35 results
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2. Tourism adaptability amid the climate change and air pollution in BRICS: a method of moments quantile regression approach.
- Author
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Shah MI, Khan Z, Moise ML, and Abbas S
- Subjects
- Humans, Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Tourism, China, South Africa, Brazil, India, Russia, Economic Development, Air Pollution
- Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to look at how environmental degradation in the form of climate change and air pollution affect international tourism for five countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) over the years 1990-2019. Other independent variables include information and communication technology (ICT) and democracy. We also look at the role of environmental regulation to see the validity of porter hypothesis in the tourism sector. To achieve this objective, we apply a novel method of moments quantile regression approach as well as a robust causality technique. The result shows that at lower and medium quantile, CO
2 emission has positive impact on tourism while at higher quantile, CO2 emission has negative but insignificant effect on tourism in BRICS countries. The result for PM2.5 is uniform across all the quantiles, showing the negative effect on tourism. ICT and human capital positively affect the tourism while democracy has negative impact on the tourism sector of the BRICS nations. The result also validated the Porter hypothesis for tourism sector. We conclude that tourism industry stakeholders and the environmental policymakers must work together to integrate tourism policies with BRICS countries' environmental conservation policies as part of the transition to sustainable tourism industry., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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3. Analysis of income inequality and environmental pollution in BRICS using fresh asymmetric approach.
- Author
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Zhao W, Hafeez M, Maqbool A, Ullah S, and Sohail S
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, Environmental Pollution, Income, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
With rapid economic growth, BRICS is facing enormous burdens of carbon emission and severe issues of income inequality. However, behind this economic success, the BRICS economies also face few thoughtful challenges to improve environmental quality by catching up the sustainable development goals. Consequently, the existing empirical research is concerned with the dynamic links between income inequality and CO
2 emissions by using the novel nonlinear ARDL approach, but small attention has been paid to the BRICS in literature. Therefore, we observed that a negative and positive change in income inequality has positive effect on CO2 emissions in Russia and South Africa in the long run, although a positive change in income inequality has positive effects on CO2 emissions in Brazil, Russia, and China, while a negative change in income inequality has negative effect on CO2 emissions in India, Brazil, and Russia in the short run. Hence, the findings value specific attention from policymakers in BRICS economies., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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4. The effect of transport infrastructure (road, rail, and air) investments on economic growth and environmental pollution and testing the validity of EKC in China, India, Japan, and Russia.
- Author
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Liu Y, Ali A, Chen Y, and She X
- Subjects
- Japan, Environmental Pollution analysis, China, India, Investments, Russia, Economic Development, Carbon Dioxide analysis
- Abstract
A key factor in social development and sustainable urban expansion is the establishment of sustainable and affordable transport systems. This study aims to investigate the impact of transport infrastructure investment on environmental degradation and economic growth and to test the validity of the EKC hypothesis in China, India, Russia, and Japan over the period 1995-2020. The results show that GDP has a significant positive effect, and GDP
2 and GDP3 have significant adverse effects on environmental degradation, respectively. These results confirm the validity of the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in selected emerging Asian economies. Rail infrastructure investment has significant adverse effects, while road infrastructure investment and aviation infrastructure investment have significant positive effects on environmental degradation. Likewise, the impact of investment in transport infrastructure system (roads, rail, and aviation) on economic growth is positive and statistically significant. Country-level estimates confirm the validity of the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China, India, and Russia, while the N-shaped EKC is only valid in Japan. Investments in rail infrastructure based on modern rail systems that run on electricity are believed to be less polluting in the transport mix, help create sustainable and safe transport systems, and reduce emissions at the urban and intercity levels in emerging Asian countries. In addition, the growing impact of free trade on environmental pollution should be strengthened to harmonize the strict enforcement of environmental conditions dominated by trade agreements., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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5. Does economic prosperity lead to environmental sustainability in developing economies? Environmental Kuznets curve theory.
