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Recurring seasonal changes can lead to the evolution of phenological cues. For example, many arthropods undergo photoperiodic diapause, a programmed developmental arrest induced by short autumnal day length. The selective mechanisms that determine the timing of autumnal diapause initiation have not been empirically identified. We quantified latitudinal clines in genetically determined diapause timing of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, on two continents. We show that variation in diapause timing within and between continents is explained by a novel application of a growing degree day (GDD) model that delineates a location‐specific deadline after which it is not possible to complete an additional full life cycle. GDD models are widely used to predict spring phenology by modelling growth and development as physiological responses to ambient temperatures. Our results show that the energy accumulation dynamics represented by GDD models have also led to the evolution of an anticipatory life‐history cue in autumn., We show that variation in the timing of a mosquito's autumnal diapause timing within and between continents is explained by a growing degree day (GDD) model that delineates a location‐specific deadline after which it is not possible to complete an additional full life cycle. GDD models are widely used to predict spring phenology by modeling growth and development as physiological responses to ambient temperatures. Our results show that the energy accumulation dynamics represented by GDD models have also led to the evolution of an anticipatory life‐history cue in autumn.

The Asian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), have invaded North America, Europe, and other regions since the late 20th century. In invasive ranges, Ae. albopictus has well been recognized as urban, domestic species, whereas views about the macrohabitats of Ae. j. japonicus are inconsistent. Previous reports in Japan suggest the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolises. However, container-mosquito larvae have not been inspected simultaneously for various macro and microhabitats in metropolises in Japan. The current study in Fukuoka City, a metropolis in southwest Japan, confirmed the absence of Ae. j. japonicus irrespective of macrohabitats (temples with graveyards, shrines, public graveyards, cultivated bamboo groves, and urban forests, all within the area densely inhabited by humans) and microhabitats (container types). In contrast, Ae. albopictus was dominant throughout the macro and microhabitats except forest tree holes rich with competitive species. Past records indicate the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolitan Fukuoka within the last 70 yr. Based on careful examination of available evidence, we concluded that 1) both species benefit from human-made environments with artificial containers free from competitors, 2) Ae. j. japonicus disappeared due to hot, dry summer conditions facilitated by urban heat-island effects and a decrease in favored mammal hosts, and 3) Ae. albopictus has proliferated with higher tolerance to hot, dry climate and a wider blood-feeding host-range including humans. This difference is important for efficient control of each species as well as predicting and preventing the expansion into new distribution ranges.

金沢大学理工研究域自然システム, We compared climatic distribution ranges between Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and the five wild (nondomesticated) species of Albopictus Subgroup of Scutellaris Group of Aedes (Stegomyia) in southern Asia. Distribution sites of the wild species concentrate in seasonal forest and savannah climate zones in India, Indochina, and southern China. The distribution of Ae. albopictus is broader than the wild species under 1) tropical rain-forest climate, 2) steppe and temperate savannah climate, and 3) continental climate with large seasonal temperature variation (hot summer and cold winter) at temperate lowlands (northernmost sites 40°N in Ae. albopictus vs 32°N in the wild species). However, the distribution of Ae. albopictus is more limited at tropical and subtropical highlands where the climate is cool but less continental (small seasonal variation, mild summer, and winter). We discuss a possibility that the broader climate ranges of Ae. albopictus are ecological or eco-evolutionary consequences of adaptation to human habitats. We also propose a general scenario for the origin, dispersal, and adaptation of Ae. albopictus in Asia as a hypothesis for future research. © The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Embargo Period 12 months

