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1. Short-term paleogeographic reorganizations and climate events shaped diversification of North American freshwater gastropods over deep time

Author

Neubauer, Thomas A, Harzhauser, Mathias, Hartman, Joseph H, Silvestro, Daniele, Scotese, Christopher R, Czaja, Alexander, Vermeij, Geerat J, and Wilke, Thomas

Subjects
Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Earth Sciences, Climate Change Science, Climate Action, Animals, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Fresh Water, Gastropoda, North America, Phylogeny
Abstract

What controls species diversity and diversification is one of the major questions in evolutionary biology and paleontology. Previous studies have addressed this issue based on various plant and animal groups, geographic regions, and time intervals. However, as most previous research focused on terrestrial or marine ecosystems, our understanding of the controls on diversification of biota (and particularly invertebrates) in freshwater environments in deep time is still limited. Here, we infer diversification rates of North American freshwater gastropods from the Late Triassic to the Pleistocene and explore potential links between shifts in speciation and extinction and major changes in paleogeography, climate, and biotic interactions. We found that variation in the speciation rate is best explained by changes in continental fragmentation, with rate shifts coinciding with major paleogeographic reorganizations in the Mesozoic, in particular the retreat of the Sundance Sea and subsequent development of the Bighorn wetland and the advance of the Western Interior Seaway. Climatic events in the Cenozoic (Middle Eocene Climate Optimum, Miocene Climate Optimum) variably coincide with shifts in speciation and extinction as well, but no significant long-term association could be detected. Similarly, no influence of diversity dependence was found across the entire time frame of ~ 214 Myr. Our results indicate that short-term climatic events and paleogeographic changes are relevant to the diversification of continental freshwater biota, while long-term trends have limited effect.

Published
2022

2. Deep drilling reveals massive shifts in evolutionary dynamics after formation of ancient ecosystem

Author

Wilke, Thomas, Hauffe, Torsten, Jovanovska, Elena, Cvetkoska, Aleksandra, Donders, Timme, Ekschmitt, Klemens, Francke, Alexander, Lacey, Jack H, Levkov, Zlatko, Marshall, Charles R, Neubauer, Thomas A, Silvestro, Daniele, Stelbrink, Björn, Vogel, Hendrik, Albrecht, Christian, Holtvoeth, Jens, Krastel, Sebastian, Leicher, Niklas, Leng, Melanie J, Lindhorst, Katja, Masi, Alessia, Ognjanova-Rumenova, Nadja, Panagiotopoulos, Konstantinos, Reed, Jane M, Sadori, Laura, Tofilovska, Slavica, Van Bocxlaer, Bert, Wagner-Cremer, Friederike, Wesselingh, Frank P, Wolters, Volkmar, Zanchetta, Giovanni, Zhang, Xiaosen, and Wagner, Bernd

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Earth Sciences, Geology, Biodiversity, Biological Evolution, Climate Change, Ecosystem, Fossils, Lakes
Abstract

The scarcity of high-resolution empirical data directly tracking diversity over time limits our understanding of speciation and extinction dynamics and the drivers of rate changes. Here, we analyze a continuous species-level fossil record of endemic diatoms from ancient Lake Ohrid, along with environmental and climate indicator time series since lake formation 1.36 million years (Ma) ago. We show that speciation and extinction rates nearly simultaneously decreased in the environmentally dynamic phase after ecosystem formation and stabilized after deep-water conditions established in Lake Ohrid. As the lake deepens, we also see a switch in the macroevolutionary trade-off, resulting in a transition from a volatile assemblage of short-lived endemic species to a stable community of long-lived species. Our results emphasize the importance of the interplay between environmental/climate change, ecosystem stability, and environmental limits to diversity for diversification processes. The study also provides a new understanding of evolutionary dynamics in long-lived ecosystems.

Published
2020

3. Genetic Evidence of Contemporary Dispersal of the Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosoma japonicum: Movement of an NTD Host Is Facilitated by Land Use and Landscape Connectivity.