- Author
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Ahmad M, Muslija A, and Satrovic E
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
Since developing countries experience economic and environmental sustainability challenges, it is desirable digging into the linkages between economic and environmental parameters. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory (i.e., the inverse U-shape connection between real GDP per capita and per capita carbon dioxide emissions) in the sample of 11 developing countries. By using balanced annual panel data in the period between 1992 and 2014 and two alternative estimation techniques, we explored the potential inverted U-shaped linkage between carbon dioxide emissions and real GDP per capita in the sample of interest. For analysis purposes, Pedroni and Westerlund co-integration techniques are employed. Then, fully modified ordinary least squares, pooled mean group methods are applied for long-run parameter estimations. And, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality approach is employed for causal directions. Firstly, this work's findings provide the supportive evidence to the inverse U-shaped linkage in the long-run, indicating that an increase in real GDP per capita and electricity consumption tends to mitigate long-run carbon dioxide emissions in the developing countries, for the whole sample. Secondly, the country-specific findings suggested the presence of EKC theory for Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Russian Federation, Thailand, and Turkey. It implicated that these countries are on the path of attaining environmental sustainability in the long-run. However, Mexico, Philippines, Indonesia, and South Africa failed to lend credence to the EKC theory. It manifested that these countries need to design strategies directed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from economic activity and electricity generation through efficiency improvement or promotion of renewables. Finally, bidirectional causal links are observed among all the variables of interest. The findings suggest that country-specific targeted action plans should be implemented to ensure the environmental sustainability in the developing world.
- Published
- 2021
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6. 'Green' Logistics as an Instrument for Putting Together a New Model for Professional and Career-Broadening Training in Global Economic Space
- Author
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Dudin, Mikhail Nikolaevich, Frolova, Evgenia Evgenevna, Kuznetsov, Mikhail Nikolaevich, Drobysheva, Liliana Valer'evna, and Krasulya, Ekaterina Vladimirovna
- Abstract
This paper looks into the key aspects of the shift in the instruction of logistics as a discipline from traditional to environmentally responsible practices. The authors examine the experience of the development of scientific-educational systems in the world's more advanced societies (the European Union and North America), as well as in the BRICS countries. The paper proposes specific ways to reform the model for professional and career-broadening education by reference to the amassed global experience. The authors draw the following major conclusions: (1) both today's scientific and business communities are oriented toward the shift to environmentally responsible development, which presupposes gradually renouncing the use of hydrocarbon energy resources, embracing the use of renewable technology and recycling, and ensuring social stability; (2) we are witnessing a change in the tenor of not only the strategic concept of the development of particular scientific and business areas but of the functional one as well. Thus, for instance, the domain of logistics services is currently being enriched with the concept of "green logistics", which implies a need for relevant human resources specializing in the field. Many leading nations have already started transforming their education models, as a whole, and their methods for the instruction of logistics as a discipline, in particular, in specific alignment with the principles of environmental responsibility; (3) the education systems of certain world powers, including the Russian model for education, have not yet been fully adapted for shifting to "green logistics", one of today's latest scientific paradigms. Among the major reasons behind this delay is the failure to properly reform the scientific-educational sector, as well as the state's excessive, and rarely effective, participation in the development of this area. To help remediate this situation, the authors propose a set of recommendations aimed at helping to put together a new model for professional and career-broadening training in keeping with the latest scientific concepts and the needs of the labor market.
- Published
- 2016
7. Impact of stock market, renewable energy consumption and urbanization on environmental degradation: new evidence from BRICS countries.
- Author
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Younis I, Naz A, Shah SAA, Nadeem M, and Longsheng C
- Subjects
- Brazil, Carbon Dioxide analysis, China, India, Renewable Energy, Russia, South Africa, Economic Development, Urbanization
- Abstract
This study examines links between Morgan and Stanley capital Investment (MSCI), foreign direct investment (FDI), renewable energy, urbanization, and trade openness on environmental degradation in (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) BRICS countries. In this study, generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation is applied on a data set ranging from 1993 to 2018. Results illustrate that stock market index price (MSCI) has negative relationship on CO
2 emissions in India, China, Russia, and South Africa and has positive relationship in Brazil. One possible reason for this is strong environmental regulations and their enforcement by Brazilian government. The study also finds that trade openness, FDI, and urbanization have a significant positive relationship on environmental degradation. The impact of stock market development on environmental degradation varies among BRICS countries. Our outcomes have significant policy implications. For example, the policy makers have to initiate effective strategies to promote the renewable energy sources to meet the increasing demand for energy by replacing the use of conventional energy such as coal, gas, and oil. This will help to reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and ensure sustainable stock market development in the BRICS nations. BRICS countries who have taken the initiative and formulated policies for businesses to conserve the environment play a positive role compared to those who do not.- Published
- 2021
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8. Economics of Human Resources Development under Globalization Era: A Study of BRICS Countries
- Author
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Hassan, Samir Ul, Rymbai, Motika Sinha, and Bhat, Aasif Ali
- Abstract
Purpose: The study aims to explore the extent to which human resources development quantifies the economic growth of BRICS countries under the globalization era by controlling country differences. Design/methodology/approach: The study used the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Scheffe pairwise comparison tests to quantify the impact of the variables and the level of difference among the BRICS countries onto human Resources development. Findings: The study observes that the impact of human resources development on economic growth of BRICS counties is significant but limited to few countries. The study reveals that countries such as India and South Africa are unable to utilize their human resources efficiently to promote economic growth, as compared with Russia, China and Brazil. The study further argues that there is urgent need of amalgam of various economic development theories keeping in mind the regional needs to extract the positive impact from human resource on economic development. Research limitations/implications: The single limitation of this research is that it was not possible to compare the results with other developing countries to unleash the capabilities of human resources development with regard to economic growth at the universal level. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first of its kind to analyze human resources development at a much deeper level. The paper has chosen variables which are important from the policy perspective of government rather than the working perspective, which is a great contribution. Further, for human index the variables chose covering major aspects of human development from spending perspective.
