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2. India's Information Technology Sector: What Contribution to Broader Economic Development? OECD Development Centre Working Paper, No. 207 (Formerly Technical Paper No. 207)
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Centre and Singh, Nirvikar
- Abstract
What contribution can information technology (IT) make to India's overall economic development? This paper provides an analytical framework centred around the concepts of comparative advantage, complementarities, and innovation. There is strong evidence that India has a strong and sustainable comparative advantage in software development and IT-enabled services. Complementarities -- in particular some form of domestic hardware industry as well as growing demand for software within the domestic market -- are also important to sustain the growth of the IT sector, as well as to broaden its developmental impact. The paper also reviews innovative experiments of IT use to improve interactions between citizens and governments, farmers and corporations, and students and teachers in rural areas. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of opportunities for future growth in IT-enabled services, constraints to such dynamics, and possible policy responses. India faces existing and potential bottlenecks in areas such as infrastructure, availability of a skilled labour force, and financing of entrepreneurial activity that can hinder the contribution of IT to broader economic development. Continuing and accelerating cross-cutting reforms in areas such as labour and investment laws and in privatisation is preferable to narrowly targeted tax subsidies and other incentives on the IT sector. (A bibliography is included. Contains 44 notes and 4 tables.)
- Published
- 2003
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3. Political competition and environment quality: a study of India.
- Author
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Neog Y, Singh MK, Yadava AK, and Gaur AK
- Subjects
- Fossil Fuels, Renewable Energy, India, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
The focus of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is to promote the use of renewable energy so that countries can achieve better environmental quality. However, the progression is plodding, and still, 80% of energy comes mainly from conventional sources in developing countries. The implementation of procedures depends on the political attitudes, political stability, and quality of institutions. India has a diverse political structure ranging from central government to state government to local governments. In the late '80 s, India witnessed a stiff rise in regional and national political parties, which leads more political competition. This paper tries to explain the possible relationship between political competition and CO
2 emission in India. With the application of the time series non-linear ARDL (NARDL) model, this study tries to find the asymmetric relationship between political competition and CO2 emission. In our empirical model, we also include other important elements of environmental quality like innovation and fossil fuel consumption. Empirical results show that political competition is asymmetrically related to CO2 emissions in the long run. Fossil fuel consumption and innovation also have a significant relationship with emissions. Based on the results, a few policy recommendations have been discussed., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
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4. The effects of Agriculture Productivity, Land Intensification, on Sustainable Economic Growth: A panel analysis from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan Economies.
- Author
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Yaqoob N, Ali SA, Kannaiah D, Khan N, Shabbir MS, Bilal K, and Tabash MI
- Subjects
- Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Economic Development, Agriculture methods
- Abstract
Population in South Asia is increasing ever than a faster rate, subsequently; food security, climate change, and capital intensive agro farming techniques are the prevailing challenges in this region. This is a tri-country penal analysis, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, and the study covers the data throughout (1973-2020). This study has used modern farm input data besides demographic variables in the study. In this study, we use panel data set, ARDL (PMG) approach, autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group, which is an extensively dynamic modeling technique for heterogeneous data. The results of the study explore that transition in the demographic pattern in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh is the real cause of low crop productivity and land intensification. Technology innovation is the only ray of hope to fulfill the food demand of the future ahead and climate agriculture practices can hamper the further deterioration of the small farmlands., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2023
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5. Tradition for Development: Indigenous Structures and Folk Media in Non-Formal Education. Report and Papers from the International Seminar on The Use of Indigenous Social Structures and Traditional Media in Non-Formal Education and Development (Berlin, West Germany. November 5-12, 1980).
- Author
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German Foundation for International Development, Bonn (West Germany)., International Council for Adult Education, Toronto (Ontario)., Kidd, Ross, and Colletta, Nat
- Abstract
Case studies and seminar reports are provided that were presented at an international seminar to examine field experiences in using a culture-based approach to nonformal education. Part I, containing an introductory paper and nine case studies, focuses on indigenous institutions and processes in health, family planning, agriculture, basic education, and conscientization. The introductory paper discusses indigenous sociocultural forms as a basis for nonformal education and development. Seven countries are represented in the case studies: Indonesia, Bolivia, Java (Indonesia), Upper Volta, Botswana, India, and Bali (Indonesia). Section II focuses on the performing arts in both mass campaigns and community nonformal education programs. An introductory paper overviews folk media, popular theater, and conflicting strategies for social change in the third world. The seven case studies consider the specific strategies used in Brazil, Sierra Leone, China, India, Mexico, Jamaica, and Africa. Section III contains the seminar reports developed from discussions of the four regional working groups: Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. A summary of plenary discussions is also provided. (YLB)
- Published
- 1980
6. Literacy in Development: People, Language and Power. Papers Given at, Relating to and Produced by the International Seminar Held at the Commonwealth Institute for International Literacy Year (London, England, April 6-7, 1990).
