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Nest prospecting, that is, visiting potential future nest sites, may be a widespread bird behavior. Here we describe apparent prospecting while nesting by white-rumped swallows (Hirundinidae, Aves). In southern Brazil, birds tagged with passive-integrated transponders (PIT-tags) and breeding in nest boxes with PIT-tag readers: (1) often visited nest boxes that were in use by apparently unrelated birds (54 % of nests were visited at least once), (2) visited other boxes while caring for their own nestlings, (3) tended to have smaller broods than birds that were not recorded visiting, and (4) did not have a preference for any particular box. These patterns do not indicate any clear explanation for nest visiting, but they do show that prospecting is done by floaters (non-breeders) as well as actively breeding individuals. We suggest that these visits occur when time is available and that visitors may be assessing the availability of future nest sites.

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities.

We describe a nest and nesting activity of the Cinereous Warbling Finch (Poospiza cinerea) in Paredao da Serra do Curral City Park, Minas Gerais State in southeastern Brazil. Little is known about the reproductive biology of this globally vulnerable species. The nest was built with fragments of grass spikes in an Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia). The clutch consisted of three eggs. We describe courtship feeding behavior of the Cinereous Warbling Finch and brood parasitism of the nest by the Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis).

The Cinereous Warbling-finch Poospiza cinerea is a globally vulnerable Emberizidae passerine, patchily distributed and rare in the open savannah of central South America. Attributes of rare species include niche specificity such as feeding habits. To verify possible niche specialization in this species we aimed to describe its foraging habits related to substrate use, foraging and substrate height, attack maneuvers, and consumed food items. We monitored two groups at two study sites and sampled foraging events with intervals of 15 minutes. The substrates used in greater frequency were foliage and reproductive organs. Foraging and substrate height varied widely with study area. The attack maneuver adopted in greater frequency was glean. Most food items attacked were small invertebrates. Big invertebrates included Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. Poospiza cinerea was also recorded foraging in mixed bird flocks with seven other species. The generalist foraging behavior of the species cannot be associate to its rarity. O capacetinho-do-oco-do-pau Poospiza cinerea é um passeriforme da família Emberizidae globalmente vulnerável, irregularmente distribuído e raro no Cerrado do centro da América do Sul. Atributos de espécies raras incluem especificidades de nicho tais como hábitos de forrageamento. Para verificar possível especialização de nicho dessa espécie, buscamos descrever seu comportamento de forrageamento relacionado a uso de substrato, altura de forrageamento e do substrato, manobras de ataque e itens alimentares consumidos. Nós monitoramos dois grupos em duas áreas de estudo e amostramos eventos de forrageamento com intervalos de 15 minutos. Os substratos utilizados em maior frequência foram folhagem e órgãos reprodutivos. Alturas de forrageamento e dos substratos variaram amplamente com a área de estudo. A manobra de ataque adotada em maior frequência foi respigar. A maioria dos itens alimentares foi pequenos invertebrados. Grandes invertebrados incluíram Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera e Orthoptera. Poospiza cinerea foi registrado forrageando em bandos mistos com outras sete espécies. O comportamento de forrageamento generalista da espécie não pode ser associado com sua raridade.

The Cinereous Warbling-finch Poospiza cinerea (Emberizidae) is a Neotropical grassland bird considered rare, with population declining due to habitat loss and classified as vulnerable. However, the species conspicuously remains in several degraded areas, suggesting that it may be favored by these environments. Studies which focus on this species were inexistent until 2012, making questionable any statement about its threaten status. Here we analyzed population density, home range, and habitat selection of two groups of P. cinerea at independent sites that differ in human impact levels. Density was estimated by counting and mapping birds. Kernel density and minimum convex polygon were used to estimate home ranges. Habitat selection was inferred from use and availability of every habitat identified within the home range boundaries. One group positively selected urban tree vegetation, despite the availability of natural habitats in its home range. Based on a review on the literature and our findings, we assume that it is unlikely that P. cinerea is rare owing to habitat degradation, as previously thought. Nevertheless, this species was always recorded around native Cerrado vegetation and thus habitat modification may still threaten this species at some level. It is suggested that this species might be a woodland edge species, but future studies are necessary to confirm this assumption. O capacetinho-do-oco-do-pau Poospiza cinerea (Emberizidae) é um passeriforme neotropical de ambientes abertos, considerado raro e cuja população está em declínio devido à perda de habitat, sendo classificada como vulnerável. No entanto, a espécie tem sido observada com frequência em vários locais impactados, sugerindo que possa ser favorecida por esse tipo de ambiente. Estudos focados nessa espécie são escassos, o que nos leva a questionar qualquer afirmação sobre seu status de conservação. Nós analisamos a densidade populacional, área de vida e seleção de habitat de dois grupos de P. cinerea em dois locais independentes, que diferiam quanto ao grau de conservação. A densidade foi estimada por contagem e mapeamento das aves. Utilizamos Kernel density e Mínimo Polígono Convexo para estimar as áreas de vida. A seleção de habitat foi inferida a partir do uso e disponibilidade dos habitats nas áreas de vida. Um grupo selecionou positivamente árvores urbanas, apesar de ampla disponibilidade de vegetação natural na área de vida. Com base na revisão de literatura e também em nossas observações, consideramos improvável que a espécie seja rara devido à degradação de habitats naturais como anteriormente sugerido. Mesmo assim, a espécie sempre é observada em ambientes que contém vegetação nativa de Cerrado e, portanto, a degradação desse bioma pode ainda ser uma ameaça. É sugerido que Poospiza cinerea seja uma espécie de borda, e estudos futuros são necessários para confirmação dessa hipótese.