The impact of climate change on the distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was analyzed in northern Japan, where chronological distribution records are incomplete. We analyzed local climate data using linear regression of the thermal suitability index (TSI) for the mosquito and mean annual temperature as functions of time. In northern Japan, thermal conditions since the early 20th century have become increasingly suitable for Ae. albopictus, more as a result of decreasing coldness in the overwintering season than increasing warmth in the reproductive season. Based on recent discovery records of Ae. albopictus in the northern border range, we determined thermal criteria for estimating when its persistent establishment became thermally possible. Retrospective analyses indicated that those criteria were reached in most coastal lowlands of northern Honshu before the accelerated temperature increase after the mid-1980s and the first records of this species after 1990; at some sites, temperature criteria were reached during or before the early 20th century. Expansion of the thermally suitable range after 1990 was supported only for inland areas and the northernmost Pacific coast. The estimated expansion rate was ≈26 km per decade. Our analyses also demonstrated the importance of local climate heterogeneity (apart from north-south or altitudinal temperature gradients) in determining the expansion pattern. © 2014 Entomological Society of America.

We asked whether climate change might affect the geographic distributions of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). We tested the effects of temperature, diet and the presence of congeneric species on the performance of immature stages of these two aedine species in the laboratory. Mosquitoes in three different species-density combinations were reared at four constant temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C) on low- or high-level diets. Of the four temperatures tested, mortality increased only at 35 °C in both species. Mortality was higher on the high-level diet than on the low-level diet at 35 °C, but not at other temperatures. The presence of congeneric species had a significant positive effect on mortality in Ae. albopictus, but not in Ae. aegypti. Both species developed more quickly at higher temperatures within the range of 20-30 °C; development was not enhanced at 35 °C. Population growth of Ae. albopictus was more stable, regardless of diet and temperature; that of Ae. aegypti varied more according to these two factors. These species-specific attributes may help to explain the latitudinal distribution of the mosquitoes and degree of species dominance where they are sympatric. © 2011 The Authors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology © 2011 The Royal Entomological Society.

The toxic ectomycorhizal fungi Amanita muscaria (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) was first recorded in New Zealand in 1937, and it is now widespread throughout the country. We collected decaying fruiting bodies of the mushroom in 2005 and 2006 and placed them in enclosed emergence traps to determine use by fungivorous insects. This study clarified that the endemic species Mycetophila fagi, M. filicornis (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) and Zedura curtisi (Diptera: Trichoceridae), as well as exotic Drosophila busckii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), utilised the exotic A. muscaria in various vegetation types in the North and South Islands of New Zealand. A significant difference was observed in the number of fungivorous insects found on the mushrooms between North and South Islands; the endemic M. fagi was dominant in South Island, while Psychodidae sp. dominated North Island. A significant difference was observed in the number of fungivorous insects between the exotic and endemic vegetation inhabited by A. muscaria. Furthermore, the biodiversity of fungivorous insects on A. muscaria within endemic Nothofagus vegetation was more than three times greater than that within the exotic Betula , Pinus, Pseudotsuga and tsuga vegetation. These observations suggest that the greater diversity of fungivorous insects on A. muscaria in natural Nothofagus forests may reflect the higher diversity found in natural forests compared with plantation forests.

Anopheles gambiae is the predominant malaria vector species in Ghana, western Africa, with a strong local presence of Anopheles melas Theobald along the southern coast. We studied the biting behavior of these two species of the Anopheles gambiae complex inland and at the coast in Ghana, with special attention to the local peoples' preference for outdoor sleeping. We collected mosquitoes at two sites in 2007, representing the moist semideciduous forest zone and the strand and mangrove zone, and the sampling was repeated in the dry and rainy seasons. Sampled mosquitoes were examined for species, parity and size (wing length), and we identified the hosts of their bloodmeals. We interviewed 288 of the village people to determine where and when they slept outdoors. Our study confirmed that An. gambiae is the only species of the An. gambiae complex in the Ashanti region and revealed that An. melas is highly dominant on the western coast of Ghana. Both species showed high human blood rates in indoor resting mosquito samples. More people sleep outside on the coast than inland. An. melas demonstrated high exophily. An. gambiae bit people more frequently indoors and did so more often during the dry season than in the rainy season. We suggest that the degree of exophily in An. melas may be affected by humidity and the availability of human as well as by the mosquitoes' innate habits.