- Author
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Education for Development, King's Lynn (England)., Commonwealth Inst., London (England)., and Street, Brian
- Abstract
This report consists of papers given at, relating to, and produced by an international seminar that emphasized sharing practical experience and analyzing conditions necessary to set up and sustain a literacy program. The first section provides an "Introduction" (James Porter) and "Background to the Seminar" (Alan Rogers). Opening session papers include "The Meaning of Illiteracy: Moving from Rhetoric to Reality" (Manzoor Ahmed) and "Women, Literacy, and Development" (Lalage Bown). Information on organization of the workshops is followed by the "Seminar Programme Introductory Talk to Workshop Leaders" (Brian Street). The following papers and reports are provided for four workshops: "Literacy in Zambia: Human and Economic Crisis" (David Alexander); "The Relationship of Nonformal Education and Development" (David Stephens); "Which Literacies?" (Brian Street); "Definitions and Politics" (Didacus Jules); "Reflections on the Botswana National Literacy Programme" (E. K. Townsend Coles); "Case Studies from India" (Moitraye Mukhapadyaya); "Ideology and Curriculum" (Juliet McCaffrey); and "Appropriate Materials and Method in Literacy Teaching" (L. S. Saraswathi). A report to the plenary session is provided for each workshop. An "Afterword" (L. S. Saraswathi), "Comments on Workshops" (Brian Street, Alan Rogers), and a list of speakers and workshop leaders conclude the report. (YLB)
- Published
- 1990
7. EKC hypothesis testing and environmental impacts of transportation infrastructure investments in China, Turkey, India, and Japan.
- Author
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Wang W, Ali A, Wang H, Feng Y, and Dai S
- Subjects
- Japan, Turkey, Environmental Pollution analysis, Environment, China, Investments, India, Carbon analysis, Economic Development, Carbon Dioxide analysis
- Abstract
A key strategy for social development and sustainable urban expansion is building sustainable and affordable transport systems. In this study, we aim to test the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and reveal the impact of infrastructure investment in transportation systems in China, Turkey, India, and Japan over the period 1995-2020 on environmental degradation. According to dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) method analysis, per capita GDP and per capita GDP
3 have a significant positive impact on per capita CO2 emission, while per capita GDP2 has a significant adverse impact on per capita CO2 emission. These results confirm the validity of the N-shaped EKC assumption, while inconsistent with the results of the FMOLS technique, showing that per capita GDP is significantly positive, while per capita GDP2 and per capita GDP3 have a significant negative impact on per capita carbon emissions. Moreover, as clarified by the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and DOLS methods, road infrastructure investment (RO), aviation infrastructure investment, trade openness, and foreign direct investment (FDI) have significant positive effects, while railway infrastructure investment (RA) has a significant negative effect on per capita carbon emission. Country-level estimates of per capita carbon emission-based DOLS strategies in the model show that only China and Japan have N-shaped EKC hypothesis. Road infrastructure investment, aviation infrastructure investment, and trade openness have significant positive effects, while railway infrastructure investment has a significant negative effect on per capita CO2 emission in selected central and east Asian countries. The latest electrified rail systems are well thought out and less polluting, so the contribution of rail infrastructure investment to the transport mix can support sustainable and safe transport systems at city center and intercity levels and reduce environmental pollution in central and east Asian countries. Moreover, the implementation of the basic environmental settings of trade agreements should be strengthened to condense the growing impact of free trade on environmental pollution., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
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8. Exploring the asymmetric effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth and environmental quality: evidence from India.