- Published
- 2019
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9. Education's Role in Preparing Globally Competent Citizens. BCES Conference Books, Volume 12
- Author
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Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES), Popov, Nikolay, Wolhuter, Charl, Ermenc, Klara Skubic, Hilton, Gillian,, Ogunleye, James, Chigisheva, Oksana, Popov, Nikolay, Wolhuter, Charl, Ermenc, Klara Skubic, Hilton, Gillian,, Ogunleye, James, Chigisheva, Oksana, and Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES)
- Abstract
This volume contains papers submitted to the 12th Annual International Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES), held in Sofia and Nessebar, Bulgaria, in June 2014, and papers submitted to the 2nd International Partner Conference, organized by the International Research Centre 'Scientific Cooperation,' Rostov-on-Don, Russia. The volume also includes papers submitted to the International Symposium on Comparative Sciences, organized by the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society in Sofia, in October 2013. The 12th BCES Conference theme is "Education's Role in Preparing Globally Competent Citizens." The 2nd Partner Conference theme is "Contemporary Science and Education: New Challenges -- New Decisions." The book consists of 103 papers, written by 167 authors and co-authors, and grouped into 7 parts. Parts 1-4 comprise papers submitted to the 12th BCES Conference, and Parts 5-7 comprise papers submitted to the 2nd Partner Conference. The 103 papers are divided into the following parts: (1) Comparative Education & History of Education; (2) Pre-service and In-service Teacher Training & Learning and Teaching Styles; (3) Education Policy, Reforms and School Leadership; (4) Higher Education, Lifelong Learning and Social Inclusion; (5) Educational Development Strategies in Different Countries and Regions of the World: National, Regional and Global Levels; (6) Key Directions and Characteristics of Research Organization in Contemporary World; and (7) International Scientific and Educational Cooperation for the Solution of Contemporary Global Issues: From Global Competition to World Integration.
- Published
- 2014
10. Educational Poverty by Design: A Case of Mismanagement of National Resources
- Author
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Ahmad, Nisar
- Abstract
The primary purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the causes of educational poverty in less developed countries. The basic intent in carrying out such a study is to define and derive the role of governing agencies in deliberately creating educational poverty in the country, so that the private interest of the rich and powerful ruling class can be fully safeguarded. This study is of crucial interest to the common man because majority of the people living in less developed countries are poor in spite of the fact, that almost all these countries own ample human and material resources. However, the common man in these countries is continuously suffering, generation after generation, and has been denied access to basic amenities of life. The rich and powerful ruling class, in majority of the less developed countries, has intentionally denied basic education facilities to its people for keeping them ignorant and unaware of their fundamental rights to share national resources and to gain competence for comfortable living in the society. The paper advocates a complete reversal in economic growth policies of the less developed countries so that top priority is given to those projects and programs that directly benefit the common man in the society. In this respect, the author calls for awareness among the people to exercise their economic and social rights so that people of all the strata can share equally the fruits of growth and prosperity.