The fecundity and survival of 6 copepod species were assessed under laboratory conditions in order to choose the best candidates to control the aquatic stages of dengue mosquitoes in the field. Females of all the 6 species (Mesocyclops aspericornis, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis, Mesocyclops woutersi, Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides, Mesocyclops ogunnus, and Megacyclops viridis) mated more than once. Multiple mating resulted in increased egg production. The reproductive ability and longevity varied among the species, and M. aspericornis had the highest values. The lowest values were observed in M. thermocyclopoides. Multiple mating of males of M. aspericornis was also observed. The paternal fecundity decreased with each additional mating. There was no difference in the paternal fecundity between the males that mated at low and high female frequencies. The sperm stored in the M. aspericornis females remained viable for 30 days after storage under moist conditions at 25 degrees C or 15 degrees C. This feature in M. aspericornis represents an additional positive factor indicating that this species is a good biological agent for controlling mosquito larvae, especially in domestic water containers that may dry intermittently., Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 24(1), pp.61-69; 2008

A field study was conducted in a village in northern Vietnam to investigate how host distribution influences Japanese encephalitis (JE) vector abundance. Indoor and outdoor collections were conducted from 50 compounds. We collected three JE vector species--Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui that comprised the Culex vishnui group, and Culex gelidus. Spatial autocorrelation was not observed in the mosquito assemblies at any scale larger than the house compounds. Multivariate analyses revealed that the Cx. gelidus density correlated positively with both the host proximity to the breeding sites and cattle density; however, the Cx. vishnui subgroup density correlated positively only with cattle density. These results showed that the number of cattle in a compound influenced the JE vector abundance in that compound, and the abundance of Cx. gelidus, not of the Cx. vishnui subgroup, was affected by the host proximity to the breeding sites in the village.

Anopheline larvae generally inhabit the near-surface of aquatic habitats, but they dive and remain at the bottom of these habitats for some time. This study examined forced and voluntary diving behavior and submergence tolerance in the three major African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae Giles, An. arabiensis Patton, and An. funestus Giles. The former two species occur sympatrically in temporal and shallow water bodies, while the latter occurs in permanent deeper water bodies. Anopheles funestus was the most tolerant of submergence, but the larvae tended to halt their descent before reaching the bottom by attaching onto a wall. The difference in diving behavior between An. funestus and the two species in the An. gambiae complex may be an adaptation to their contrasting breeding sites, because the former species must spend considerable energy to surface in its typical breeding sites. Both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis reached the bottom and crawled along the substrate, but An. gambiae voluntarily crawled more often than An. arabiensis. The possible importance of asymmetric bottom-feeding between these two sympatric species is discussed.

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) has expanded its distribution worldwide during the past decades. Despite attempts to explain and predict its geographic occurrence, analyses of the distribution of Ae. albopictus in the context of broad climatic regions (biomes) has not been performed. We analyzed climate conditions at its distribution sites in the range before the worldwide invasions (from the easternmost Hawaii through westernmost Madagascar) by using thermal and aridity-humidity indices descriptive of major biomes. A significant advantage of this approach is that it uses simple indices that are clearly related to the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus. Although it has been regarded as a forest species preferring humid climate, in areas with significant human habitation, the distribution sites extended from the per-humid, rain-forest zone to the semi-arid, steppe zone. This pattern was common from the tropics through the temperate zone. There was no seasonal discordance between temperature and precipitation; at sites where winter (monthly means 10°C) under the Asian summer monsoon. Absence of the species in northern and eastern coastal Australia and eastern coastal Africa was not attributable solely to climate conditions. However, Asia west of the summer monsoon range was climatically unsuitable due to low precipitation throughout the year or in warm months favorable to reproduction (concentration of precipitation in winter). We hypothesized that Ae. albopictus originated in continental Asia under the monsoon climate with distinct dry seasons and hot, wet summer enabling rapid population growth. Fil: Motoyoshi, Mogi. Saga University. Faculty of Medicine; Japón Fil: Armbruster, Peter. Georgetown University; Estados Unidos Fil: Tuno, Nobuko. Kanazawa University; Japón Fil: Campos, Raul Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Eritja, Roger. Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat; España