- Author
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Mishra BR, Arjun, and Tiwari AK
- Subjects
- India, Carbon, Politics, China, Economic Development, Carbon Dioxide analysis
- Abstract
In recent years, environmental issues have become controversial, and policymakers are discovering new predictors of carbon emissions. Some economists/researchers have advocated for fiscal decentralization to improve the quality of the environment by offering more financial authority to provincial/local and sub-national governments. Therefore, this work aims to inspect the effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth and environmental quality in India by taking data from 1996 to 2021. This work applies both ARDL and NARDL econometric models for empirical examination. The findings of this study suggest that expenditure decentralization has asymmetric long-term and short-term consequences on economic growth, and carbon emission in India. The result of the asymmetric ARDL model also indicates that positive and negative shock in expenditure decentralization contrarily affects economic growth and carbon emission. Moreover, the positive and negative shock in revenue decentralization helps in reducing carbon emissions both in the long run and short run in India. These outcomes are useful for policy analysis from the Indian economic policy perspective. The study also laid out potential outcomes that may benefit India's local governments and central government in resolving the issues of economic growth and environmental degradation., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2023
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9. Knowledge as Currency: A Comparative Exploration of the Relationship between Education Expenditure and Gross Domestic Product in the European Union and BRICS Countries
- Author
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Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) and Otto, Michelle
- Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the percentage of expenditure on public education of a country and the effect that each percentage mark has on the economic growth, and therefore Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. The goal of this paper is to explore how investment in education impacts the economic growth of a country through the production of more skilled workers in the workforce. This paper aims to draw a comparison between the BRICS countries, and a representative number of the countries in the European Union to compare the investment, process and product delivered through these groupings. By looking at the production function from a Marxist perspective it is inevitable to notice that the error coefficient is significantly higher within the BRICS countries than in the European Union, which is reflected in the rate of economic growth. This paper would be of interest to economists, education policy makers, researchers, and scholars.
- Published
- 2020
10. Investigating the nexus between carbonization and industrialization under Kaya's identity: findings from novel multivariate quantile on quantile regression approach.
- Author
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Das N, Gangopadhyay P, Bera P, and Hossain ME
- Subjects
- Carbon Dioxide analysis, India, Policy, Industrial Development, Economic Development
- Abstract
Developing nations aim to industrialize and grow sustainably often ignoring the environmental consequences. However, few empirical studies have looked at the influence of industrialization-driven economic transition on carbon footprint in developing nations using a non-parametric approach. In this milieu, on the ground of Kaya's identity and the novel multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) (extension of Sim and Zhou's (2015) bivariate QQR model), the present research studies the impact of industrial value-added (IGVA), population, energy intensity, and carbon intensity on CO
2 emissions in India. This study is one of the first in the literature to evaluate the industrialization-carbonization nexus in the context of Kaya's identity for the Indian economy utilizing an innovative multivariate QQR approach, which makes a methodological and empirical addition to the literature. The outcomes of the multivariate QQR technique demonstrate that economic and environmental development requires continual long-run strategies. The empirical findings revealed that there is no authentication that India's carbon emissions increased due to its industrialization, which exhibited that IGVA has a negative and significant connection with CO2 emissions. In some quantiles, population size positively impacts CO2 emissions. On the other hand, carbonization in the Indian economy is asymmetrically affected by GDP per capita and energy and carbon intensity. The quantile Granger causality study further supported the aforementioned results. The current analysis also offers policy suggestions for environmentally friendly sustainable economic growth and to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of India., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
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11. Examining the potential role of ICT diffusion on green growth: does financial development matter in BRICS economies?
- Author
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Tang Y, Chen W, Chen S, and Sohail MT
- Subjects
- Humans, Investments, China, India, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
Green growth refers to the economic growth strategy, which is less detrimental to natural assets, predominantly the environment. Therefore, the main motive of investment and innovation activities should be to attain economic growth while sustainably utilizing natural assets. In this regard, we aim to explore whether ICT diffusion and financial development matter for attaining green economic growth in BRICS economies. The long-run autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) results show that internet development exerts a positive influence on green growth in four BRICS economies excluding India. However, the long-run estimates of mobile cellular subscriptions are positive only in Russia and China. On the other side, the increase in bank credit and insurance premium also contributes to the long-run green economic growth in almost all BRICS economies. Policymakers should focus on the increased use of ICT in the economy that would replace the physical resources in the economy with information resources. Besides, financial services should be provided to individuals and small and medium enterprises involved in green consumption and production activities., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2023
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12. Does globalization and energy usage influence carbon emissions in South Asia? An empirical revisit of the debate.
