24 results
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2. Green innovation, globalization, financial development, and CO 2 emissions: the role of governance as a moderator in South Asian countries.
- Author
-
Naz A and Aslam M
- Subjects
- Internationality, India, Pakistan, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
The current study is designed to analyze the relationship between, environmental innovations, globalization, financial development, and CO
2 emissions in the South Asian region over the period of 1996 to 2019. In this regard, the role of governance is also incorporated as a moderator along with Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The sample size includes Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The results of the robust least square show the validity of EKC in the sample countries. Environmental innovations show desirable results on CO2 emissions, while globalization, financial development, and governance are increasing environmental degradation. The role of governance as a moderator is only effective and favorable with environmental innovation. However, in the case of globalization and financial development, governance appeared to be ineffective in lessening the rate of emissions; rather, it contributes to emissions. It clearly shows the missing link in formulating coherent policy to achieve sustainability targets. Therefore, it is desirable to improve the role of governance with respect to environmental policies not only to handle directly environmental issues but also indirectly while promoting the process of globalization and financial development., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Exploring the relationship between remittances received, education expenditures, energy use, income, poverty, and economic growth: fresh empirical evidence in the context of selected remittances receiving countries.
- Author
-
Zaman S, Wang Z, and Zaman QU
- Subjects
- Bangladesh, Carbon Dioxide analysis, China, Egypt, Energy Metabolism, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Economic Development, Poverty
- Abstract
This study explores the relationship between remittances received, education expenditure, energy use, income, poverty, and economic growth for a panel of the nine selected remittance-receiving countries (Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Philippines). World Development Indicator database is used for retrieving data from the period of 1990 to 2014. Panel cointegration technique is used to test the long-run relationship among studied variables. Furthermore, the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model is applied to confirm the presence of a long-run and short-run relationship. The findings of the ARDL model indicate that remittances received positively influence economic growth, and there is a significant relationship between remittances received and economic growth during the long-run. Education expenditure, energy use, and income also positively and significantly impact economic growth during the long-run. In contrast, final household consumption used in this study as a proxy of poverty showed a significant negative effect on economic growth during the long-run, which indicates that increasing poverty will reduce economic growth; on the other hand, reducing poverty will boost economic growth in the selected countries during the long-run.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation: fresh evidence from Pakistan and India.
- Author
-
Ullah S, Andlib Z, Majeed MT, Sohail S, and Chishti MZ
- Subjects
- India, Models, Econometric, Pakistan, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
To examine the asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation, this empirical research analyzes annual data of Pakistan and India over the period 1985-2018 using the NARDL econometric model. The empirical results show significant positive militarization effects on economic growth, while non-militarization also shows positive effects on the economic growth in Pakistan and India. Estimation showed that a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) led to 8.818% (3.849%) increase in GDP growth, whereas a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) decreased carbon emissions by - 1.034% (- 0.225%) in the long run in Pakistan, while militarization has also decreased the carbon emissions - 0.337% in India in the long run. The relationship between militarization and economic growth has an asymmetry in Pakistan and India in the short and long run, while asymmetry also exists between militarization and CO
2 in Pakistan and India in the short and long run. Our findings offer significant policy implications for promoting economic growth and environmental quality in Pakistan and India.- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Economic Growth and Higher Education in South Asian Countries: Evidence from Econometrics
- Author
-
Hussaini, Nilofer
- Abstract
South Asian economies has witnessed very slow growth over the years and the gap has widened manifold between other nations of Asia particularly East Asian nations and South Asian nations. This paper examines co-integration between the economic growth and reach of higher education in South Asian nations explaining this disparity. The research employed an econometric panel co-integration investigation to analyse the long run relationship of higher education and economic growth among these nations. The research confirmed positive long run causality between the economic growth of the South Asian nations and gross enrolment ratio of higher education. So, if the South Asian nations continue with their existing pattern of paying less attention to higher education by allocating low share of investment on it, poor human capital formation would result in growing further economic disparity between developed and South Asian nations where rich nations would remain richer and poor nations would remain poor with the gap remaining unabridged. This research will serve as an aid to policy makers, educators and financers of South Asian nations to bridge the gap between high- and low-income nations. The focus on the quantum of spending on higher education by the government will help improve the reach of tertiary education and build economic prosperity in these nations.
