical discussion of the various methods by which maps of economic development can be made. The chief statistical problem is how best to combine the several series of individual indices into a single set of areal ratings.

Presents information related to several abstracts on economics published in the April 1962 issue of the journal 'The Indian Economic Journal.' Applicability and limitations of economic development theory; Tax resources in the third plan in India; Economic growth and price level in the American economy; Co-operative farming, investment and organizational problems in agriculture.

Presents several abstracts related to Indian economy, published in the January 1963 issue of the journal 'The Indian Economic Journal.' Reflections of the teaching of economics in India; Wieser's theory of the simple economy; Inflation and economic development in India.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the pattern of industrial expansion in the major Indian manufacturing regions and to describe changes in the locational pattern of six principal industries during 1950s. The study involves a comparison, on a distinct basis, of the number of persons employed in manufacturing in 1950 with the persons employed in 1960. The year 1950 preceded the launching of India's first Five Year Plan of economic development and 1960 is the latest year for which industrial employment data are available.

The article provides information about the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, India. The institute was founded with the assistance from the Asia Foundation. It undertakes and promotes research in the political and social structure of India and other developing countries. Primarily, it focuses on the historical, social, and cultural conditions under which the process of development takes place in particular countries. All of its research studies and projects are based on the specialized projects in different fields, undertaken by scholars.

The article provides information about the Indian School of International Studies in New Delhi, India. The schools was founded on October 3, 1955 by vice president Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. It is renowned as the center for advanced studies of international affairs with special reference to political, economic, and social developments in the countries of Asia for Indian and foreign students. It offers training in international relations and area studies based on study of documents, language study, and field research. The author further gives details on the facilities found in the school.

SUMMARY This paper touches on three models of growth, viz: the F el'dman (Soviet) model, the H arrod-D omar model and the M ahalanobis (Indian) model. Of these three, the ancestry of the first is maintained in respect of both its contents and historical sequence. It is argued that the Soviet model is superior to the other two models because it recognizes the significance of a number of factors, viz: (a) the pattern of income distribution, (b) increase in the effective utilization of the existing capital stock, (c) distinction between degrees of effective utilization of the old and the new capital stocks, and lastly, (d) consideration of the rate of growth in terms of capital capacity as well as in terms of the absorption of a growing labour supply. In other respects, the model runs more or less parallel to the H arrod-D omar and M ahalanobis models. Some striking similarities between the Soviet and Indian models exist in spite of the differences in economic and political conditions of the two countries. These are: (a) the Marxian setting of two departments of a closed economy, (b) the aim of achieving a high rate of investment by expanding the capital goods sector and (c) a relative neglect of propensity to save as a crucial variable in the process of growth. The affinity between the Indian and the Soviet models is so strong that the former seems to answer the Soviet rather than the Indian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past fifteen years, comparisons of the economic organization and development of India and Communist China have had a strong fascination for analysts in many parts of the world. The similarities of the economic structures of and problems faced by the two most populous nations on earth and the sharp contrast offered by their economic doctrines have been grist for numerous articles in many languages. The functions of this paper are to: briefly review the years 1950-57 so as to take into account recent scholarship by others; evaluate selected major developments since 1957; and offer some conclusions on the subject of Indian vis-a-vis Mainland Chinese economic progress since 1950. The performance of China's economy and particularly her industrial growth rate vis-a-vis that of India since 1950 has been grossly exaggerated. This is as true of 1957 and earlier years as it is of "The Great Leap Forward" and the subsequent period of distress. The extent of the exaggeration over the last fourteen years and the extent of whatever differences in performance may actually exist are impossible to determine, at present, given the statistical impasse which prevails. In both cases, the statistical association between the amount and kind of foreign aid received on one hand and the industrial progress registered on the other was self-evidently very high.