- Published
- 2013
11. Provision of Effectiveness of University Education on the Market Economy
- Author
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Kuznetsov, Nikolai, Usenko, Lyudmila, Ivanova, Olga, and Kostoglodova, Elena
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of university education on the economy of various countries. Design/methodology/approach: To determine the necessity and expedience of making provision for the effectiveness of university education on the market economy, this work uses the method of regression and correlation analysis. Evaluation of effectiveness of the system of university education is performed separately for students, state, and employers by taking as example countries with specially developed formulas. Findings: The authors substantiate the necessity for provision of effectiveness of university education on the market economy, view the effective system of university education as a basis for the development of a knowledge economy, determine approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of university education on the market economy, perform evaluation of effectiveness of the system of university education by the example of various countries, determine its connection with indicators of economic growth and development, and provide recommendations for provision of effectiveness of the system of university education on modern market economies. Practical implications: The practical value of results of the conducted research consists in the possibility to use the developed formulas for determining the level of effectiveness of the system of university education on various countries of the world. Originality/value: Theoretical value of this paper consists in the possibility for the application of authors' conclusions and recommendations in the process of development of the policy of management of effectiveness of university education system.
- Published
- 2017
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12. Using Wmatrix to Explore Discourse of Economic Growth
- Author
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Hu, Chunyu
- Abstract
Growth is a concept of particular interest for economic discourse. This paper sets out to explore a small corpus of economic growth, which consists of articles from "The Economist". The corpus software used in this study is a web-based tool Wmatrix, an automatic tagging software able to assign semantic field (domain) tags, and to permit the extraction of key words and key semantic domains by applying the keyness calculation to tag frequency lists. The results show that at 99% confidence (or p < 0.01), the cut-off of 6.63 (log likelihood value) indicates that there are 1051 positive keywords (including multiword expressions) and 80 key semantic domains generated from the corpus. It is evident that BRICs or the emerging economies/markets, in particular China and India, are a big concern regarding economic growth over the past years. A number of examples of possible ways forward in teaching methodology are presented.
- Published
- 2015
13. Solar Power Generation for ICT and Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies
- Author
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Paul, Damasen I. and Uhomoibhi, James
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine and draw attention to the potential benefits of solar power generation for access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) aimed at sustainable development in emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach: Electricity plays a crucial role in the development and use of ICT and in the process of striving to achieve sustainable development in emerging economies. It has been shown that electrical energy is intrinsically linked to economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. An extensive analysis of the major contribution of solar electricity in various sectors such as economic, social and environmental benefits is provided. The paper concludes with a discussion on current status of solar electricity in major emerging economies, their planning policies and strategies for promoting solar power generation for increased access to ICT by people and sustainable development of society. Findings: The demand for electricity in residential, commercial and industrial sectors in developing countries (emerging economies) is likely to increase, both as a result of increase in population and expanding industrialization. It remains amongst others, a growing challenge for these nations to obtain and put in place reliable and secured electricity supplies, for accessing ICT and to work towards achieving sustainability. The important issues that must be considered and addressed for the successful implementation of solar electricity programs for sustainability and wellbeing in developing nations are pointed out. Practical implications: The paper shows that the problems of lack of qualified solar technicians and established Photovoltaic (PV) markets and business modes, renewable (solar) energy education have to be addressed. Other issues include appreciation of solar electricity as one of the major energy component, lowering initial cost of the PV technology, availability of finance mechanisms for customers, import tax exemption and regarding electricity as one of the basic needs like food, shelter and clothing. Overhaul of existing systems needs to take place in order to provide the means to deal with some of these issues. Originality/value: Availability of power remains crucial for development in emerging markets. Solar electricity is of major interest for the energy sector in developing or emerging economies because it offers the possibility of generating renewable electricity using sunlight: a resource that is widely and freely available in most, if not all, developing countries. This paper raises awareness about this in a unique way and identifies problems faced by the sectors. To address some of these challenges without compromising the goal of sustainability and development, it is important that low carbon emitting electrical energy sources such as solar electricity are given high priorities by policy makers, industries and research and development institutions in emerging countries. Some innovative suggestions are provided for achieving this. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)
- Published
- 2012
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14. International Society for the Social Studies Annual Conference Proceedings (Orlando, Florida, February 25-26, 2010). Volume 2010, Issue 1
- Author
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Russell, William Benedict, III
- Abstract
The "ISSS Annual Conference Proceedings" is a peer-reviewed professional publication published once a year following the annual conference. (Individual papers contain references.) [For the 2009 proceedings, see ED504973.]
