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Barleria cristata L., commonly known as the Philippine violet, is native to South Asia. It is an ornamental plant and is also used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. In India, it is found throughout the country in many forms, varying in its floral attributes (calyx and corolla) and habitat. In order to understand the species limits in B. cristata, we studied morphological as well as palynological variation and assessed the phylogenetic relationships among five different morphotypes. The studied morphotypes (populations) came from three phytogeographical regions, namely the Western Ghats, the Deccan Peninsula and the Western Himalaya. The naturally occurring populations from the Deccan Peninsula and the Western Himalaya showed conspicuous differences in their morphology. All the morphotypes had oblate spheroidal, tri-brevicolporate and honey-combed pollen grains which differed only in their quantitative parameters. The distinct-looking morphotypes, namely, Nandi Hills, Uttarakhand and cultivated morphotypes, could not be separated based on pollen characters. Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast DNA sequences revealed that our samples formed a clade sister to the B. cristata specimen used in the previous study. The genetic variation within morphotypes was not enough for the genomic regions investigated; however, it revealed among morphotype genealogies in detail. Phylogenetic analyses showed that there were three monophyletic groups within the B. cristata complex that exhibited some morphological differences. Nevertheless, based on the present sampling, it is not possible to delimit these morphotypes at specific or infraspecific level. To reach such conclusions, further investigations like sampling this species across its distribution range in India and assessment of intraspecific relationships, and their cytogenetical characterization should be done.

This work is devoted to design a novel nanostructured hybrid vesicle (NHV) made of lecithin and an acrylate/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate for the nasal delivery of a model active indomethacin (IND), and further to probe its microstructure, intermolecular interactions, drug release behavior, ex vivo permeation, and stability. NHVs were prepared by cavitation technology employing RSM-based central composite design (CCD). Amount of lecithin (X1), power of ultrasound (X2), and sonication time (X3) were selected as three independent variables while the studied response included Z-Avg (nm), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (mV). The designed system (NHV) was investigated through dynamic (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR), oscillatory measurement (stress and frequency sweep), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CCD was found useful in optimizing NHV. An optimized formulation (S6) had Z-Avg 80 nm, PDI 0.2, and zeta potential of − 43.26 mV. Morphology investigation revealed spherical vesicles with smaller TEM diameters (the largest particle being 52.26 nm). ATR analysis demonstrated significant intermolecular interactions among the drug (IND) and the components of vesicles. The designed vesicles had an elastic predominance and displayed supercase II (n > 1) type of drug release. Besides, the vesicles possessed potential to transport IND across the nasal mucosa with the steady-state flux (μg/cm2/h) and permeability coefficient (cm/h) of 26.61 and 13.30 × 10−3, respectively. NHV exhibited an exceptional stability involving a combination of electrostatic and steric interactions while the histopathology investigation confirmed their safety for nasal administration.