The western Kenya highland has been experiencing dramatic landuse changes in the past three decades. Landuse change has been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms for malaria epidemics in African highlands because it can alter the physical and chemical characteristics of mosquito breeding habitats. One important landuse change in western Kenya highland is deforestation. The current study examined the effects of forestation or deforestation on the survivorship of Anopheles gambiae larvae and colonization of other aquatic insects in larval habitats in Kakamega forest (elevation 1,500-1,700 m above sea level), western Kenya. We found that the survivorship of An. gambiae larvae was reduced from 55 to 57% in habitats fully exposed to sunlight (open habitats) to 1-2% in habitats with full forest canopy coverage (forest habitats) and partial canopy coverage (forest edge habitats) in two out of three trials. The average daily water temperature of the open habitats was approximately 3-3.4 degrees C higher than the forest habitats. Insect species in the orders of Diptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata colonized the larval habitats, but the three habitat types differed greatly in the animal assemblage. Canonical correspondence analysis found that water temperature and amount of leaf litter were the significant variables associated with animal assemblages. Redundancy analysis revealed that openness and the presence of predatory animals were significantly related to An. gambiae survivorship. This result suggests that deforestation facilitates the survival of the immature stage of An. gambiae in the highland.

134.The relative importance of spatial aggregation and resource partitioning on coexistencewas investigated for mycophagous insects in central Japan. The effects of spatialaggregation and resource partitioning were separated by a randomization procedure.From 124 patches of macrosporophores belonging to 37 species, 3275 individualsbelonging to 14 families of Diptera and 11 individuals to Lepidoptera emerged. Sincethe level of identification varied among insect taxa, the analysis was made in threeways; 1) for all taxa to assess the stability of the whole community, 2) for drosophilidspecies to assess their persistence in the community, and 3) for species of Drosophilaand Mycodrosophila to assess their persistence against congeneric and heterogenericspecies. Both spatial aggregation and resource partitioning functioned for the stabilityof whole mycophagous insect community, and spatial aggregation played a moreimportant role than resource partitioning. On the other hand, only spatial aggregationfunctioned for the persistence of drosophilid species in the community. According tothe analysis on species of Drosophila and Mycodrosophila against congeneric andheterogeneric species, the relative importance of resource partitioning was smaller forthe coexistence of within-genus species pairs than for that of between-genus speciespairs. These results suggest that the relative importance of these two mechanismsdepends on the phylogenetic and guild diversity of community.K. H. Takahashi and T. Kagaya, Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Dept of Forest Science,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The Univ. of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi,Bunkyo-ku, JP-113-8657 Tokyo, Japan. Present address for KHT: Ecology and Genetics,Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido Univ., Kita 10 Nishi 5,JP-060-0810 Sapporo, Japan (kazu@ees.hokudai.ac.jp).

The abundance of Coleoptera, Diptera and Collembola on different species of fungi was investigated in relation to the size and abundance of fungal resources at different spatial scales; i.e., the size of the fungal fruiting body, the quality of resource in terms of number of conspecific sporophores growing within a radius of 50 cm, crowding of the clumps of fruiting bodies, and the quality of resource within a plot (20 m × 30 m). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the influential spatial scale varied among the arthropod orders. The amount of resource at the scale of a clump made a significant contribution to the abundance of Coleoptera, and the fruiting body size significantly affected the abundance of Diptera on each fungal species. Collembolan abundance was sig- nificantly affected by the crowding of the clumps of fruiting bodies and the number of fruiting bodies per plot. These results suggest that the spatial distribution of fungal fruiting bodies may determine whether they are selected by arthropods visited.