- Published
- 2010
15. Literacy for Sustainable Development in the Age of Information. Language and Education Library 14.
- Author
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Rassool, Naz and Rassool, Naz
- Abstract
This book examines literacy for sustainable development in the age of information. It begins by discussing the relationship between literacy and hegemony, social policy, national language policy, colonial relations, and postcolonial realities. Also discussed in the introduction are views and definitions of literacy and considerations in mapping a typology of literacy. Part 1 explores the theoretical frameworks of literacy and the disparate ways literacy has featured in academic discourse. Part 2, which focuses on older literacy discourses and practices within the framework of the nation-state, contains chapters devoted to the following issues: (1) literacy as a social practice in terms of its relationship with institutions, political systems, structures, and processes within the nation-state; (2) historical links between literacy and social development; and (3) lessons from the mass literacy campaigns that featured in the drive for modernization in the 1970s. Part 3, which considers the impact of globalization on literacy concepts and definitions, addresses the following topics: (1) technological and cultural transformations; (2) changing definitions of "text" within the information society; (3) conceptualizing literacy, knowledge, and power in the information society; and (4) moving toward "communicative competence" for democratic participation in the information society. (Ten tables/figures are included. The bibliography lists 317 references.) (MN)
- Published
- 1999
16. EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES: PAST AND FUTURE ROLE IN TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT.
- Author
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Engman, Michael, Onodera, Osamu, and Pinali, Enrico
- Subjects
EXPORT processing zones ,ECONOMIC development ,TRADE regulation ,INDUSTRIAL districts ,OFFSHORE assembly industry - Abstract
The article presents a study that explores the role of export processing zones (EPZs) in the trade and economic development of countries. It first provides an overview on the use of EPZs, and presents case studies from China, India and Russia that illustrate new trends and policies in such processing zones. It then offers a review of the economic costs and benefits of export processing zones and how EPZ policies relate to trade rules. The relationship between EPZs and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements was also examined, and the treatment of EPZ in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) was discussed. The report concludes that EPZs are suboptimal policy from an economic point of view, and can only provide interim solution to developing countries.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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17. Environmental benefit of clean energy consumption: can BRICS economies achieve environmental sustainability through human capital?
- Author
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Liu Y, Sohail MT, Khan A, and Majeed MT
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, Humans, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
This paper scrutinizes the asymmetric impact of education and education expenditure on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the BRICS economies using annual data for the period 1991-2019. The analysis employs a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework. Findings unfold that a positive change in education contributes to increasing clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. This finding implies that a negative change in education contributes to reducing clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, and India in the long run. Nonetheless, a positive change in education expenditure increased the clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, and India, while it has decreased in South Africa. On the dark side, a negative change in education expenditure degrades clean energy consumption in India, China, and South Africa in the long run. The asymmetric empirical results of CO2 emissions are mixed, economy-specific, and vary across group countries in the long run. We find that the education and education expenditure has long-run asymmetric effects in BRICS industries. Thus empirical findings give us robust policy implications for BRICS economies., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2022
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18. How CO 2 emissions respond to changes in government size and level of digitalization? Evidence from the BRICS countries.
- Author
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Chen L
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, Environmental Pollution, Government, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
The role of government size and digitization in the process of environmental quality is a matter of considerable debate in the field of environmental economics. BRICS economies have suffered from environmental pollution. This paper scrutinizes that how CO
2 emissions respond to government size and digitization in BRICS economies. Empirical estimates of the ARDL approach show that government size has a positive impact on CO2 in Brazil, India, and China, while negative impact on CO2 in Russia in the long run. The long-run estimates reveal a negative and significant effect of digitization on CO2 in Brazil, India, and China. Education and e-learning activities have a favorable and crucial role played in environmental quality in Brazil, India, and China. Based on these findings, BRICS authorities should improve the efficiency of government expenditures and invest more in digitization to improve the quality of the environment., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2022
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19. The direct and indirect effects of democracy on carbon dioxide emissions in BRICS countries: evidence from panel quantile regression.
- Author
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Ren Y, Liu L, Zhu H, and Tang R
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, Democracy, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
This paper illustrates the direct and indirect effects of democracy on CO
2 emissions in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) from 1992 to 2018. In view of the distribution heterogeneity of CO2 emissions, the panel quantile regression model is especially used to explore the nexus among different variables. Furthermore, in order to predict the trends of CO2 emissions in different countries, we also estimate the kernel density function of CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries by the quantile-fitted values. The results indicate that the direct impact of democracy on carbon dioxide emissions is significantly negative and great at high-emission countries. Although the indirect effect of democracy is positive in China and negative in Brazil and South Africa, the total effect of democracy on CO2 emissions remains negative in all BRICS countries. The estimation of kernel density function shows that the distribution of CO2 emissions in each country is gradually concentrated. Moreover, there is an environmental Kuznets curve depicting the linkage of urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil and South Africa. These findings further highlight that the impact of democracy on high-emission and low-emission countries should be taken into account in policymaking to achieve sustainable developments.- Published
- 2020
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20. Examining the role of BRICS countries at the global economic and environmental resources nexus.