Author

Head, Jennifer R, Chang, Howard, Li, Qunna, Hoover, Christopher M, Wilke, Thomas, Clewing, Catharina, Carlton, Elizabeth J, Liang, Song, Lu, Ding, Zhong, Bo, and Remais, Justin V

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Schistosoma japonicum, Snails, Schistosomiasis, Schistosomiasis japonica, Bayes Theorem, Animal Migration, Ecology, Environment, Disease Vectors, Infection Control, Phylogeny, Genotype, Geography, China, BRII recipient: Remais, Tropical Medicine, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

BackgroundWhile the dispersal of hosts and vectors-through active or passive movement-is known to facilitate the spread and re-emergence of certain infectious diseases, little is known about the movement ecology of Oncomelania spp., intermediate snail host of the parasite Schistosoma japonicum, and its consequences for the spread of schistosomiasis in East and Southeast Asia. In China, despite intense control programs aimed at preventing schistosomiasis transmission, there is evidence in recent years of re-emergence and persistence of infection in some areas, as well as an increase in the spatial extent of the snail host. A quantitative understanding of the dispersal characteristics of the intermediate host can provide new insights into the spatial dynamics of transmission, and can assist public health officials in limiting the geographic spread of infection.Methodology/principal findingsOncomelania hupensis robertsoni snails (n = 833) were sampled from 29 sites in Sichuan, China, genotyped, and analyzed using Bayesian assignment to estimate the rate of recent snail migration across sites. Landscape connectivity between each site pair was estimated using the geographic distance distributions derived from nine environmental models: Euclidean, topography, incline, wetness, land use, watershed, stream use, streams and channels, and stream velocity. Among sites, 14.4% to 32.8% of sampled snails were identified as recent migrants, with 20 sites comprising >20% migrants. Migration rates were generally low between sites, but at 8 sites, over 10% of the overall host population originated from one proximal site. Greater landscape connectivity was significantly associated with increased odds of migration, with the minimum path distance (as opposed to median or first quartile) emerging as the strongest predictor across all environmental models. Models accounting for land use explained the largest proportion of the variance in migration rates between sites. A greater number of irrigation channels leading into a site was associated with an increase in the site's propensity to both attract and retain snails.Conclusions/significanceOur findings have important implications for controlling the geographic spread of schistosomiasis in China, through improved understanding of the dispersal capacity of the parasite's intermediate host.

Published
2016

4. Spatially explicit modeling of schistosomiasis risk in eastern China based on a synthesis of epidemiological, environmental and intermediate host genetic data.

Author

Schrader, Matthias, Hauffe, Torsten, Zhang, Zhijie, Davis, George M, Jopp, Fred, Remais, Justin V, and Wilke, Thomas

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Schistosoma japonicum, Snails, Schistosomiasis japonica, Models, Statistical, Risk Assessment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Ecology, Climate, Disease Vectors, Topography, Medical, Molecular Sequence Data, China, Models, Statistical, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Topography, Medical, Tropical Medicine, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

Schistosomiasis japonica is a major parasitic disease threatening millions of people in China. Though overall prevalence was greatly reduced during the second half of the past century, continued persistence in some areas and cases of re-emergence in others remain major concerns. As many regions in China are approaching disease elimination, obtaining quantitative data on Schistosoma japonicum parasites is increasingly difficult. This study examines the distribution of schistosomiasis in eastern China, taking advantage of the fact that the single intermediate host serves as a major transmission bottleneck. Epidemiological, population-genetic and high-resolution ecological data are combined to construct a predictive model capable of estimating the probability that schistosomiasis occurs in a target area ("spatially explicit schistosomiasis risk"). Results show that intermediate host genetic parameters are correlated with the distribution of endemic disease areas, and that five explanatory variables--altitude, minimum temperature, annual precipitation, genetic distance, and haplotype diversity-discriminate between endemic and non-endemic zones. Model predictions are correlated with human infection rates observed at the county level. Visualization of the model indicates that the highest risks of disease occur in the Dongting and Poyang lake regions, as expected, as well as in some floodplain areas of the Yangtze River. High risk areas are interconnected, suggesting the complex hydrological interplay of Dongting and Poyang lakes with the Yangtze River may be important for maintaining schistosomiasis in eastern China. Results demonstrate the value of genetic parameters for risk modeling, and particularly for reducing model prediction error. The findings have important consequences both for understanding the determinants of the current distribution of S. japonicum infections, and for designing future schistosomiasis surveillance and control strategies. The results also highlight how genetic information on taxa that constitute bottlenecks to disease transmission can be of value for risk modeling.