The behaviour of Suillia flies on basidiocarps of Hebeloma radicosum was studied in central Japan. Hebeloma radico-sum is a peculiar fungus that fruits only on talpid mole middens, near the moles' nests. All insect species around selected basidiocarps of this mushroom species were observed, their behaviour studied, and identified in late October to early November 1992, and again briefly in 2001. During these periods, Suillia flies were seen on the basidiocarps, while other insect species were rarely observed. Usually one Suillia fly (male) occupied one basidio-carp and prevented other conspecifics from occupying the same basidiocarp. This appeared to be pre-mating territorial behaviour. Larval stages of Suillia are known to be mycophagous, and the territorial behaviour is presumably performed to defend oviposition sites. This is the first report from Asia on ecological aspects of Suillia flies.

The use of the cyclopoid copepods Macrocyclops distinctus (Richard) Megacyclops viridis (Jurine) and Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) as biological control agents against the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) was evaluated. In the laboratory their predatory ability was highest against the younger instars of Ae. albopictus and none of the three copepods killed the fourth instar. Except for M. viridis, predatory ability was affected by the size of the container: the smaller the container, the higher the predation. A 4-month field test was conducted to examine the impact of these predators on wild Ae. albopictus. Thirty artificial containers were placed in a peridomestic area to allow Ae. albopictus colonization. We showed continuous and similar oviposition responses in treated and control containers. The densities of Ae. albopictus showed considerable short-term changes and were much reduced by the copepod species. Macrocyclops and the mixture of all three provided better Ae. albopictus control than either Megacyclops or Mesocyclops alone. When larval densities peaked in the control containers in August and September, the overall reduction due to the copepods was nearly complete. Mesocyclops inoculated alone had the highest population survival. However, the growth and survival of all the copepod species was poor when the three genera were mixed. Based on their performance and survival in the trial, Macrocyclops and Mesocyclops merit consideration as bio-control agents of Ae. albopictus.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the V-furrow no-till direct seeding (DS) management on diversity patterns of aquatic insects, terrestrial arthropods and plants in rice paddies. In DS fields, rice is sown in well-drained fields, and flooding is performed 1 month later than that in conventional transplanting rice fields. DS fields are then continuously flooded until harvesting, unlike in conventional fields where a midseason drainage is performed during summer. We observed that diversity patterns of the study organisms were affected by the farming systems. DS fields supported abundant and species-rich assemblages of water beetles and water bugs, presumably because of the high compatibility between the flooding period and the reproductive season of the insects, as well as the absence of seedling box-applied insecticide (clothianidin). The DS farming system positively affected several taxonomic groups (terrestrial arthropods such as Collembola and Araneae, and several endangered plant species), while it negatively affected plant species richness. DS farming enhanced the densities of two rice pest species (Nephotettix cincticeps and Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus). The large differences in the responses of different taxonomic groups to farming systems suggest that a combination of DS and conventional system is preferable to the use of either system alone, for the conservation of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity in rice agro-ecosystems.

金沢大学理工研究域 自然システム学系, Preliminary field experiments were conducted to examine the exophagy of Aedes albopictus in peridomestic habitat by using three different types of experimental buildings in Nagasaki, Japan and Chiangmai, Thailand. The density of females collected by suction traps enhanced by CO2 was high inside net-walled buildings and at outdoor sites with vegetation. On the other hand, the densities inside a normal walled building and at outdoor sites without vegetation, the microclimate conditions of both of which were different from the outdoor sites with vegetation, were low. To evaluate the effect of blocking by walls for Ae. albopictus invading to feed, an additional experiment by using a bamboo hut with openings of different sizes in the walls was conducted in Thailand. As the opening in the walls was smaller, the difference in the number of females between inside and outside of the hut became significantly larger. Therefore, the effect of physical blocking by walls was suggested. We proposed the presence of vegetation, the difference in environmental conditions inside buildings from those in vegetation due to blocking, and physical blocking by walls for invasion as ecological factors influencing the exophagy of Ae. albopictus. (author abst.)