- Published
- 2020
6. Educational Poverty by Design: A Case of Mismanagement of National Resources
- Author
-
Ahmad, Nisar
- Abstract
The primary purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the causes of educational poverty in less developed countries. The basic intent in carrying out such a study is to define and derive the role of governing agencies in deliberately creating educational poverty in the country, so that the private interest of the rich and powerful ruling class can be fully safeguarded. This study is of crucial interest to the common man because majority of the people living in less developed countries are poor in spite of the fact, that almost all these countries own ample human and material resources. However, the common man in these countries is continuously suffering, generation after generation, and has been denied access to basic amenities of life. The rich and powerful ruling class, in majority of the less developed countries, has intentionally denied basic education facilities to its people for keeping them ignorant and unaware of their fundamental rights to share national resources and to gain competence for comfortable living in the society. The paper advocates a complete reversal in economic growth policies of the less developed countries so that top priority is given to those projects and programs that directly benefit the common man in the society. In this respect, the author calls for awareness among the people to exercise their economic and social rights so that people of all the strata can share equally the fruits of growth and prosperity.
- Published
- 2013
7. Adult Education. The Quality of Life. ASPBAE Courier No. 52.
- Author
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Asian - South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education.
- Abstract
This issue of the "Courier" examines the quality of life as it can be improved by adult education, especially in the countries of Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific. It also looks at the need for women's education. The following six articles are included: (1) "The Future of the Family" (Federico Mayor); (2) "Her Words on His Lips: Gender Popular Education in South Africa" (Shirley Walters); (3) "Literacy among Women in India" (Nishat Farooq); (4) "Second Cycle Development Problems and the Role of Adult Education: A Case Study of Sri Lanka" (Mohottige U Sedere); (5) "Rural Nonformal Education in China" (Dong Mingchuan); and (6) "The Adult Basic Education Society of Pakistan" (Vincent A. David). (KC)
- Published
- 1991
8. Engineering Education in Bangladesh--An Indicator of Economic Development
- Author
-
Chowdhury, Harun and Alam, Firoz
- Abstract
Developing nations including Bangladesh are significantly lagging behind the millennium development target due to the lack of science, technology and engineering education. Bangladesh as a least developing country has only 44 engineers per million people. Its technological education and gross domestic product growth are not collinear. Although limited progress was made in humanities, basic sciences, agriculture and medical sciences, a vast gap is left in technical and engineering education. This paper describes the present condition of engineering education in the country and explores ways to improve engineering education in order to meet the national as well as global skills demand. (Contains 3 tables and 7 figures.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Poverty, Growth, and Safety Nets: A Comparative Regional Perspective.
- Author
-
Deolalikar, Anil B.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Among the most remarkable events in the world during the last half-century has been the notable economic growth, social transformation and poverty reduction that has taken place in Asia. The March 2002 issue of the 'Journal of Asian & African Studies,' contains nine papers, authored by economists, sociologists and anthropologists, covering five countries in the region including India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. These papers suggest that rather than making land reform the centerpiece of the strategy for rural development and poverty reduction, the government should give priority to investments in physical and social infrastructures, agricultural research and technology transfer and enforcement of contractual arrangements and property rights. The paper by Saurabh Sinha, Michael Lipton and Shahin Yaqub is closely related to the Baulch and McCulloch paper in that it also is concerned with transitory changes in household welfare.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. CO2 emission, economic development, fossil fuel consumption and population density in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh: A panel investigation.
- Author
-
Uzair Ali, Muhammad, Gong, Zhimin, Ali, Muhammad Ubaid, Asmi, Fahad, and Muhammad, Rizwanullah
- Subjects
KUZNETS curve ,ENERGY consumption ,FOSSIL fuels ,POPULATION density ,ECONOMIC development ,GRANGER causality test - Abstract
The adverse impacts of climate change have occupied central theme of many policy initiatives. This paper investigated the impact of economic development, fossil fuel consumptions and population density on CO2 in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh using annual data over the period 1971–2014. We have applied panel Autoregressive distributed lags model to estimate the long‐run dynamics and Vector error correction model specified Granger causality test for finding the causality direction. Using three multivariate equations model, the empirical outcome of our study has established key associations that have crucial policy implications. Firstly, the results of auto‐regressive distributed lags (ARDL) confirmed the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis that the relationship between CO2 and economic development is U‐shaped. Moreover, fossil fuel consumption and population density have a positive impact on CO2 emission in the long run. VECM test evidence suggests that short‐run causalities from economic development to CO2, population density to CO2 and fossil fuel consumption to CO2 exist. Secondly, CO2 has a negative impact on economic development while the impacts of fossil fuel, FDI and total exports on economic development have been significantly positive in the long run. In short run, CO2, fossil fuel consumption and FDI Granger cause economic development. Lastly, CO2 emission negatively influences population density while economic development positively affects population density in long run. Moreover, short‐run causalities from economic development to population density and CO2 to population density exit. For policy drives, efficient and low carbon emission technologies should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia.