- Author
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Tian X, Sarkis J, Geng Y, Bleischwitz R, Qian Y, Xu L, and Wu R
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide, Economic Development
- Abstract
The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are central to future global economic development. However, they are facing both environmental and natural resource stresses due to their rapid economic growth. This study examines the balance between economic benefits and cost of environmental emissions and resource usage in BRICS countries so that future sustainable development insights can be provided. The historical trends of carbon dioxide (CO
2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), water, land, energy and material footprints of these countries from 1995 to 2015 are evaluated with a multi-regional input-output model. Also, whether a decoupling relationship exists between economic development, environmental emissions and resources consumption, is examined. In addition, whether environmental emissions and resource usage costs to obtain identical economic gains of these countries in global trade are explored. The major results show that in congruence with economic development, the average annual growth rates of footprint indicators ranged from 0.2% in 1995 to 9.8% in 2015. A decoupling effect did not occur for CO2 emissions or water consumption but did exist for other indicators. Global trade across the supply chain shows to achieve a unit of USD economic benefit from trade, BRICS countries tend to use relatively greater environmental emissions and resource consumption to high income countries, when compared to other income level countries. These emergent economies did receive relatively greater benefits per environmental emissions and resource usage cost from lower-middle and low-income countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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21. On the remittances-environment led hypothesis: Empirical evidence from BRICS economies.
- Author
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Khan ZU, Ahmad M, and Khan A
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the association between CO
2 emissions, remittances, income, energy use, and foreign direct investment (FDI) through panel cointegration analysis, common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG), fully modified least squares (FM-LS) estimates, and panel causality test for the Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) economies over 1986-2016. The empirical outcomes of CCEMG and FM-LS clarified that remittance inflows into BRICS region are contributing to environmental degradation. Similarly, results in the case of Brazil, Russia, and China supported the remittances-led emission hypothesis. On the other hand, different results have been reached in India, thus the remittances; inflows have dictated that they are helping to combat CO2 emission. Furthermore, FDI has a positive and significant sign for BRICS economies. This relationship narrated that the FDI inflows to this region increase the CO2 emission, hence obeying the pollution haven hypothesis. Finally, energy use also supports the energy-led emanation phenomenon in BRICS panel and alongside the countries. The panel causality test confirms the bidirectional linkage between remittances and CO2 emissions.- Published
- 2020
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22. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-impact on economic growth and CO 2 emissions in five emerging market economies.
- Author
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Bhat JA
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, India, Russia, South Africa, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Conservation of Natural Resources economics, Developing Countries economics, Economic Development trends, Renewable Energy economics
- Abstract
In a neo-classical aggregate production and Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) modeling framework, the paper attempts to explore the relationship between disaggregated energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions in case of five emerging market economies-Brazil, Russia, China, India, and South Africa (BRICS) over the period 1992 to 2016. The study applied the robust unit root, cointegration, and long-run elasticity estimation methods like Pooled Mean Group and differenced panel generalized method of moments for empirical exercise. Having detected the panel heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, the cointegration tests documented the evidence of a long-run association among the variables. In the long-run, capital, labor, and non-renewable energy consumption are found to affect the economic growth positively. On the contrary, the impact of renewable energy consumption on the economic growth is found be positive but statistically insignificant. Moreover, population, per-capita income, and non-renewable energy consumption are found to increase the emissions whereas renewable energy consumption decreases them. Therefore, along with a proper emissions controls, BRICS countries should design and implement effective support policies so as to ensure the economic growth along with environmental sustainability.
- Published
- 2018
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23. Prospects for Russian–Indian Cooperation in the High North: Actors, Interests, Obstacles.
- Author
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Filimonova, Nadezhda
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,ECONOMIC development ,ENERGY security ,ENERGY industries ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
The paper examines emerging prospects for Russia–India cooperation. While the two countries can collaborate in various areas of mutual interest, the paper identifies possible challenges and effects on the cooperation in the Arctic region. The sanctions imposed by the West could impede Russian energy projects in the Arctic. This could force the state to find a way to replace Western technologies through enhancing capacities of national industry and developing cooperation with other states, including Asian countries. This shift is also bolstered by the political interest to strengthen the position of Russia in the Asian region as a whole, and to increase the country's energy security. The paper provides an overview of the Russian and Indian interest and policy in the Arctic, and presents the perspectives and challenges for both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
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24. Editorial.