In this paper, education is treated as a form of investment. No attempt is made to measure the contribution of education to economic growth. Internal rates of return to investment in education in India for the year 1960-61 are estimated and compared with Professor A. C. Harberger's estimate of the rates of return to physical capital, "Net" education capital formation during the period 1950-51 to 1960-61 is also estimated at 1960-61 prices and compared with physical capital formation during the same period. The study indicates that education is not an attractive form of investment when compared with physical capital. Within the educational system, primary education is the most attractive and collegiate nonprofessional education the least attractive form of investment. The study suggests diversion of resources in favor of physical capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interrelation between changes in the economic structure, i.e., industrial distribution of income and labor force, and the size distribution of income is studied in this paper in a case study of India (1961–1960). The change in the size distribution of income is the sum of changes due to (1) inter-sectoral factors and (2) intra-sectoral factors. The need for this distinction is emphasized by the result obtained for India, that 85% of the changes in the size distribution may he assigned to inter-sectoral factors, and only 16% to intrasectoral factors. Since the inter-sectoral factors are significantly influenced by changes in the industrial distribution of income and labor force, our result points out a relation between economic growth and the size distribution which quite often is overlooked in studies of the size distribution. The results obtained in this paper support several cross-section results of Professor Kuznets. In particular some of these are: (a) inter-sectoral inequality in the economic structure widened with economic growth, (b) the inequality in the size distribution of India widened, (c) the level of inequality in India is higher than in any of the eight developed countries considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author illustrates the usefulness of a sectoral approach to developmental constraints by a detailed analysis of some of the more important constraints on one sector of the Indian economy, transportation. The Indian Railways, a monopoly directly administered by a Ministry of the Government of India, have not suffered from a shortage of foreign exchange, thanks to foreign aid and the preference given to them for the available supply of foreign exchange. According to the author almost none of the widely held beliefs concerning the major constraints on Indian development apply to the Railways. But on the whole the Railways have had few serious constraints on their growth and development and have met most of the demands put upon them during the last 15 years. But this is not to say that the extent of such development is necessarily desirable from the point of view of Indian development as a whole. Because the Indian Railways are a Government enterprise,it is not necessary for them to pay any particular set amount in capital charges to an external private agency.

The article focuses on the question related to the reduction of birth rate in India. Western doctrines and methods of contraception were first promulgated in India by a few welfare leaders in the 1930's when birth control clinics were established in several cities. In 1952 India became the first nation to adopt a policy of birth rate reduction. Today, India, Pakistan and China are the only major nations whose central governments pursue reduction policies; birth rate reduction. A number of social scientists already have described India's rapid population growth, and analyzed its negative influences on economic development. With the Malthusian controls of famine and war presumed inoperative, the prospect of a one billion population by the year 2000 is bleak enough as a matter of human density alone. India's "National Family Planning Program", that is to say the Center Government's effort through the States to reduce the birth rate, constitutes an instructive case both of the modernization process and the planned control of population.

