14 results
Search Results
2. Systems of Organization and Allocation of National Resources for Scientific Research: Some International Comparisons and Conclusions for New Market Economies.
- Author
-
Weiss, Charles and Passman, Sidney
- Abstract
Reviews science and technology policymaking in five countries with free-market economies: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Implications for eastern European and other countries currently reorganizing toward domestic market economies and greater orientation toward world trade are discussed. (61 references) (LRW)
- Published
- 1991
3. Higher Education Policy Change in Europe: Academic Research Funding and the Impact Agenda
- Author
-
Gunn, Andrew and Mintrom, Michael
- Abstract
In the policy period following the Lisbon Strategy of 2000, European governments increasingly regard universities, and the research they produce, as key to enhancing economic performance. With this heightened respect for the value of university-based research, comes an impatience to see returns on the public investments made. We analyze how policy is being used to influence the academic research process through the evaluations and funding allocation that accompany public funding. This paper features examples from the European Union and recent policy developments in two nation states to investigate how policy seeks to enhance the non-academic impacts of academic research.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Measuring energy and environmental efficiency interactions towards CO 2 emissions reduction without slowing economic growth in central and western Europe.
- Author
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Zhang J, Patwary AK, Sun H, Raza M, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, and Iram R
- Subjects
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Europe, Ireland, Renewable Energy, United Kingdom, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
Given the economic growth and energy consumption patterns, most countries are striving to solve the problems of CO
2 emissions reduction to achieve sustainable development. This paper employs an improved DEA model to measure energy and environmental efficiency for some selected countries in central and western Europe. In addition, the DEA window evaluation technique is applied to measure cross-sectional efficiency using two inputs (energy consumption, labor force), a desirable output (gross domestic product), and an undesirable output (CO2 emission) for the period from 2010 to 2014. The study finds that the UK ranks the highest position in term of energy and environmental efficiency. This shows that the UK has more effective policies regarding energy efficiency, consumption, production, import and energy intensity measures for sustainable economic growth as well as environmental protection. Ireland is the second-best country after the United Kingdom. The efficiency scores of the two countries are 0.99 and 0.89 respectively. On the empirical outcomes, this study suggests effective reforms in energy sector for countries with less energy efficiency that are still facing the problem of environmental degradation., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. SME Policy in Europe.
- Author
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De, Dennis
- Subjects
SMALL business ,ECONOMIC policy ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC development ,COMMUNITY development ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,GLOBALIZATION ,RESEARCH & development ,RED tape - Abstract
This paper explores what small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policy is about, how it is pursued in Europe, and the differences between the European countries. According to the author, the overall objectives of SME policy are to create employment, foster economic growth, improve competitiveness, and regional/structural development. The SME-related policy pursued in most European countries involves a collection of various objectives and fields of economic policy rather than a conceptual framework. The author discusses the various approaches of SME policy that take place in the following European countries: Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, and Belgium. The author also discusses the variation of instruments used in the following fields of SME policy: start-ups, finance, exports and internationalization, information, research and development, labor, and red tape.
- Published
- 2000
6. The Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on European Labor Markets: An Analysis of the Political Economies of Germany and the United Kingdom.
- Author
-
McManus, Ian
- Subjects
- *
FINANCIAL crises , *UNEMPLOYMENT statistics , *GROSS domestic product , *ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The article discusses the effect of the global financial crisis on states and markets in Europe including unemployment rate and gross domestic product (GDP). It also examines different structures within the political economies of Germany and Great Britain including financial crisis. It analyzes policies that each state pursued in response to the crisis and its implications in the economic development of Germany and Great Britain.
- Published
- 2011
7. PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY.
- Author
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Haberler, Gottfried
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,COMMERCE ,ECONOMIC policy ,BALANCE of trade ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,ECONOMIC development ,POSTWAR reconstruction - Abstract
The article presents comments on the problems of international economic policy by providing various discussions from specialized conferences. There are two persistent enemies of international commerce. The one is restrictionism, the other discrimination. Great Britain and the United States alike have tried to compromise with both. Neither American protectionism, even as modified by the Hull agreements, nor the system of preferential tariffs, as exemplified in trade treaties among Great Britain and the Dominions, is consistent with international prosperity nor with international friendship. According to one of the economists, for the European continent foreign trade is simply vital for maintaining of decent living possibilities, it is not a question of a degree of economic stability but of the whole economic structure. The postwar balance of trade may be unfavorably affected by the structural changes in the British balance of payments, as Great Britain has been a big surplus importer from the European Continent, supplying it with dollars and other overseas exchanges.
- Published
- 1942
8. 'This is What Growth Does': British Views of the European Economies in the Prosperous 'Golden Age' of 1951-73.
