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The primary purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the causes of educational poverty in less developed countries. The basic intent in carrying out such a study is to define and derive the role of governing agencies in deliberately creating educational poverty in the country, so that the private interest of the rich and powerful ruling class can be fully safeguarded. This study is of crucial interest to the common man because majority of the people living in less developed countries are poor in spite of the fact, that almost all these countries own ample human and material resources. However, the common man in these countries is continuously suffering, generation after generation, and has been denied access to basic amenities of life. The rich and powerful ruling class, in majority of the less developed countries, has intentionally denied basic education facilities to its people for keeping them ignorant and unaware of their fundamental rights to share national resources and to gain competence for comfortable living in the society. The paper advocates a complete reversal in economic growth policies of the less developed countries so that top priority is given to those projects and programs that directly benefit the common man in the society. In this respect, the author calls for awareness among the people to exercise their economic and social rights so that people of all the strata can share equally the fruits of growth and prosperity.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of university education on the economy of various countries. Design/methodology/approach: To determine the necessity and expedience of making provision for the effectiveness of university education on the market economy, this work uses the method of regression and correlation analysis. Evaluation of effectiveness of the system of university education is performed separately for students, state, and employers by taking as example countries with specially developed formulas. Findings: The authors substantiate the necessity for provision of effectiveness of university education on the market economy, view the effective system of university education as a basis for the development of a knowledge economy, determine approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of university education on the market economy, perform evaluation of effectiveness of the system of university education by the example of various countries, determine its connection with indicators of economic growth and development, and provide recommendations for provision of effectiveness of the system of university education on modern market economies. Practical implications: The practical value of results of the conducted research consists in the possibility to use the developed formulas for determining the level of effectiveness of the system of university education on various countries of the world. Originality/value: Theoretical value of this paper consists in the possibility for the application of authors' conclusions and recommendations in the process of development of the policy of management of effectiveness of university education system.

The promotion of US-Indian higher education partnerships affects those students who are most marginalized. This article explores the development, implementation, and reception of such partnerships to meet the needs of students who remain on the borders of educational access in India. This article addresses the ways higher education policies systematically universalize the marginalization of certain students, explores the impact of how policies of partnerships will address the needs of such students, and seeks to explore how administrators in higher education institutions see the growth of such partnerships shifting the status quo of privilege and power. Through the evaluation of policy papers, historical documents, media reports, survey data and informal conversations with stakeholders, the findings will address the underlying consequences and effects on higher education policy development in India. This article seeks to deconstruct the directions such relationships might take and consider the impact on students who remain on the periphery of higher education in India.

While higher education is regarded a high priority for economic development in many countries, public budgets often fall short to support desired levels of expansion in higher education. This leads to cost-sharing: students and their families are required to contribute more to the costs of higher education. This paper explores worldwide trends to cope with this issue based on the following questions: Is it fair to ask for larger contributions from students? What are the global patterns and forms of higher private shares in the costs of higher education? And what is the impact of cost-sharing on higher education access and equity? (Contains 4 tables and 2 footnotes.)

The author reflects on an article which focused on the operation of non-Information Technology (IT) businesses operating in Bangalore, India. The author suggests the use of a useful and policy-relevant discussion on the comparison of the city's non-IT businesses with the industrial growth and development in the U.S. The author also claims that the paper does not present credible tests to demonstrate the there is no spillover effect from the emergence of IT business in the city to the other parts of the local economy.