Book reviewed in this Article A nstey, V era, and M artin, A nne. An Introduction to Economics-For Students in India and Pakistan. B axa, J akob. Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse. B ergler, R einhold (Ed.). Psychologische Marktanalyse. C ampbell, R obert W. Soviet Economic Power C ohen, B enjamin J. Adjustment Costs and the Distribution of new Reserves C outsoumaris, G., W estebbe, R. M., P silos, D., M ichalakis, A., and X anthakis, N. Analysis and assessment of the economic effects of the U. S. -PL 480 Programm in Greece F riedmann, K aren J. German Grain Policies and Prices: G urvitch, G eorges. The Spectrum of Social Time. H eide, H olger. Die langfristige Wirtschqftsplanung in Schweden H elleiner, K arl F. The Imperial Loans H ershlag, Z. Y. Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East. Leiden H icks, J ohn. Capital and Growth. ISEA. Planification et analyse économiques J ohri, C. K. Monetary Policy in a Developing Economy J oint E conomic C ommittee (Congress of the United States). New Directions in the Soviet Economy K iss, G ábor. Gibt es eine ≪marxistische≫ Soziologie? L ebrecht, R obert G. Automatische Konjunkturstabilisatoren oder be-wusste Konjunkturpolitik ? L eontief, W assily. Input-Output Economics. M alinvaud, E. Statistical Methods of Econometrics M artin, A lfred VON. Mensch und Gesellschaft heute. N eufeld, M aurice F. Poor Countries and Authoritarian Rule. Ø lgaard, A nders. Growth, Productivity and Relative Prices. O ulÈs, F. Economic Planning and Democracy. P opper, K arl R. Logik der Forschung. R obinson, J oan. Economics-An Awkward Corner. S achverstÄndigenrat zur B egutachtung DER GESAMTWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN E ntwigklung. Jahresgutachten S eitz, T ycho. Preisführerschaft im Oligopol. T amagna, F rank. Central Banking in Latin America. T heil, H enri. Economics and Information Theory T illy, R ichard. Financial Institutions and Industrialization in the Rhineland T ouraine, A. (et al.). Workers' Attitudes to Technical Change T ullock, G ordon (Hrsg.). Papers on Non-Market Decision Making. Y eager, L eland B. International Monetary Relations; Theory, History and Policy. Y oung, J ohn P arke. United States Gold Policy: The Case for Change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the amount of family planning in less-developed countries is crucial to their economic development and is basically a marketing job. Much important marketing research has been done in this area; its history is described here. But much more needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with an examination of growth trends of the Indian economy between 1860 and 1960. This examination commences with the numerous studies bearing on the more recent part of this period, from about 1900 to 1960. These studies are shown to vary greatly in coverage and comprehensiveness, and their differences and individual shortcomings are assessed. Nevertheless, these studies conclude, without exception, that the Indian economy remained virtually stationary in this period, especially in terms of negligible growth in per capita real income. In contrast to periods since 1900, the study of economic growth during the earlier period has suffered academic neglect. There are only two major studies which make an attempt to examine economic trends in this period. Both these studies are found wanting with respect to concepts and procedures. The period from 1860 to 1913 presents serious problems in any study since there is a paucity of statistics which are at all reliable and useful. The most promising approach for overcoming this deficiency is to develop better sectoral statistics rather than to rely on aggregative data even when available. In order to gain a better understanding of the growth trends of the Indian economy over this period, the author constructed indices of major economic activities. These indices demonstrate that relatively high rate of economic growth prevailed in India before 1890. Subsequent developments in the Indian economy seem to consist of minor changes in the magnitudes of economic variables rather than fundamental structural changes. Thus, the Indian economy is shown to have enjoyed relatively high rates of growth only in the initial three decades of the hundred-year period, 1860-1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the demand for money in India in the 1970s. Theoretical models for the demand for money; Estimation of aggregate equations; Analysis of data on currency demand.

In recent literature it has been generally asserted that key sectors play an important role in initiating the process of economic development and diversification of the industrial structure of the economy and that a substantial part of investment should be made in the key sectors. The paper attempts to identify key sectors in the Indian Economy, empirically with the help of two alternative methods both based on the Leontief open static model. In this paper final demand of a particular sector as a proportion of the total final demand, has been used, as the weight to bring out the relative importance of a particular sector in the national economy. Several weights can be applied for bringing out the relative importance of the various sectors in the national economy. The selection of weights depends on the objective function of the planner. It should also be noted here that if the objective function of the planner is to maximize the short-term rate of growth then the appropriate matrix to analyze capital coefficient matrix.

This article presents a study which examined growth patterns across the regions of India by utilizing data from its economy. It has been possible to identify growth patterns among the different regions in India using the same analytical framework as applied to the study of growth patterns using international cross-section data. Interregional growth patterns display the same qualitative characteristics as international growth patterns. While the normal equations estimated in this study provide a satisfactory explanation for the changing structure of production and over time prediction, more satisfactory normal equations should be estimated. This, of course, means using additional explanatory variables, particularly those relating to the role of capital formation and interregional trade. A combination of cross-section and time series data is a meaningful way to study growth patterns. More work needs to be done based on time series data. The importance of size classification of the states is firmly established. This is in conformity with the findings from the use of international cross-section data. It is clear that even within the same country the size of different states cannot be ignored.

The study deals with some of the problems that American Multinational Corporations face in transferring management know-how to the developing area. The analysis shows that certain variables such as ownership, company size, nature of the technology, and product market characteristics seem to have an influential bearing on the management transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a comprehensive look at big business and marketing in India, stressing the social and economic differences between East and West. India's passion for education, research, and modernization as well as her yearning for the past have conflicting influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the role of curriculum development in nursing education with the economic and cultural development of India. Educational system of nursing in the country; Theories relating to culture and curriculum development; Stages of curriculum development.