- Author
-
Murshed M
- Subjects
- Bangladesh, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Cooking, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Reproducibility of Results, Sri Lanka, Economic Development, Renewable Energy
- Abstract
Energy security and environmental sustainability have become an integral policy agenda worldwide whereby the global economic growth policies are being restructured to ensure the reliability of energy supply and safeguard environmental well-being as well. However, technological inefficiency is one of the major hindrances in attaining these over-arching goals. Hence, this paper probed into the non-linear impacts of ICT trade on the prospects of undergoing renewable energy transition, improving energy use efficiencies, enhancing access to cleaner cooking fuels, and mitigating carbon dioxide emissions across selected South Asian economies: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Maldives. The results from the econometric analyses reveal that ICT trade directly increases renewable energy consumption, enhances renewable energy shares, reduces intensity of energy use, facilitates adoption of cleaner cooking fuels, and reduces carbon-dioxide emissions. Moreover, ICT trade also indirectly mitigates carbon-dioxide emissions through boosting renewable energy consumption levels, improving energy efficiencies, and enhancing cleaner cooking fuel access. Hence, these results, in a nutshell, portray the significance of reducing the barriers to ICT trade with respect to ensuring energy security and environmental sustainability across South Asia. Therefore, it is ideal for the government to gradually lessen the trade barriers to boost the volumes of cross-border flows of green ICT commodities. Besides, it is also recommended to attract foreign direct investments for the potential development of the respective ICT sectors of the South Asian economies.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Common Pressures, Divergent Trajectories? Comparing Economic Development in India and Pakistan.
- Author
-
Naseemullah, Adnan A.
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC development , *DEMOCRACY , *POLITICAL autonomy , *ECONOMIC equilibrium - Abstract
Does regime type explain differences in economic development? Pakistan and India constitute an ideal comparative set given longstanding differences between the two with regard to democratic practice. Yet, the pattern of economic growth is complicated: Pakistan's development outpaces India's in the first two decades after Independence, with divergence in economic success only becoming evident after the 1990s. Further, the two countries have mirrored one another with regard to the formal institutions and policies of economic governance. How can we understand such patterns? In this paper, I argue that differential trajectories are a consequence of variations in the specific articulations of excluded groups against the distributional consequences of development in the late 1960s and 1970s, and differences in perception of stability after the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
13. Military expenditures and economic growth: allowing structural breaks in time series analysis in the case of India and Pakistan.
- Author
-
Jalil, Abdul, Nadeem Abbasi, Hafiz, and Bibi, Nazia
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,GROSS domestic product ,COINTEGRATION ,TIME series analysis - Abstract
This paper investigates the long run relationship between military expenditures and economic growth in case of Pakistan and India using ARDL bounds testing approach for cointegration and Clemente-Montanes-Reyes approach for unit roots keeping structural breaks in a longer time series data. The study confirms the positive relationship between military expenditures and economic growth at the initial stages and then a negative relationship after a critical point for both countries. The short run results also confirm that the military expenditures can explain the per capita GDP in the short run. Importantly, the causality runs from military expenditures to GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. VOLUME 3.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,PUBLIC sector ,CONCORD - Abstract
Presents abstracts of several articles published in the volume 3 issue of the "Journal of Developing Societies." "A Propensity and Opportunity Model of Development Applied to Malaysia," by Marshall R. Singer and Joy Sargent; "Cultural Barriers to Pakistan's Quest for Unity," by Stephen Pastner; "An Analysis of the Top Ten Loss-Making Public Sector Enterprises in India," by Saraswati P. Singh.