Published
2013

5. The geodynamic and limnological evolution of Balkan Lake Ohrid, possibly the oldest extant lake in Europe

Author

Wagner, Bernd, Tauber, Paul, Francke, Alexander, Leicher, Niklas, Binnie, Steven A., Cvetkoska, Aleksandra, Jovanovska, Elena, Just, Janna, Lacey, Jack H., Levkov, Zlatko, Lindhorst, Katja, Kouli, Katerina, Krastel, Sebastian, Panagiotopoulos, Konstantinos, Ulfers, Arne, Zaova, Dušica, Donders, Timme H., Grazhdani, Andon, Koutsodendris, Andreas, Leng, Melanie J., Sadori, Laura, Scheinert, Mirko, Vogel, Hendrik, Wonik, Thomas, Zanchetta, Giovanni, Wilke, Thomas, Palaeo-ecologie, Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change, Palaeo-ecologie, and Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change

Subjects
displacement, 637 ka, Archeology, clast, Lake Ohrid, Evolution, tectonict, Climate evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Balkan, 550 Earth sciences & geology, paleoclimate, geodynamics, Prespa, Variability, Turkmenistan, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Diatom record, Lake Ohrid, paleoclimate, palaeolimnology, tectonict, Ecology, lacustrine deposit, limnology, sedimentology, Geology, palaeolimnology, Cenozoic tectonics, Macedonia, evolution, Pleistocene, lake evolution, Impact, Archaeology, Tenaghi-philippon, sedimentation
Abstract

Studies of the upper 447 m of the DEEP site sediment succession from central Lake Ohrid, Balkan Peninsula, North Macedonia and Albania provided important insights into the regional climate history and evolutionary dynamics since permanent lacustrine conditions established at 1.36 million years ago (Ma). This paper focuses on the entire 584-m-long DEEP sediment succession and a comparison to a 197-m-long sediment succession from the Pestani site ~5 km to the east in the lake, where drilling ended close to the bedrock, to unravel the earliest history of Lake Ohrid and its basin development. 26Al/10Be dating of clasts from the base of the DEEP sediment succession implies that the sedimentation in the modern basin started at c. 2 Ma. Geophysical, sedimentological and micropalaeontological data allow for chronological information to be transposed from the DEEP to the Pestani succession. Fluvial conditions, slack water conditions, peat formation and/or complete desiccation prevailed at the DEEP and Pestani sites until 1.36 and 1.21 Ma, respectively, before a larger lake extended over both sites. Activation of karst aquifers to the east probably by tectonic activity and a potential existence of neighbouring Lake Prespa supported filling of Lake Ohrid. The lake deepened gradually, with a relatively constant vertical displacement rate of ~0.2 mm a−1 between the central and the eastern lateral basin and with greater water depth presumably during interglacial periods. Although the dynamic environment characterized by local processes and the fragmentary chronology of the basal sediment successions from both sites hamper palaeoclimatic significance prior to the existence of a larger lake, the new data provide an unprecedented and detailed picture of the geodynamic evolution of the basin and lake that is Europe’s presumed oldest extant freshwater lake.

Published
2023
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6. Insights into the evolution of the young Lake Ohrid ecosystem and vegetation succession from a southern European refugium during the Early Pleistocene

Author

Panagiotopoulos, Konstantinos, Holtvoeth, Jens, Kouli, Katerina, Marinova, Elena, Francke, Alexander, Cvetkoska, Aleksandra, Jovanovska, Elena, Lacey, Jack H., Lyons, Emma T., Buckel, Connie, Bertini, Adele, Donders, Timme, Just, Janna, Leicher, Niklas, Leng, Melanie J., Melles, Martin, Pancost, Richard D., Sadori, Laura, Tauber, Paul, Vogel, Hendrik, Wagner, Bernd, Wilke, Thomas, Palaeo-ecologie, Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change, Aquatic Ecology (AqE), Palaeo-ecologie, and Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change