Examines the urban development and employment in Calcutta, India. Description on the economic growth and subsequent stagnation of the city; Role of urban infrastructure development programs; Aims of a strategy for dealing with the employment problems of the city.

The article discusses economic aspects relating to China and India from 1952-1970, as well as the stability of their newly industrialized governments. The article focuses on the two countries' growth in terms of their foodgrains output, industrial production, and national income. Also included is an appendix on the comparison of the estimated growth rate with alternative estimates, as well as a summary of the findings. The article lists the tables, charts, and indexes that are included for easy reference.

The process of economic development of any country depends on the ratio of industrial activity to agricultural activity. When measured in terms of per capita income, economic development depends on a growing agricultural surplus. According to Jorgenson, "Both classical and neoclassical theories of development of a dual economy provide an explanation of the increase in the share of savings." The increase in the share of savings depends on a significant increasing agricultural surplus but not on the presence or absence of disguised unemployment. In a recent article by Bardhan and Bardhan, the price elasticity of marketed surplus food grains was estimated. The significance of neither the ratio of industrial output to the agricultural output nor the growing agricultural surplus in determining the savings ratio (S/Y) was established empirically. This paper attempts to investigate such a relationship in the Indian economy. I use annual time-series data for the period 1953-65. The conclusions of this study corroborate Jorgenson's hypotheses. Due to the significant presence of agricultural surplus, the industrial sector is viable. This has implications for disguised unemployment in Indian agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some models for the economic development of developing countries provide a shift of population from the agricultural to non-agricultural sector. The aim of the study cited in this article is to investigate the possibility of intersectoral transfers of population in the future. The supply of labor is estimated through the population growth in the non-agricultural sector, after allowing for a secular change in the labor force participation rates. The growth of national income in India during 1969-84 was expected by the Indian Planning Commission to be 5.5 per cent during the fourth plan. Before deriving the labor requirements of the non-agricultural sector, the capital-labor ratio for that sector is estimated. The marginal capital-labor ratio with the additional capital requirements is estimated to arrive at the demand for labor in this sector. To obtain the total labor force in the non-agricultural sector it requires a deduction of urban agricultural labor force from, and an addition of the labor force to, the labor force in the urban sector.

The article investigates the relationship between the levels of educational and economic development in India during the period 1950-1951 to 1970-1971. It examines the existence of a direct and significant relationship between the growth of education at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels and economic development, as measure by the per capita income at current prices. If the study shows positive results, it is again analyzed whether this should be interpreted as education-income relationship or as income-education effect.

Evaluates various papers focusing on social development in Asia. Land reforms and agrarian change in India; Examination of professional profiles and employment problems in selected countries; Analysis of the political sociology of the process of economic development; Agrarian framework for development.

Economic development is accompanied with changes in the intersectoral flows of intermediate goods. This structural change assumes certain patterns depending on the stage and nature of development of the economy. This paper examines such possible patterns and their implications on the basis of input-output analysis for the USA, Japan and India and suggests that the form of interaction between sectors is unilateral -- the matrix is either lower or upper triangular signifying the structure of the economy. It also measures the extent of structural change of the three countries and considers the employment implications of such change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic concentration in India is a topic of political debates and public commotions for more than a decade now. Unfortunately, despite all the rhetoric, there has been little study at the industry level to examine the trend of industrial concentration meaningfully. The objective of this paper is to determine whether concentration in 22 principal Indian industries had increased during the past two decades covering 1948-68 and encompassing three Five Year Plans, and the extent to which changes in industrial concentration had been associated with economic growth. By studying this longer sweep of years we hope to shed new light on the current controversy and their implications for possible policy changes. Two major goals of economic planning in India are the augmentation of national income at an accelerating rate and the decrease in inequities in various phases of economic life. The Industries Development and Regulation Act of 1951 stated, among its objectives, the prevention of concentration of ownership of industries. In order to achieve the objective of economic growth, the Government under all three Five Year Plans gave the priority to the program of massive industrialization both in capital and consumer goods industries.