- Author
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Adeleye BN, Akam D, Inuwa N, James HT, and Basila D
- Subjects
- Humans, Asia, Southern, India, Internationality, Renewable Energy, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
The 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 agenda hinges on attaining a sustainable environment with the need to "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". Hence, this study empirically revisits the debate on the effect of nonrenewable energy and globalization on carbon emissions within the framework of the Kuznets hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data from seven South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) covering 1980-2019. The variables of interest are carbon emissions measured in metric tons per capita, energy use measured as kg of oil equivalent per capita, and globalization index. To address five main objectives, we deploy four techniques: panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE), feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), quantile regression (QR), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). For the most part, the findings reveal that the (1) inverted U-shaped energy-Kuznets curve holds; (2) U-shaped globalization-Kuznets curve is evident; (3) inverted U-shaped turning points for nonrenewable energy are 496.03 and 640.84, while for globalization are 38.83 and 39.04, respectively; (4) globalization-emission relationship indicates a U-shaped relationship at the median and 75th quantile; and (5) inverted U-shaped energy-Kuznets holds in Pakistan but a U-shaped nexus prevails in Nepal and Sri Lanka; inverted U-shaped globalization-Kuznets holds in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, but U-shaped nexus is evident in Bhutan, Maldives, and Nepal. Deductively, our results show that South Asia countries (at early stage of development) are faced with the hazardous substance that deteriorates human health. Moreover, the non-linear square term of the nonrenewable energy-emissions relationship is negative, which validates the inverted U-shaped EKC theory. Overall, the effect of energy and globalization on carbon emissions is opposite while the consistency at the 75th quantile result indicates that countries with intense globalization are prone to environmental degradation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
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13. Studying financial inclusion, energy poverty, and economic development of South Asian countries.
- Author
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Li Z, Hasan MM, and Lu Z
- Subjects
- India, Policy, Asia, Southern, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Renewable Energy, Economic Development, Poverty
- Abstract
This research investigated the association between financial inclusion, energy poverty alleviation, and economic development in South Asian countries and found significant connections. In order to make multilateral conclusions, we have created a panel of data for nations in South Asia and estimated not only the dynamic panel estimation but also the panel unit root, Kao (1999) estimates, and the ARDL tests for each country. A significant association between financial inclusion and economic development and poverty reduction is discovered by using dynamic panel estimates. Economic development has also been shown to have a favorable influence on energy poverty alleviation. According to the findings of the ARDL analysis, financial inclusion has a beneficial influence on economic development. Financial inclusion and economic growth have reciprocal causalities in energy poverty alleviation, as shown by the study's testing of this association. As a result, it is acceptable to infer that financial inclusion favors economic development and poverty reduction in South Asia. The study also suggests the policy implications for stakeholders., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2023
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14. The nexus of environment-related technologies and consumption-based carbon emissions in top five emitters: empirical analysis through dynamic common correlated effects estimator.
- Author
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Hussain M and Khan JA
- Subjects
- Technology, China, India, Renewable Energy, Economic Development, Carbon Dioxide analysis
- Abstract
Climate action got attention from the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Although a large number of studies are investigating the said phenomenon, however, the literature on the top five responsible countries is unable to evaluate the role of environment-related technologies (ERTs) and institutional quality (IQ). The top five consumption-based carbon dioxide (CBCO
2 ) emitting economies, i.e., China, India, Japan, Russia, and the USA, are considerable stakeholders in this challenge. To fill this void, with the latest data available from 1992 to 2017, short- and long-run relationships are estimated with dynamic common correlated effects estimator and augmented mean group in the framework of EKC hypothesis. Reported results indicate the negative effect of ERTs and IQ towards CBCO2 , which means that adoption of ERTs and better IQ is supportive in controlling environmental degradation. Findings are also robust to the policy implications for the UN's SDGs., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
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15. Tourism adaptability amid the climate change and air pollution in BRICS: a method of moments quantile regression approach.
- Author
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Shah MI, Khan Z, Moise ML, and Abbas S
- Subjects
- Humans, Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Tourism, China, South Africa, Brazil, India, Russia, Economic Development, Air Pollution
- Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to look at how environmental degradation in the form of climate change and air pollution affect international tourism for five countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) over the years 1990-2019. Other independent variables include information and communication technology (ICT) and democracy. We also look at the role of environmental regulation to see the validity of porter hypothesis in the tourism sector. To achieve this objective, we apply a novel method of moments quantile regression approach as well as a robust causality technique. The result shows that at lower and medium quantile, CO
2 emission has positive impact on tourism while at higher quantile, CO2 emission has negative but insignificant effect on tourism in BRICS countries. The result for PM2.5 is uniform across all the quantiles, showing the negative effect on tourism. ICT and human capital positively affect the tourism while democracy has negative impact on the tourism sector of the BRICS nations. The result also validated the Porter hypothesis for tourism sector. We conclude that tourism industry stakeholders and the environmental policymakers must work together to integrate tourism policies with BRICS countries' environmental conservation policies as part of the transition to sustainable tourism industry., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2022
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16. Paper Industry.