- Published
- 2001
15. BESPRECHUNGEN COMPTES RENDUS - REVIEWS.
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,ECONOMICS students ,ECONOMIC development ,ADJUSTMENT costs ,CAPITAL - Abstract
Book reviewed in this Article A nstey, V era, and M artin, A nne. An Introduction to Economics-For Students in India and Pakistan. B axa, J akob. Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse. B ergler, R einhold (Ed.). Psychologische Marktanalyse. C ampbell, R obert W. Soviet Economic Power C ohen, B enjamin J. Adjustment Costs and the Distribution of new Reserves C outsoumaris, G., W estebbe, R. M., P silos, D., M ichalakis, A., and X anthakis, N. Analysis and assessment of the economic effects of the U. S. -PL 480 Programm in Greece F riedmann, K aren J. German Grain Policies and Prices: G urvitch, G eorges. The Spectrum of Social Time. H eide, H olger. Die langfristige Wirtschqftsplanung in Schweden H elleiner, K arl F. The Imperial Loans H ershlag, Z. Y. Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East. Leiden H icks, J ohn. Capital and Growth. ISEA. Planification et analyse économiques J ohri, C. K. Monetary Policy in a Developing Economy J oint E conomic C ommittee (Congress of the United States). New Directions in the Soviet Economy K iss, G ábor. Gibt es eine ≪marxistische≫ Soziologie? L ebrecht, R obert G. Automatische Konjunkturstabilisatoren oder be-wusste Konjunkturpolitik ? L eontief, W assily. Input-Output Economics. M alinvaud, E. Statistical Methods of Econometrics M artin, A lfred VON. Mensch und Gesellschaft heute. N eufeld, M aurice F. Poor Countries and Authoritarian Rule. Ø lgaard, A nders. Growth, Productivity and Relative Prices. O ulÈs, F. Economic Planning and Democracy. P opper, K arl R. Logik der Forschung. R obinson, J oan. Economics-An Awkward Corner. S achverstÄndigenrat zur B egutachtung DER GESAMTWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN E ntwigklung. Jahresgutachten S eitz, T ycho. Preisführerschaft im Oligopol. T amagna, F rank. Central Banking in Latin America. T heil, H enri. Economics and Information Theory T illy, R ichard. Financial Institutions and Industrialization in the Rhineland T ouraine, A. (et al.). Workers' Attitudes to Technical Change T ullock, G ordon (Hrsg.). Papers on Non-Market Decision Making. Y eager, L eland B. International Monetary Relations; Theory, History and Policy. Y oung, J ohn P arke. United States Gold Policy: The Case for Change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Inflation, Output Growth and Macroeconomic Uncertainties in Pakistan and India.
- Author
-
Rasul, Saira, Bhatti, Arshad Ali, Khan, Himayatullah, and Jabeen, Munazza
- Subjects
MACROECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC development ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
This paper examines the dynamic relationships among inflation, output growth and their uncertainties for Pakistan and India for the period 1982-M4 to 2012-M12. We use various GARCH models to estimate the conditional variances that are used as proxies for the uncertainties of inflation and output growth. Finally, we use the bi-variate ARMA (p,q)-GARCH-M (1,1) models with diagonal BEKK specification to find the twelve causal relationships among inflation, output growth and their uncertainties. Our evidence supports the number of important conclusions. Firstly, we find that Friedman (1977) hypothesis, i.e., inflation leads to increase the inflation uncertainty is not supported in both Pakistan and India. Secondly, Cukierman-Meltzer (1986) hypothesis is accepted in Pakistan and Holland (1995) hypothesis is accepted in India. Thirdly, Black (1987) hypothesis is accepted in Pakistan and Deveraux (1989) hypothesis is accepted in India. We also find the strong relationship that higher output growth reduces the inflation in both India and Pakistan. We also conclude that the policy makers of both countries may take measures to reduce inflation rate because output growth is inversely related to inflation and the prevailing uncertainty in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
17. Electricity consumption-economic growth Nexus: An aggregated and disaggregated causality analysis in India and Pakistan.
- Author
-
Abbas, Faisal and Choudhury, Nirmalya
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption & economics , *ELECTRICITY , *ECONOMIC development , *GROWTH rate , *EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
Abstract: This paper empirically examined the causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in two densely populated countries in South Asia, India and Pakistan. The causality analysis was estimated at aggregated and disaggregated level where the focus of the analysis was on the agricultural sector. The disaggregated causality analysis indicated a bi-directional causality between the agricultural electricity consumption and the agricultural GDP in India, while in Pakistan the causality was found to run from agricultural GDP to agricultural electricity consumption. At the aggregated level, India confirmed conservation hypothesis while Pakistan confirmed feedback hypothesis. From the public policy point of view, it can be inferred that, at the macro level, any electricity conservation measures in India will not have an affect on India's increasing economic growth prospects and hence a policy-favourite supply-enhancement strategy in the form of increasing electricity generation needs to be balanced with a demand-management strategy. In case of Pakistan any such policy recommendation is difficult given the bidirectional nature of causality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Growth Diagnostics: The Puzzle of Pakistan's Lagging Economic Growth.