The article compares the economic development achievements of China and India. This paper is based on my own firsthand research in the People's Republic of China and India during the second half of the 196O's, as well as information derived from numerous other sources. Economic development performance is reflected in such conventional indicators as gross national product and per capita income growth rates, industrial and agricultural output, etc. China has done considerably better than India in the last twenty-five years or so with regard to most indicators of economic development. The central thesis of this paper is that the willingness and ability of people to work relatively hard and effectively on a national scale for goals that inspire them are perhaps the most important factors in explaining a country's economic development, and that such willingness and ability stem chiefly from a country's social development, as defined above. The paper will focus on a number of aspects and indicators of social development which clearly seem to be associated with and highly relevant to explaining differences in the economic performance of these two countries. In fact, it appears that a good case can be made that there is a causative as well as a correlative relationship between various key aspects of social development and economic development performance.

The article examines the differences in the economic development experiences of China and India. In Section I the paper will assess the progress of modern China and India with respect to the three broad economic objectives of development. Section II will contrast the Chinese and Indian approaches to development, and in Section III the article will attempt to relate the differential progress of the two nations to differences in their basic approaches. The article will conclude in Section IV with some observations about the underlying reasons for the differences in the development experiences of modern China and India. Underlying the differing Chinese and Indian approaches to development are significant differences in the political-economic conditions that have characterized China since Liberation and India since Independence. A review of the political economy of the development experiences of China and India suggests that India has been paying not just the price of democracy but also the price of capitalism. The Chinese experience suggests that a pattern of development combining economic growth with an increasingly equitable and self-reliant society requires not only a stronger central authority but also a dramatic shift of political power away from those classes who benefit from inequality and foreign involvement.

The cooperative dairy movement in India has induced both social and economic changes that have gone far beyond the expectations of the men and women who pioneered it. Among the various districts of India, the people of Kaira District, for example, where cooperative dairying has been in existence for more than a quarter of a century, have experienced far-reaching changes as a result of their exposure to the cooperative economic enterprise, organization, and technology provided by the well-known milk cooperative—the Amul Dairy. In this paper we shall identify some of these changes under two broad categories—specific and general. As far as the specific changes are concerned, we shall support our presentation by means of case studies of three rural communities that were exposed to the milk co-ops and specifically surveyed by us for the purposes of this paper. The model that we have used to interpret our data (by means of a qualitative analysis) can be referred to as a constraint-catalyst model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents recommendations from a January 1979 seminar held in Bengal, India, of representatives from different voluntary agencies associated with the national adult education program. Three groups discussed program components (literacy, awareness, and functionality), integrating development with adult education, voluntary agencies and government coordination, learning motivation, and educational and economic development. (MF)

States that 99 percent of India's education budget is spent on formal education, which is not relevant to the needs of most Indians whose many languages and socioeconomic conditions require the traditional nonformal methods. Sharply criticizes others' emphasis on "elitist" imposition of uneconomic, one-language, formal educational methods. (MF)

This article presents a comparative economic history of China and India and their response to economic challenge. Together, the population of the two countries comprises one-third of the world population. Today the two countries are economically in an underdeveloped stage, with low per capita income but with several impressive scientific and technological achievements. Many of the facts and issues about these two countries are gigantic, that is, population, size, history, and even the problems and complexities. But China and India did not respond to the forces of the industrial revolution that in Europe transformed nations from poor peasant societies to modern developed ones. During the course of a century and a half they failed to exploit the epochal innovations of modern economic growth. These two then-advanced nations failed to meet the challenge of modern economic growth. At the same time, both Governments did not have a wide consensus supporting them, and hence, even in the raising of resources to meet administrative expenses, coercion had to be exercised. By 1950, these factors led to a major transfer of power in the two countries. For different reasons, but with the same result, the contact of China and India with the West remains a tragic case of missed opportunity.

This article presents a welfare economic analysis of the distributional consequences of growth. This study shall explore the similarities and differences between the absolute income and poverty and relative inequality approaches for a general dualistic development model and for three stylized special cases. Recent controversies over who received the benefits of growth in two less developed countries Brazil and India are examined in these terms. The preceding analysis has shown that under certain circumstances the absolute poverty and relative inequality approaches may give very different results concerning the distributional effects of growth in the dual economy. In light of these differences, the choice between the two types of measures should be based on the type of welfare judgments we wish to make.