- Subjects
PAPER industry ,ECONOMIC development ,PAPER products ,FOREIGN investments ,PRINTING paper ,PACKAGING ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
The article offers information on the outlook for the paper industry in India. Topics discussed include the impact of printing paper market and packaging on the industry as well as the role of the industry towards the economic development, the exportation of paper products from April-September 2017, and the foreign direct investment (FDI) in the pulp and paper sector.
- Published
- 2017
17. Higher Education and Development: A Selection of Papers Presented to the Golden Jubilee Seminar.
- Author
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Association of Indian Universities, New Delhi (India). and Association of Indian Universities, New Delhi (India).
- Abstract
Selected papers on higher education and development that were presented to the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the Association of Indian Universities are presented. Topics include development and underdevelopment, recent trends in development strategy, and India in the 1980's and 1990's. Contents include the following: "Development and Underdevelopment: Kerala and Uttar Pradesh," by B. K. Nayar; "Higher Education and Development," by A. B. Shah; "Development and Underdevelopment," by Durgadas Roy; "Notes on Some Aspects of the Strategy of Economic Development in India," by Ranjit Sau; "Anti-Development on a World Scale," by Narindar Singh; "Transfer of Technology, Development, and Underdevelopment," by P. V. Indiresan; "Higher Education and National Development," by J. N. Kapur;"Education and Development Strategy," by S.C. Goel; "Higher Education and Development Changing Strategies in the Indian Context," by J. Veeraraghavan; "Some Reflections on the Strategy of Human Resource Development in Developing Economies," by P. D. Shrimali; "Education and Social Change," by B. V. Shah; "Recent Trends in the Strategy of Educational Development," by Satish Chandra; "Agricultural Sciences and Higher Education in India," by G. Rangaswami; "Education and Dynamics of Development," by Gunvant B. Shah; "The Indian University in the 80's and 90's," by Amrik Singh; "India in the 80's and 90's," by P. G. Deo; "Higher Education in 1980's and 90's in India," by N. V. Subba Rao; and "India in 1980's and Relation to Higher Education," by G. R. Mhaisekar. (SW)
- Published
- 1975
18. Working Paper: 'Towards a Dynamic Adult Education Programme'.
- Abstract
This working paper from the annual conference of the Indian Adult Education Association briefly describes the current state of adult education in India and outlines important steps that should be taken to make adult education an integral part of national development. (SK)
- Published
- 1980
19. Analyzing the role of meteorological parameters and CO 2 emissions towards crop production: empirical evidence from South Asian countries.
- Author
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Ul-Haq Z, Mehmood U, Tariq S, Qayyum F, Azhar A, and Nawaz H
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Crop Production, Edible Grain chemistry, Humans, India, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
It is need of the hour to investigate the impacts of climate parameters on agricultural production in a developing region of South Asia. Therefore, this work attempts to explore the climatic indicators on agricultural production for selected South Asian countries over the annual data of 1961-2016. This study estimates the impacts of rainfall, temperature, rural population, land under cereal production, and CO
2 emissions (ECO2 ) on agricultural production. For empirical analysis, we applied second-generation unit root tests. After examining the order of integration of time series, we check for the co-integration among the variables. Before the co-integration test, we check for cross-section dependence among the variables. CD and LM tests confirm the existence of cross-section dependence. Afterward, we apply the Westerlund co-integration test to confirm the strong association among the variables. Further, we applied two methods for long-run coefficients of independent variables. Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) tests were applied to cross-check the findings. Our findings show that rural population and rainfall are negatively associated with agricultural production. Moreover, temperature, land area under cereal production, and ECO2 are positively associated with agricultural production. Our findings shed light on some important policy implications for South Asian countries., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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20. The Multinational Society: Papers of the Ljubljana Seminar.
- Author
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Mackey, William F. and Verdoodt, Albert
- Abstract
The Ljubljana seminar, whose background and working papers are presented in this volume, was an outcome of the United Nations' consideration of the problems of ethnic and linguistic minorities. The twenty-five papers cover topics such as the study of multinational societies; the protection of minorities and minority rights in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, the Soviet Union, India, Africa, Southeast Asia, Israel, Britain, and the Caribbean; cultural diversity; and immigrant problems. Chapters 1-3 are background papers, commissioned by the United Nations Secretariat in preparation for the seminar. Chapters 4-23 are working papers, contributed by the participants and presented in regional groups, starting with Central Europe and going on to include Asia, Africa, and North America. (Author/CLK)
- Published
- 1975
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