- Author
-
Khan, Shahrukh Rafi
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,SURVEYS ,GROSS domestic product ,ECONOMIC demand ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Advocates of growth diagnostics have shown it to be a preferable alternative to other methods of formulating a growth strategy such as cross-country regressions, growth accounting or international benchmarking using cross country surveys. We show that growth diagnostics also suffers from problems and demands a high level of economic sophistication from its practitioners. We suggest a simpler prelude before launching into rigorous analysis and apply this method to address the puzzle of Pakistan's lagging per capita GDP relative to India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. EVOLUTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS: A SOUTH ASIAN PERSPECTIVE.
- Author
-
Nair, Padmaja
- Subjects
NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations -- Social aspects ,CHARITIES -- Government policy ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL development ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
SUMMARY Non-government organisations (NGOs) have become a critical constituent of the larger civil society, and their activities have been institutionalised into the development process. Under the title 'NGO', they are only a few decades old in the region, but they had an earlier life as 'voluntary' organisations. In the context of the Indian sub-continent, NGOs evolved from institutions of charity and welfare, mainly within the prerogative of kings and philanthropists, to become stakeholders in the development process and the self-appointed well-wishers of poor and marginalised communities. In their journey, they were sometimes partners and collaborators with the state, sometimes advocates and sometimes adversaries. The state-NGO relationship evolved through various political regimes and was marked by tensions-at times overt and at times hidden. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. ARMS RACE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASE OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN*.
- Author
-
Yildirim, Jülide and Öcal, Nadir
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC indicators ,DISARMAMENT ,ARMS control ,ARMS race ,MILITARY readiness - Abstract
The hostility between India and Pakistan is believed to have led to an arms race between the two countries, which might have contributed to their retarded economic growth. This paper investigates this twin problem of arms race and economic growth for the time period 1949–2003. The empirical results suggest that there is a mutual causal relationship between the military expenditures of India and Pakistan. Even though military expenditure does not Granger cause economic growth in Pakistan, there is causality from military expenditure to economic growth in India. A VAR analysis revealed that military expenditure hinders economic growth in India in the long‐run, but it has a growth promoting effect in the short‐run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Fuse in the Subcontinent.
- Author
-
Deutschman, Paul
- Subjects
SOVEREIGNTY ,TAX & expenditure limitations ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The article focuses on the fiscal problems which will persist in multiplicity and the whole set of new problems that must be faced as a result of East Bengal's emergence as the sovereign state of Bangladesh. Theoretically, Bangladesh is dependent upon India; in fact, it is dependent upon the United States. But the most far-reaching possible consequence of Bangladesh, is a somewhat "philosophical" one: namely, the threat posed to the very existence of Pakistan itself as a sovereign state. It follows that Bangladesh is a threat-in-being to the entire subcontinent. The subcontinent might be fragmented and reformed into a number of new states taking little cognizance of present Indian- Pakistani-Kashmiri-Bangladeshi, or whatever, borders.
- Published
- 1972
22. DEFENSE EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN AND INDIA: AN AUGMENTED FEDER-TYPE MODEL.
- Author
-
Sheikh, Muhammad Ramzan
- Subjects
NATIONAL security finance ,ECONOMIC development ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,INDIAN economy ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
To discover defense-growth nexus, this study has used Feder type model to capture the supply-side impacts for Pakistan and India. In Feder-type model, this study has used four sectors to find out total effects of defense spending on growth by using OLS technique. The findings of the study show that there is positive association between the total effect of defense and growth in all the sectors for both the countries. In augmented Feder-type model, the total effects along with externality effects and productivity differential have been re-estimated. The sign of the total effects of defense sector remain the same for both the countries whereas externality effects of defense sector have been observed negative for both the countries except in four-sector for Pakistan. The results of productivity differential of defense sector appear with negative sign throughout the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. BMI Research: Asia Monitor: South Asia Monitor.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in South Asia ,SOUTH Asian politics & government ,ECONOMIC forecasting ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The article presents an outlook for South Asia's economic, political, and business environment for 2013. It provides a forecast and an overview of the developments in the region's inflation, economic growth, banking and mining industry. Als discussed are the risks to the economic, political, and business environment prospects in South Asian countries including Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan.
- Published
- 2013
24. ELECTIONS IN INDIA: BEHIND THE CONGRESS COMEBACK.
- Author
-
Wilkinson, Steven I.
- Subjects
POLITICAL parties ,ELECTIONS ,CABINET system ,ECONOMIC development ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Cites that the leaders of the opposition Indian National Congress were convinced that the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led National Democratic Alliance would handily win in the April-May 2004 Indian parliamentary elections. Consideration of the country's economic growth; Progress on negotiations with Pakistan over the troubled state of Kashmir; Performance of BJP prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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