- Author
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Xu, Li
- Subjects
AUTOMATION ,PERIODICAL publishing ,INFORMATION theory ,ECONOMIC development - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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25. THE CRACKS IN THE BRICS.
- Author
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TANDON, SARIKA and SHOME, SWAHA
- Subjects
EMERGING markets ,MACROECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The emerging economies Brazil, Russia, India and China have been popularly named BRIC nations. For almost a decade the name survived although the strength of the BRIC weakened as the members displayed differential rates of growth in most macro indicators. An alternative cluster has emerged recently which stands out to be more integrated in key variables than the original. The paper seeks to examine the correlation strengths between the BRIC nations at first and subsequently investigate for the newer cluster with the same macroeconomic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
26. Developing Countries: Impact of the Crisis and the Response—Implications for an Approach to the G20 by Russia, India and China.
- Author
-
Agarwal, Manmohan
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL competition ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
This paper examines five issues: 1) Recent performance of developing countries in terms of growth, investment and integration with the world economy; 2) The impact of the crisis on these economies; 3) The response of policy makers in these economies to mitigate the adverse impact, in particular, the nature of the stimulus packages implemented in these economies; 4) The role developing countries can play in the recovery of the world economy; and 5) The role of China in the recovery, and, in particular, how to deal with the bilateral imbalance between the US and China. Special attention is paid to the behaviour of the economies of the developing country members of the G20 (DG20).1 Finally, the paper discusses what the crisis has revealed about the interests of Russia, India and China in the world economy and consequently a possible strategy for the G20 which would serve their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Is a BRIC alliance coming?: Driving-forces, Obstacles and Possible Influences.
- Author
-
Ke Wang
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *ECONOMIC development , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The startling findings of Goldman Sachs'2003 report about the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China), the continuous rapid economic growth of BRIC countries, and their much closer bilateral relationships have raised significant questions-Are the BRIC countries able to work together as an alliance? If a BRIC alliance could be created, what influences would it play regionally and internationally, and how will other big powers respond? Unfortunately, it is hard to get the answers to these questions from existing literatures because not only there have been few works that study the BRICs so far, but current studies on the BRICs are mainly made from an economic perspective. The analysis of potential political and strategic influences of the BRICs has been ignored or underdeveloped. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is, to certain extent, to fill this blank.In this paper, I first establish a theoretical framework of a modern alliance of states. Subsequently under this framework, I analyze the realistic possibility of establishing a BRIC alliance by surveying the increased bilateral relations that have been occurring between the BRIC countries, primarily since the turn of the century. Besides the driving-forces to the alliance creation and the potential gains that the BRIC countries can get by working together, the obstacles to their cooperation will be studies as well. Third, I briefly predict if a BRIC alliance could be created, what influences it would play on Asian politics and the Asia-Pacific relations, and what relevant possible responses from other powers to possible future directions of the BRIC alliance. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
28. Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries
- Author
-
Pao, Hsiao-Tien and Tsai, Chung-Ming
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN investments , *ENERGY consumption , *GROSS domestic product , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *ECONOMIC development , *ENVIRONMENTAL degradation , *HYPOTHESIS , *COINTEGRATION , *CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
Abstract: This paper addresses the impact of both economic growth and financial development on environmental degradation using a panel cointegration technique for the period between 1980 and 2007, except for Russia (1992–2007). In long-run equilibrium, CO2 emissions appear to be energy consumption elastic and FDI inelastic, and the results seem to support the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The causality results indicate that there exists strong bidirectional causality between emissions and FDI and unidirectional strong causality running from output to FDI. The evidence seems to support the pollution haven and both the halo and scale effects. Therefore, in attracting FDI, developing countries should strictly examine the qualifications for foreign investment or to promote environmental protection through the coordinated know-how and technological transfer with foreign companies to avoid environmental damage. Additionally, there exists strong output-emissions and output-energy consumption bidirectional causality, while there is unidirectional strong causality running from energy consumption to emissions. Overall, the method of managing both energy demand and FDI and increasing both investment in the energy supply and energy efficiency to reduce CO2 emissions and without compromising the country’s competitiveness can be adopted by energy-dependent BRIC countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. New series -- Revised series.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC indicators ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Presents information on the revised series of the economic indicators of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. National accounts of Switzerland; Business and consumer opinions in India; Consumer prices in Russian Federation.