• Decoupling of GDP from all energy sources under multiple principles are examined. • World economy achieved weak energy decoupling in most years during 2000–2011. • World economy coupled with coal use and tended to couple with cleaner energy use. • None of studied economies achieved long-term GDP-embodied energy decoupling. • Decoupling delusions occurred when only considering direct and total energy use. Decoupling indicators are widely used to understand links between economic growth and energy use. However, traditional decoupling analyses mostly focus on domestic energy consumption (i.e., the production-based principle) and neglect off-site energy use across global supply chains to satisfy an economy's final consumption (i.e., the consumption-based principle). Moreover, analyses for total primary energy conceal an economy's preference for different energy sources. Therefore, this paper evaluates decoupling states of GDP from all types of primary energy use under consumption-based principle, for world economy and eight typical economies during 2000–2011. Regarding total primary energy, world economy witnessed weak decoupling in most years, and most economies studied (e.g., USA, Japan and China) achieved decoupling initially but performed negative decoupling finally. For EU, USA, Japan, Russia and India, production-based decoupling performances were generally better than consumption-based ones. Decoupling phenomena detected under production-based principle even became coupling or negative decoupling under consumption-based principle in some cases. As for each energy source, world economy decoupled from oil use, but still coupled with coal use, and gradually showed a trend to couple with natural gas and renewables use. Different energy sources showed distinct decoupling degrees from GDP, affected by individual embodied energy requirement structure. This paper uncovers potential energy decoupling delusions to deepen the understanding of relationships between energy use and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of China is the primary cause of changing strategic dynamics in Asia. China's growing economic, military and political weight is shaping regional and individual destinies of its neighbours, particularly in Southeast Asia. Despite the academic debate over its future, Chinese influence is burgeoning and this has major implications for other Asian powers such as India, Japan, Russia, and the offshore balancer, the United States. This paper examines Chinese strategic gains in the Southeast Asian region in the areas of trade, regional diplomacy and cross-border connectivity. It also seeks to understand why India, unlike China, has not managed to integrate as closely with Southeast Asia despite using policies similar to that of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The premise that rural planning is place specific is demonstrated in this paper by tracing the changing emphasis of rural planning in the US and India. Approaches to rural development in the two countries, particularly as pertinent to the agriculture sector, intersected following Indian independence in 1947. Indian planners drew on the experience of the US at inducing changes in agriculture based on scientific experimentation and a government-financed extension system for dissemination and adoption and developed similar systems for India. Salient aspects of rural planning in the two countries are delineated including historical settlement, modern farms, corporate farms, globalization, rural services, poverty alleviation, equity, access, and environmental, economic and social sustainability. Their two trajectories illustrate how the emphasis of rural planning in each country is shaped by the complex specificities of rural places. The current convergence in the US and India on environmental sustainability, communications systems, housing, education, job training, and areas of inequity reflect global trends in rural planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development is accompanied with changes in the intersectoral flows of intermediate goods. This structural change assumes certain patterns depending on the stage and nature of development of the economy. This paper examines such possible patterns and their implications on the basis of input-output analysis for the USA, Japan and India and suggests that the form of interaction between sectors is unilateral -- the matrix is either lower or upper triangular signifying the structure of the economy. It also measures the extent of structural change of the three countries and considers the employment implications of such change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to provide detailed quantitative analysis of Indian contributions on thorium in terms of publications output as per International Nuclear Information System database during 1970-2004. A total of 2399 papers were published by the Indian scientists in the field of thorium. There were only nine publications in 1970. Thereafter, a steady growth was observed except for the period 1983-1985. The highest papers (188) ware published in the year 2000. USA with 8049 (28.05 per cent) and India with 2399 (8.30 per cent) publications were the top two countries who published work on thorium. Authorship and collaboration trend was towards multi-authored papers as 65.70 per cent of the papers were collaborative. There were 79 international collaborative papers. Bilateral collaboration accounted for 90.14 per cent of total collaborative papers. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai topped the list with 1251 authorships followed by Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam with 168, Atomic Minerals Division, Hyderabad with 71, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar with 43 and Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics. Kolkata with 31 authorships, respectively. The journals most preferred by the scientists for publication of papers were: Journal of the Indian Chemical Society with 78 papers, followed by the Indian Journal of Chemistry A with 60 papers, Bulletin of Radiation Protection with 56 papers, Journal of Radio Analytical and Nuclear Chemistry with 54 papers, Radiation Protection and Environment with 37 papers, Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals and Journal of Geological Society of India with 35 papers each. English was the most predominant language used by the scientists for communication. The high frequency keywords were: thorium (559), uranium (316), thorium oxides (269), India (257), solvent extraction (236), quantitative chemical analysis (221) and thorium 232 (202). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To help marginalized people break out of their cycle of oppression and poverty we need to implement long term integrated policies focusing on all four of their environments: material, physiological, personal and social. This paper will present a policy framework, The Policy Mandala, and illustrate its usefulness with the comparative experience of Dalits (Scheduled Castes) in India and ALANA (African Latino Asian and Native American) people in the USA, in their struggle for economic and social liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern growth theory suggests that more than three-quarters of growth since 1950 reflects rising educational attainment and research intensity. As these transition dynamics fade, US economic growth is likely to slow at some point. However, the rise of China, India, and other emerging economies may allow another few decades of rapid growth in world researchers. Finally, and more speculatively, the shape of the idea production function introduces a fundamental uncertainty into the future of growth. For example, the possibility that artificial intelligence will allow machines to replace workers to some extent could lead to higher growth in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Taller children perform better on average on tests of cognitive achievement, in part because of differences in early-life health and net nutrition. Recent research documenting this height–achievement slope has primarily focused on rich countries. Using the India Human Development Survey, a representative sample of 40,000 households which matches anthropometric data to learning tests, this paper documents a height–achievement slope among Indian children. The height–achievement slope in India is more than twice as steep as in the U.S. An earlier survey interviewed some IHDS children''s households eleven years before. Including matched early-life control variables reduces the apparent effect of height, but does not eliminate it; water, sanitation, and hygiene may be particularly important for children''s outcomes. Being one standard deviation taller is associated with being 5 percentage points more likely to be able to write, a slope that falls only to 3.4 percentage points controlling for a long list of contemporary and early-life conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Much of the recent worldwide trend towards devolution has been driven by the belief that fiscal decentralisation is likely to have a positive effect on government efficiency and economic growth. It is generally assumed that the transfer of powers and resources to lower tiers of government allows for a better matching of public policies to local needs and thus for a better allocation of resources. These factors, in turn, are expected to lead to an improvement in regional economic performance, if subnational authorities shift resources from current to capital expenditures in search of a better response to local needs. In this paper we test these assumptions empirically by analysing the evolution of subnational expenditure categories and regional growth in Germany, India, Mexico, Spain, and the USA. We find that, contrary to expectations, decentralisation has coincided in the sample countries with a relative increase in current expenditures at the expense of capital expenditures, which has been associated with lower levels of economic growth in countries where devolution has been driven from above (India and Mexico), but not in Spain, where it has been driven from below. We hypothesise that the differences in legitimacy between the central or federal government and subnational governments in top-down and bottom-up processes of devolution may be at the origin of the diverse capacity to deliver greater allocative and productive efficiency and, eventually, greater economic growth by devolved governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the U.S. Congress concern on the rising education in India and China that would affect the U.S. Competitiveness. It informs that the Business Trends Library assumes economic growth has been very slow and does not cause society to change significantly during a human life. It reflects that increasing consumption by post-industrial countries have created increasing imports of materials from outside and for this they must find means of paying. It informs that the countries including the U.S. and Great Britain are US are moving out of the mass production phase of economic development into the new level of post industrial development.