Subjects
MIDDLE-PLEISTOCENE, Archeology, Early Pleistocene, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, POLLEN RECORD, Palynological richness, Biome, Ecological succession, 01 natural sciences, Refugium (population biology), CLIMATE VARIABILITY, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, Mediterranean region, Stable isotopes, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Relicts, Mediterranean region, Mid-altitude refugium, Relicts, Vegetation succession, Pollen-based biome reconstruction, Palynological richness, Microscopic charcoal, Lipid biomarkers, Diatoms, Stable isotopes, Geology, Vegetation, Plan_S-Compliant_NO, Geography, Physical, Geography, Archaeology, international, Interglacial, Physical Sciences, Microscopic charcoal, PLIOCENE, PALYNOLOGY, 637 KA, 010506 paleontology, Evolution, Mid-altitude refugium, Behavior and Systematics, 550 Earth sciences & geology, TENAGHI-PHILIPPON, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Diatoms, Science & Technology, MEMBRANE-LIPIDS, Evergreen, Pollen-based biome reconstruction, diatoms, lipid biomarkers, microscopic charcoal, mid-altitude refugium, palynological richness, pollen-based biome reconstruction, relicts, stable isotopes, vegetation succession, Vegetation succession, Physical Geography, DIALKYL GLYCEROL TETRAETHERS, Lipid biomarkers, MARINE
Abstract

Mediterranean mid-altitude sites are critical for the survival of plant species allowing for elevational vegetation shifts in response to high-amplitude climate variability. Pollen records from the southern Balkans have underlined the importance of the region in preserving plant diversity over at least the last half a million years. So far, there are no records of vegetation and climate dynamics from Balkan refugia with an Early Pleistocene age. Here we present a unique palynological archive from such a refugium, the Lake Ohrid basin, recording continuously floristic diversity and vegetation succession under obliquitypacedclimate oscillations. Palynological data are complemented by biomarker, diatom, carbonate isotope and sedimentological data to identify the mechanisms controlling shifts in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems within the lake and its catchment. The study interval encompasses four complete glacial-interglacial cycles (1365e1165 ka; MIS 43e35). Within the first 100 kyr of lake ontogeny, lake size and depth increase before the lake system enters a new equilibrium state as observed in a distinct shift in biotic communities and sediment composition. Several relict tree genera such as Cedrus, Tsuga, Carya, and Pterocarya played an important role in ecological succession cycles, while total relict abundance accounts for up to half of the total arboreal vegetation. The most prominent biome during interglacials is cool mixed evergreen needleleaf and deciduous broadleaf forests, while cool evergreen needleleaf forestsdominate within glacials. A rather forested landscape with a remarkable plant diversity provide uniqueinsights into Early Pleistocene ecosystem resilience and vegetation dynamics.

Published
2020
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7. Mollusc species from the Pontocaspian region – an expert opinion list

Author

Wesselingh, Frank P., Neubauer, Thomas A., Anistratenko, Vitaliy V., Vinarski, Maxim V., Yanina, Tamara, ter Poorten, Jan Johan, Kijashko, Pavel, Albrecht, Christian, Anistratenko, Olga Yu., D’Hont, Anouk, Frolov, Pavel, Gándara, Alberto Martínez, Gittenberger, Arjan, Gogaladze, Aleksandre, Karpinsky, Mikhail, Lattuada, Matteo, Popa, Luis, Sands, Arthur F., van de Velde, Sabrina, Vandendorpe, Justine, Wilke, Thomas, and Staff publications

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Fauna, Biodiversity & Conservation, Grant agreement no: 642973, bivalves, ANCIENT LAKE, 01 natural sciences, taxonomy, lcsh:Zoology, lcsh:QL1-991, Action: H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014, Data deficient, FRESH-WATER, Cenozoic, Ecology, PRIDE, POTAMOPYRGUS-ANTIPODARUM, conservation, Checklist, Europe, Geography, Habitat, Black Sea, MYTILOPSIS-LEUCOPHAEATA, CARDIIDAE, nomenclature, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Aral Sea, Species complex, Asia, BIVALVIA, gastropods, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, 010603 evolutionary biology, GENUS, Systematics, 14. Life underwater, CERASTODERMA-GLAUCUM, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Invertebrate, Science & Technology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Species diversity, 15. Life on land, ARAL SEA, Mollusca, GASTROPOD FAUNA, Conservation status, Animal Science and Zoology, Caspian Sea, Species richness, Zoology
Abstract