- Published
- 2004
30. Positioning South Africa's energy supply mix internationally: Comparative and policy review analysis.
- Author
-
Ndlovu, Vanessa and Inglesi-Lotz, Roula
- Subjects
POWER resources ,POLICY analysis ,NATURAL resources ,FOSSIL fuels ,ENERGY futures ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Optimisation and diversification of South Africa's energy generation mix is fundamental to meeting its developmental goals and enhancing the crucially important security of supply. South Africa should investigate means to diversify its generating capacity. With the growing demand, South Africa has reached a point where other methods of power generation need to be considered and implemented. This study gives a detailed description of the South African energy supply mix, its evolvement in the past 25 years, and assesses how South Africa fares in comparison with other countries such as its BRICS companions (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in terms of its current and future energy mix. It was found that the total primary energy supply (TPES) share of non-OECD countries is becoming more prominent, with China, India, and Russia being significant contributors. The OECD's ratio of universal TPES decreased from 1990 to 2015. There is a heavy reliance on fossil fuels in the BRICS countries, which appeals to appropriate policies to influence and guide the transition from the current fossil fuel-dominated energy supply mix to one that follows international trends but, most of all, appreciates its specific geographic position and natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Social Security in the BRIC Countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China.
- Author
-
Pieters, Danny and Schoukens, Paul
- Subjects
SOCIAL security ,DEMOGRAPHY ,INTERNAL migration ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
On the basis of an extensive literature study on the challenges and perspectives of social security in Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC), the authors of this article have been able to determine a set of 20 common challenges to the BRIC countries. The challenges focused on are the lack of social security paradigm, the coverage of all the (working) population, demography, changing family patterns and internal migration, interaction between economic development and social security, the diversity of economic and social realities within one country, the lack of transparency of the social security system, poverty alleviation and basic needs, the lack of solidarity and interaction between social assistance and social insurance, the weak interconnection between social security actors, the place of private actors in social security, pensions and other income replacement, the access to a qualitative health care and care, inflation and the validity of commitments for the future, identification and information technology–related issues, globalization and worldwide competition and the need for a sustainable financial and economic basis. On the basis of an analysis of each of these challenges, the article aims to give an insight into where the BRIC countries stand today and what their future plans are both on a governmental level and on a nongovernmental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South–North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?
- Author
-
Cooper, Andrew F., Antkiewicz, Agata, and Shaw, Timothy M.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC conditions in Brazil, 1985- ,ECONOMIC conditions in Russia, 1991- ,INDIAN economy, 1991- ,ECONOMIC conditions in China, 2000- - Abstract
The article assesses the impact of economic growth of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC), as well as South Africa, ASEAN countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, Mexico, South Korea and other non-emerging economies (BRICSAM), on global politics, security, economics and societies. A unifying characteristics of these states is their relative size in both global and regional dimensions. Analyses show that economies of BRIC/BRICSAM countries will be bigger than those of G6 in U.S. dollar terms. These countries also compete for international status as shown by their roles as regional hubs.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Future iron- and steelmaking together with upstream marketable products.
- Author
-
Matthews, Austin
- Subjects
STEEL industry ,IRON industry ,METAL industry ,STEEL mills ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
There will be a continued requirement for iron and steel products in the world market. However, the steel industry will be subject to intense commercial pressure from competing products, such as other metals, materials and composites, together with the continued economic growth of China, India and Russia. This competition will be felt particularly in the transport, packaging, construction, domestic appliance and heavy engineering industries. A detailed proposal to meet these challenges in the form of a 15 Mt capacity mega-plant with a business strategy to complete in future globalised markets is advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The BRICs Have Arrived: A Growing New Force in Global Markets.
- Author
-
Wilson, Dominic
- Subjects
EMERGING markets ,ECONOMIC impact ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,ECONOMIC development ,STOCK exchanges - Abstract
Focuses on the economic impact of the rise of the emerging markets Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) on the international market. Projected economic growth of BRIC by 2040; Implications of the increasing influence of BRIC; Predicted share of global equity markets of BRIC in 2020.
- Published
- 2005
35. BRICs.
- Author
-
HOUNSHELL, BLAKE
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article presents an overview of the history of the acronym BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) which was coined by Jim O'Neill, a research director for the financial firm Goldman Sachs in 2001. It emphasizes the status of these countries in terms of their economic and political development, relative to the rest of the world. O'Neill is quoted commenting on the popularity of his idea, which he did not expect, and denies that he included Brazil merely for the sake of creating a memorable acronym. A timeline of various significant economic events in the BRIC countries is also provided, beginning with the end of military rule in Brazil in 1989.
- Published
- 2011
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