The study deals with some of the problems that American Multinational Corporations face in transferring management know-how to the developing area. The analysis shows that certain variables such as ownership, company size, nature of the technology, and product market characteristics seem to have an influential bearing on the management transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on institutional theory and using a methodology adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), early stage entrepreneurial activities are examined within American Indian nations. Examining a context within a larger institutional context, comparisons are made between three American Indian nations and the United States. Patterns are identified regarding total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), nascent entrepreneurship, business discontinuation and new and established business rates. Additional analyses are conducted of individual-level variables within American Indian nations including location, self-efficacy and other variables in relation to nascent entrepreneurship and business ownership. Implications are drawn for tribal entrepreneurship development and further extension of the GEM methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent economic growth in India has raised its potential to be an economic giant, along with the United States and China. One unique aspect of the Indian economy is that tremendous economic growth has been achieved despite weak infrastructure, resource shortages, and other travails that restrict growth in emerging economies. Recent economic explanations suggest that institutions supporting the economy and economic development are vital to sustained economic growth and may even be more important than infrastructure development. Examining the historic context of the Indian economy, we contend that vital market institutions were always present in India and that economic reforms have unleashed the full potential of these institutions. Using some industry examples, the authors argue that economic policies that strengthen market institutions may be more important compared to conventional policies geared toward infrastructure development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Durban Platform process towards a new global climate agreement has thrown open for debate all issues, including those earlier settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Any new compact must ensure sharply reduced global emissions as required by science, while adhering to principles of equity between nations regarding utilisation of the atmospheric commons. India faces serious difficulties in reconciling international expectations and domestic developmental priorities. India's recent economic growth, increased emissions and great power ambitions suggest greater need and capacity for mitigation whereas its continuing burden of income and energy poverty severely inhibits additional commitments. This article examines the factors driving India's negotiating position. It argues that an equitable development perspective within India, a clearer appreciation of climate science and its likely impacts, and a more balanced view of its diplomatic interests especially in the global South, would yield a more coherent position than a US or first world-driven agenda and inevitable defensive reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the threat of global climate change grows increasingly dire, we are faced with the challenge of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) (the leading greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere. There is much debate about what are the most effective strategies for meeting this challenge. In this debate, one prominent question centers on whether reducing the carbon intensity of the economy (CO2 emissions per dollar of gross domestic product) will help reduce total CO2 emissions. Some argue that improvements in the carbon efficiency of the economy will allow us to reduce CO2 emissions even in the face of economic growth. Others suggest that improving carbon efficiency may not only be insufficient to counter the effects of economic growth, it may actually spur the expansion of production and consumption, and thereby lead to an escalation of CO2 emissions. Here, I address this issue by examining trends in carbon intensity and total CO2 emissions in the world as a whole and in the five nations that emit the most CO2: China, the United States, Russia, India, and Japan. I find that in recent years the carbon intensity of the world as a whole and in these major emitters has generally declined (i.e., carbon efficiency has improved), yet total emissions have generally risen. This suggests that improving efficiency is unlikely to reduce total CO2 emissions. Therefore, in order to reduce CO2 emissions it will likely be necessary to challenge the growth ideology common to the modern era and shift societies to economic systems that are not dependent on growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1947, Harry S. Truman could scarcely imagine that "anyone thought [India] was important." But only a decade later, Senator John F. Kennedy put forward a radically different appraisal of the value of India, and the strategic meaning of poverty. The sheer scale of India's deprivation, he argued, made it the decisive ideological battleground, and "a world power with a world audience" in its own right. In the minds of American planners, India's position at the center of a line of containment gradually gave way to its more crucial function as a model of economic development. The goal of representing India as an authentically Western model, distinct from China, underlay an aid relationship that created the "problem" of hunger and then made solving it an international goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the long-term economic growth of India between 1870 and 1970. The major point examined by the authors is the consistency of various estimates of long-term Indian economic growth within a comparative framework, where comparisons are made with experience in the U.S. The contemporary experience of India and the U.S. is used as a criteria to examine Indian historic growth in the light of likely structural changes in the two economies during the past century. The national growth rates of India and the U.S. for 1870 is 9.1 percent at exchange rates, or an eleven-fold gap. If this difference were to be closed in fifty years with the U.S. growing at 1 percent per capita, it would have required India to grow at 5.8 percent per capita. Another feature of the India-U.S. comparisons is that apparently the differential between exchange rate and purchasing power parities (PPP) estimates of relative income has increased. This is consistent with contemporary cross sections where the difference between PPP and the exchange rate is directly proportional to the difference in real income between the countries.

The article discusses problems of economic growth in the poorer nations that became a major foreign policy concern of the wealthy and powerful nations of the world. The relative progress in the development of the two countries, India and China, is of great significance. There were strong parallels in their preplan structure and strong contrasts between China's totalitarian and India's democratic programs. Their performance relative to one another may influence the programs adopted by other, now less advanced, countries. It will certainly bear upon the United States and Soviet foreign policies. Furthermore, the record of the course of development in these two lands provides a unique opportunity for examining the process of development as such. Structural unemployment, underutilized resources, overurbanization, nonmonetized savings and investment flows-these are illustrative of the types of problems that must be understood and treated if there are to be steady output gains in most of today's underdeveloped areas.