Defining and recording the loss of species diversity is a daunting task, especially if identities of species under threat are not fully resolved. An example is the Pontocaspian biota. The mostly endemic invertebrate faunas that evolved in the Black Sea - Caspian Sea - Aral Sea region and live under variable salinity conditions are undergoing strong change, yet within several groups species boundaries are not well established. Collection efforts in the past decade have failed to produce living material of various species groups whose taxonomic status is unclear. This lack of data precludes an integrated taxonomic assessment to clarify species identities and estimate species richness of Pontocaspian biota combining morphological, ecological, genetic, and distribution data. In this paper, we present an expert-working list of Pontocaspian and invasive mollusc species associated to Pontocaspian habitats. This list is based on published and unpublished data on morphology, ecology, anatomy, and molecular biology. It allows us to (1) document Pontocaspian mollusc species, (2) make species richness estimates, and (3) identify and discuss taxonomic uncertainties. The endemic Pontocaspian mollusc species richness is estimated between 55 and 99 species, but there are several groups that may harbour cryptic species. Even though the conservation status of most of the species is not assessed or data deficient, our observations point to deterioration for many of the Pontocaspian species. ispartof: ZOOKEYS vol:827 issue:827 pages:31-124 ispartof: location:Bulgaria status: published

Published
2019
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8. Binning enables efficient host genome reconstruction in cnidarian holobionts

Author

Celis, Juan Sebastián, Wibberg, Daniel, Ramírez-Portilla, Catalina, Rupp, Oliver, Sczyrba, Alexander, Winkler, Anika, Kalinowski, Jörn, Wilke, Thomas, and Animal Ecology and Systematics

Subjects
Cnidaria, Scleractinia, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Animals, ddc:630, natural sciences, Symbiosis, hologenome, Phylogeny, holobiont, Genome, Ecology, Coral Reefs, Research, Computational Biology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, high-throughput sequencing, Agriculture, DNA, Genomics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Anthozoa, binning, Metagenomics, Transcriptome, Algorithms, Porites rus
Abstract

Background Many cnidarians, including stony corals, engage in complex symbiotic associations, comprising the eukaryotic host, photosynthetic algae, and highly diverse microbial communities—together referred to as holobiont. This taxonomic complexity makes sequencing and assembling coral host genomes extremely challenging. Therefore, previous cnidarian genomic projects were based on symbiont-free tissue samples. However, this approach may not be applicable to the majority of cnidarian species for ecological reasons. We therefore evaluated the performance of an alternative method based on sequence binning for reconstructing the genome of the stony coral Porites rus from a hologenomic sample and compared it to traditional approaches. Results Our results demonstrate that binning performs well for hologenomic data, producing sufficient reads for assembling the draft genome of P. rus. An assembly evaluation based on operational criteria showed results that were comparable to symbiont-free approaches in terms of completeness and usefulness, despite a high degree of fragmentation in our assembly. In addition, we found that binning provides sufficient data for exploratory k-mer estimation of genomic features, such as genome size and heterozygosity. Conclusions Binning constitutes a powerful approach for disentangling taxonomically complex coral hologenomes. Considering the recent decline of coral reefs on the one hand and previous limitations to coral genome sequencing on the other hand, binning may facilitate rapid and reliable genome assembly. This study also provides an important milestone in advancing binning from the metagenomic to the hologenomic and from the prokaryotic to the eukaryotic level.

Published
2018
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9. The environmental and evolutionary history of Lake Ohrid (FYROM/Albania): interim results from the SCOPSCO deep drilling project