- Author
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O'Hara, Glen
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,PUBLIC opinion ,REGRESSION (Civilization) ,TRANSNATIONALISM ,EUROPEANIZATION ,ECONOMIC conditions in Europe, 1945- ,TWENTIETH century ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
This article attempts to deconstruct and analyse British views of the European economies during the post-war years of fast growth, low unemployment and subdued inflation. Though there had been a great deal of academic attention paid to Britons' self-perceptions, less research has been conducted as to how they saw the most relevant 'other': the societies and economies on either side of the English Channel. Two case-studies are utilized here to suggest both how Britons saw themselves by reference to their near-neighbours, and to study how policy ideas moved around the international world of advice, interpretation and global governance that was emerging after the Second World War. The French and Soviet examples, so scrutinized and apparently fascinating at the time, are the main focus of the article, though other sources of inspiration - German, Scandinavian, Italian - are also suggested. The article concludes with a brief sketch of the main reasons other Europeans' apparent 'success' came to seem so important. These include a national sense of 'declinism'; the importance of international bodies such as the United Nations; and the intertwined relationship between domestic and foreign policy during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Destocking in the Euro Area.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC forecasting ,ECONOMIC conditions in the Eurozone ,ECONOMIC indicators ,FINANCIAL crises ,GROSS domestic product ,ECONOMIC structure ,ECONOMIC development ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The article discusses the potential decrease of the economy in the Euro Area. It highlights the shrinking of the economy in Euro Area by 1.6 percent on quarterly basis. It noted the decrease of economic activity in the first quarter of 2009. It emphasizes that the forecast on the decline of economy came from both public and private sectors. The article also presents various charts and diagrams depicting the economic activity in the Euro Area including the contribution of stockbuilding to the growth of gross domestic product (GPD), inflation expectation and the prospects for the European Union.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. BRITAIN AND EUROPE: THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL AREA.
- Author
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BEGG, DAVID
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,PRIVATE schools ,ECONOMISTS ,INTEREST rates ,PUBLIC finance ,FOREIGN exchange rates - Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A New View of European Industrialization.
- Author
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Cameron, Rondo
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC development ,COAL ,HUMAN capital - Abstract
The article focuses on the economic, social, and political changes that occurred as European societies ceased to be primarily agrarian in economic structure and devoted proportionately more of their resources and labor to the production of non-agricultural commodities and services. Industrialization is not identical either with economic growth or economic development, although it is closely associated with both. The process of economic growth, including in the modern era the special case of industrialization, involves the interaction of four broad classes or categories of factors--population, resources, technology, and institutions. In conclusion, there was not one model for industrialization in the nineteenth century. Coal and human capital were the two basic ingredients, but in combination with one another and with other elements they produced a variety of patterns of industrialization. The customary depiction of an industrial revolution in Great Britain and its repetition in continental Europe and elsewhere distorts the historical record.
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Typologies and Evidence: Has Nineteenth-Century Europe a Guide to Economic Growth.
- Author
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Ashworth, William
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC indicators ,ECONOMIC forecasting ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
The article focuses on typologies and evidence that serve as a guide to economic growth in Europe during the nineteenth century. There has also been increased reliance on comparative methods by historians seeking to achieve a cross-fertilization of explanatory ideas. For both purposes it is desirable, for the first purpose essential, that any historical generalizations called into aid should be not only true of several particular instances but also should be very widely applicable. It could be harmfully misleading if what looked to be proclamations of universal relationships turned out to be no more than accounts of one or two highly individual cases, disguised in the language of generality. All the chief schemes expounding alleged universalities in the history of economic growth have received plenty of criticism, both appreciative and hostile, but it is doubtful whether they have often been starkly confronted by the question whether the evidence they use is comprehensive enough to provide a secure foundation of genuine history for edifices as vast as they have grown to be. They have been challenged on grounds of unclarity or inappropriateness in their basic concepts, or because they have been inaccurate on some specific points, or because some particular case may be more convincingly interpreted by postulating a different chain of causation.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Everybody's Business.
- Author
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Hutchison, Keith
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Europe, 1945- ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The article says that it was a shock to read the latest issue of the quarterly Bulletin of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe that the rate of industrial production declined in most European countries during the third quarter of 1949. Only in Socialist Britain was wholly satisfactory progress registered. In France there was a reversal of the upward trend noted earlier in the year and in Belgium both light and heavy industry suffered a setback. Western Germany and Italy, the report adds, made little or no progress. The increase in industrial production in Great Britain was due only to a slight extent to the employment of larger numbers, for Britain has had practically full employment for the last three years and its working population is growing very slowly.
- Published
- 1950
14. Parallel Trade Still Making Headlines.
- Author
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Robinson, Kevin
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain ,ECONOMIC development ,GROWTH industries ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry - Abstract
The parallel trade debate is destined to be with the people for some time, it would seem. Great Britain's industry is the loser from Parallel trade in pharmaceuticals. According to a study, the shipment of bona fide drugs into Great Britain from Europe, may cost the country's pharmaceutical sector more than £770 million a year. The study, which investigated the impact of parallel trade on the welfare of consumers, purchasers and producers in Great Britain, concluded that, overall, the practice has a negative impact on the economy of Great Britain. Taking a different view, the European Association of European Pharmaceutical Cos.,has slammed as "seriously flawed" a recently published report from LSE Health and Social Care.
- Published
- 2004
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