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The study analyzes the structure and the dynamics of the national economy using the data of professional traders registered at Trade Registry from Romania. Based on this analysis we achieved a structural profile of the national economy activities. The results of this analysis were correlated with the dynamic of the global competitiveness, according to the World Economic Forum model. Thus, based on logical deductions, we have shown the impact of the structural weaknesses of the Romanian economy on competitiveness. In 2015-2016, when the share of companies that have withdrawn from business has exceeded the pace of new business registrations, the competitiveness of the Romanian economy (according to the global competitiveness index) has fallen. Another element with a negative impact was also the intensity of activities in the national economy. The share of primary sector activities has decreased with four percent and the share of activities secondary sector has increased with only three percent. Instead, the share of tertiary sector activities has continued to grow. The increase in the share of the tertiary sector activities and the low volume of activities in the other two sectors confirm that Romania has become a market for external producers. Moreover, the figures for 2017 show that the effects of structural deficiencies are still experienced today (Romania losing 13 positions in the ranking of the global competitiveness index