Author

Wagner, Bernd, Wilke, Thomas, Francke, Alexander, Albrecht, Christian, Baumgarten, Henrike, Bertini, Adele, Combourieu Nebout, Nathalie, Cvetkoska, Aleksandra, Dapos, Addabbo, Michele, Donders, Timme, H., Föller, Kirstin, Giaccio, Biagio, Grazhdani, Andon, Hauffe, Torsten, Holtvoeth, Jens, Joannin, Sebastien, Jovanovska, Elena, Just, Janna, Kouli, Katerina, Koutsodendris, Andreas, Krastel, Sebastian, Lacey, Jack, H., Leicher, Niklas, Leng, Melanie, J., Levkov, Zlatko, Lindhorst, Katja, Masi, Alessia, Mercuri, Anna, M., Nomade, Sebastien, Nowaczyk, Norbert, Panagiotopoulos, Konstantinos, Peyron, Odile, Reed, Jane M., Regattieri, Eleonora, Sadori, Laura, Sagnotti, Leonardo, Stelbrink, Björn, Sulpizio, Roberto, Tofilovska, Slavica, Torri, Paola, Vogel, Hendrik, Wagner, Thomas, Wagner Cremer, Friederike, Wolff, George, A., Wonik, Thomas, Zanchetta, Giovanni, Zhang, Xiaosen S., Institute for Geology & Mineralogy Cologne, Université de Cologne, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University [Utrecht], PaleoEnvironnements et PaleobioSphere (PEPS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens = University of Athens (NKUA | UoA), Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey (BGS), Dipartimento di biologia ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Berkely Geochronology Center, GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Hull [United Kingdom], Dipartimiento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Department of Vegetation Biology, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Roma (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, CIRISIVU Dpto Geomineralogico, Università degli studi di Bari, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre de l'Asthme et des Allergies [CHU Trousseau], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Water and Earth System Science Competence Cluster (WESS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Bruegel, affiliation inconnue, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra [Pisa], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux (MSHE), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique ( HNHP ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université de Perpignan Via Domitia ( UPVD ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier ( ISEM ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique ( iPLESP ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia [Reggio Emilia] ( UNIMORE ), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam ( GFZ ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), University of Hull (UNITED KINGDOM), Università di Pisa, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ( UFZ ), Water and Earth System Science Competence Cluster ( WESS ), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra ( Università di Pisa ), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change, Palaeoecology, Palaeo-ecologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Perpignan Via Domitia ( UPVD ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux ( MSHE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] ( LGL-TPE ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), UMR 7194 Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)

Subjects
[ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pleistocene, Environmental change, Lake Ohrid, Evolution, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Life, Climate change, 580 Plants (Botany), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, Behavior and Systematics, lcsh:QH540-549.5, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ecology, evolution, behavior and systematics, earth-surface processes, Glacial period, Tephra, Paleoclimatology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 550 Earth sciences & geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, climate variation, environmental change, glacial-interglacial cycle, Quaternary, Lake Ohrid, Macedonia [Southern Europe], 13. Climate action, Interglacial, Deed drilling, Physical geography, Tephrochronology, lcsh:Ecology, Quaternary, Geology
Abstract

This study reviews and synthesises existing information generated within the SCOPSCO (Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid) deep drilling project. The four main aims of the project are to infer (i) the age and origin of Lake Ohrid (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia/Republic of Albania), (ii) its regional seismotectonic history, (iii) volcanic activity and climate change in the central northern Mediterranean region, and (iv) the influence of major geological events on the evolution of its endemic species. The Ohrid basin formed by transtension during the Miocene, opened during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, and the lake established de novo in the still relatively narrow valley between 1.9 and 1.3 Ma. The lake history is recorded in a 584 m long sediment sequence, which was recovered within the framework of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) from the central part (DEEP site) of the lake in spring 2013. To date, 54 tephra and cryptotephra horizons have been found in the upper 460 m of this sequence. Tephrochronology and tuning biogeochemical proxy data to orbital parameters revealed that the upper 247.8 m represent the last 637 kyr. The multi-proxy data set covering these 637 kyr indicates long-term variability. Some proxies show a change from generally cooler and wetter to drier and warmer glacial and interglacial periods around 300 ka. Short-term environmental change caused, for example, by tephra deposition or the climatic impact of millennial-scale Dansgaard–Oeschger and Heinrich events are superimposed on the long-term trends. Evolutionary studies on the extant fauna indicate that Lake Ohrid was not a refugial area for regional freshwater animals. This differs from the surrounding catchment, where the mountainous setting with relatively high water availability provided a refuge for temperate and montane trees during the relatively cold and dry glacial periods. Although Lake Ohrid experienced significant environmental change over the last 637 kyr, preliminary molecular data from extant microgastropod species do not indicate significant changes in diversification rate during this period. The reasons for this constant rate remain largely unknown, but a possible lack of environmentally induced extinction events in Lake Ohrid and/or the high resilience of the ecosystems may have played a role.

Published
2017
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10. Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

Author

Sands, Arthur F., Sereda, Sergej V., Stelbrink, Björn, Neubauer, Thomas A., Lazarev, Sergei, Wilke, Thomas, Albrecht, Christian, Paleomagnetism, Marine Palynology, Staff publications, Paleomagnetism, and Marine Palynology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, biodiversity accumulation, Pleistocene, Evolution, Biodiversity, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, cradle function, 03 medical and health sciences, Theodoxus, Behavior and Systematics, Ice age, sink function, Anatolia, Glacial period, Western Palaearctic, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Taxonomy, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ecology, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, humanities, museum function, Geography, Taxon, sense organs, human activities
Abstract

Aim: Elevated biodiversity is the result of the cradle, museum or sink functions. The contributions of these three functions to species accumulation and their changes through time remain unknown for glacial refugia. Additionally, our understanding of the role these functions played during pre‐glacial periods is limited. We test for changes in contributions of functions through time leading to the current diversity patterns using a model refugium and taxon. Location: Anatolia, Western Palaearctic. Taxon: Freshwater neritid snails (genus Theodoxus). Methods: Assessments were made to define molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) for Theodoxus and reaffirm the genus as a suitable model taxon with elevated interspecific diversity in noted glacial refugia. Thereafter, we constructed a time‐calibrated multilocus Bayesian phylogeny of mtDNA and nDNA by using both fossil data and published substitution rates. Ancestral area estimation was performed on the phylogeny to define the contribution of the functions through time. Results: Accumulation of Theodoxus diversity in Anatolia over the Miocene–Pliocene transition is attributed to the museum function, but its contribution was small as only few divergence events occurred. The cradle function dominated during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, when most interspecific diversity built up and extant lineages in Anatolia were established. The sink function acted from the Middle Pleistocene to present‐day, but with only a small contribution to the total extant Anatolian interspecific diversity. Main conclusion: Our results do not entirely mitigate the role glacial cycles played in species accumulation, but highlight Ice Ages may have been less effective in forcing temperate aquatic interspecific diversity into more opportune areas. The elevated diversity in refugia may rather be the result of earlier in situ diversification. Elevated interspecific diversity attributed to the legacy of glacially forced retreats may need to be re‐evaluated in cases where refugia have long and complex geological histories such as Anatolia. These results highlight the importance of considering species accumulation through a temporal perspective to adequately explain present‐day biodiversity patterns. Action: H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014, acronym: PRIDE, grant agreement No: 642973.

Published
2019
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11. Changes in Selection Regime Cause Loss of Phenotypic Plasticity in Planktonic Freshwater Copepods.

Author

Sereda, Sergej Vital’evič, Wilke, Thomas, and Schultheiß, Roland

Subjects
*PHENOTYPIC plasticity, *PLANKTON, *FRESHWATER biodiversity, *COPEPODA, *POPULATION biology, *FRESHWATER ecology
Abstract

Rapid phenotypic adaptation is critical for populations facing environmental changes and can be facilitated by phenotypic plasticity in the selected traits. Whereas recurrent environmental fluctuations can favour the maintenance or de novo evolution of plasticity, strong selection is hypothesized to decrease plasticity or even fix the trait (genetic assimilation). Despite advances in the theoretical understanding of the impact of plasticity on diversification processes, comparatively little empirical data of populations undergoing diversification mediated by plasticity are available. Here we use the planktonic freshwater copepod Acanthodiaptomus denticornis from two lakes as model system to study UV stress responses of two phenotypically different populations under laboratory conditions. Our study reveals heritable lake- and sex-specific differences of behaviour, physiological plasticity, and mortality. We discuss specific selective scenarios causing these differences and argue that phenotypic plasticity will be higher when selection pressure is moderate, but will decrease or even be lost under stronger pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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12. Intraspecific Variation in Cellular and Biochemical Heat Response Strategies of Mediterranean Xeropicta derbentina [Pulmonata, Hygromiidae].

Author

Troschinski, Sandra, Di Lellis, Maddalena A., Sereda, Sergej, Hauffe, Torsten, Wilke, Thomas, Triebskorn, Rita, and Köhler, Heinz-R.

Subjects
PULMONATA, COMPETITION (Biology), BIOLOGICAL variation, BIOCHEMISTRY, ECOPHYSIOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat
Abstract

Dry and hot environments challenge the survival of terrestrial snails. To minimize overheating and desiccation, physiological and biochemical adaptations are of high importance for these animals. In the present study, seven populations of the Mediterranean land snail species Xeropicta derbentina were sampled from their natural habitat in order to investigate the intraspecific variation of cellular and biochemical mechanisms, which are assigned to contribute to heat resistance. Furthermore, we tested whether genetic parameters are correlated with these physiological heat stress response patterns. Specimens of each population were individually exposed to elevated temperatures (25 to 52°C) for 8 h in the laboratory. After exposure, the health condition of the snails' hepatopancreas was examined by means of qualitative description and semi-quantitative assessment of histopathological effects. In addition, the heat-shock protein 70 level (Hsp70) was determined. Generally, calcium cells of the hepatopancreas were more heat resistant than digestive cells - this phenomenon was associated with elevated Hsp70 levels at 40°C.We observed considerable variation in the snails' heat response strategy: Individuals from three populations invested much energy in producing a highly elevated Hsp70 level, whereas three other populations invested energy in moderate stress protein levels - both strategies were in association with cellular functionality. Furthermore, one population kept cellular condition stable despite a low Hsp70 level until 40°C exposure, whereas prominent cellular reactions were observed above this thermal limit. Genetic diversity (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) within populations was low. Nevertheless, when using genetic indices as explanatory variables in a multivariate regression tree (MRT) analysis, population structure explained mean differences in cellular and biochemical heat stress responses, especially in the group exposed to 40°C. Our study showed that, even in similar habitats within a close range, populations of the same species use different stress response strategies that all rendered survival possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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13. Ecological opportunity may facilitate diversification in Palearctic freshwater organisms: a case study on hydrobiid gastropods.

Author

Delicado, Diana, Hauffe, Torsten, and Wilke, Thomas

Subjects
PALEARCTIC, FRESHWATER organisms, GASTROPODA, GENETIC speciation, ECOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL extinction
Abstract

Background: Differences in species richness among phylogenetic clades are attributed to clade age and/or variation in diversification rates. Access to ecological opportunity may trigger a temporary increase in diversification rates and ecomorphological variation. In addition, lower body temperatures in poikilothermic animals may result in decreasing speciation rates as proposed by the metabolic theory of ecology. For strictly freshwater organisms, environmental gradients within a river continuum, linked to elevation and temperature, might promote access to ecological opportunity and alter metabolic rates, eventually influencing speciation and extinction processes. To test these hypotheses, we investigated the influence of environmental temperature and elevation, as proxies for body temperature and ecological opportunity, respectively, on speciation rates and ecomorphological divergence. As model systems served two closely related gastropod genera with unequal species richness and habitat preferences – Pseudamnicola and Corrosella. Results: Lineage-through-time plots and Bayesian macroevolutionary modeling evidenced that Pseudamnicola species, which typically live in lower reaches of rivers, displayed significantly elevated speciation rates in comparison to the 'headwater genus' Corrosella. Moreover, state-dependent speciation models suggested that the speciation rate increased with decreasing elevation, supporting the ecological opportunity hypothesis. In contrast, a significant effect of environmental temperature, as proposed by the metabolic theory of ecology, could not be observed. Disparity-through-time plots, models of ecomorphological evolution, and ancestral habitat estimation showed for Pseudamnicola species rapid morphological divergence shortly after periods of elevational and habitat divergence. In contrast, Corrosella species did not deviate from null models of drift-like evolution. Conclusion: Our finding that speciation rates are correlated with elevation and ecomorphological disparity but not with environmental temperatures suggests that differences in ecological opportunity may have played a key role in Corrosella and Pseudamnicola diversifications. We propose that Pseudamnicola lineages experienced higher ecological opportunity through dispersal to new locations or habitats in lowlands, which may explain the increase in speciation rates and morphological change. In contrast, the evolution of Corrosella in headwaters is likely less facilitated by the environment and more by non-ecological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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