1. In nature various mechanisms that provide some refuges for inferior species to escape from competition act together to promote the species coexistence in a local community. We propose a method to evaluate simultaneously the relative importance of different mechanisms for the species coexistence, focusing on a mycophagous drosophilid community depending on a multispecies fungal host system, where two mechanisms – aggregation over patches of single fungal species and resource partitioning at the fungal species level – can act together. The data are based on the numbers of adult insects emerging from naturally occurring fungi collected from a temperate forest in northern Japan. 2. We confirm the finding of Sevenster & van Alphen (1996) that large patches are low-density refuges despite the large absolute numbers of competitors on them, and therefore adopt new measures for intra- and interspecific aggregations and the species-persistence criterion, which were developed by Sevenster (1996) to take account of variable patch sizes in calculating the aggregation measures. 3. The calculated measures are compared among three analyses for fungal resources: AR-analysis (the original data-set from multispecies fungal patches) in which both aggregation and resource partitioning can act together; R-analysis (combining the data for all patches of each fungal species) in which only resource partitioning at the fungal species level can act; and A-analysis (calculating the measures independently for each fungal species) in which only aggregation process can act as a coexistence mechanism. 4. Intraspecific aggregation over multispecies fungal patches is strengthened by both aggregation and resource partitioning processes. 5. We reconfirm the finding of Sevenster & van Alphen (1996) that interspecific associations are consistent over years, and support their claim that such consistent associations should be taken as real aspects of the community structure. 6. Measures for the persistence criterion (T), the ‘relative effect of competitor aggregation’, are less than unity, satisfying the necessary and sufficient condition for the species persistence, in most drosophilid species concerned; these tend to be smaller in AR-analysis than in R- or A-analysis, suggesting facilitation of the species coexistence by both aggregation and resource partitioning in the mycophagous drosophilid community studied. 7. Differences in T-value between AR- and R-analyses and between AR- and A-analyses may indicate relative contributions of aggregation and resource partitioning, respectively, to the species coexistence. We propose a method to compare various communities in a multi-dimensional space with regard to the relative importance of different coexistence mechanisms.

Anopheles gambiae Giles larvae usually live near the surface of shallow and temporary aquatic habitats. How deep the larvae can dive and how long they can submerge may be related to feeding efficiency and predator avoidance. This study examined diving behavior of An. gambiae larvae in the laboratory. We recorded diving depths and larval mortality of second and fourth instars in clean water and muddy water by using deep water (32-cm) and shallow water (20-cm) columns. In deep water columns with clean water, we found that 2% of second instars and 6% of fourth instars died from diving, whereas 3% of second instars and 11% of fourth instars died in muddy water. The fourth instars dived deeper in muddy water than in clean water. The mortality rates of the fourth instars subjected to diving stimulations were significantly higher than those in the shallow water columns. Therefore, larval diving behavior may offer the benefits of predator avoidance and food acquisition but also incur energetic costs and increased mortality.

We compared aquatic invertebrate diversity in paddy fields under traditional and modern management practices. We also examined the general factors that may be related to diversity within each paddy field. The Kitadan area was farmed with traditional management practices, with much longer periods of irrigations compared with the Kahoku area, which was farmed with modern agricultural practices using intermittent irrigation. We measured physicochemical factors and collected aquatic invertebrates from the two areas. Collected animal specimens were taxonomically identified and classified based by desiccation tolerance ability. At Kitadan, the total biodiversity parameters increased over time, while, biodiversity fluctuated temporally at Kahoku. The mean Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher at Kitadan than at Kahoku. However, the mean taxon richness was not significantly different between locations. Both paddy fields were dominated by highly desiccation-tolerant invertebrates at the beginning of the rice cultivation period. Over time, the ratio of desiccation-sensitive invertebrates increased more at Kitadan than at Kahoku. Our canonical correspondence analysis showed that the time since rice transplanting, water permanence, pH, water depth, and chlorophyll a were significant factors affecting faunal assemblage composition. Our results indicate that water management practices have important roles in the aquatic biodiversity of paddy-field ecosystems.

金沢大学理工研究域 自然システム学系, キノコ類より発生した日本産フンコバエ科(改称)7種を記録した。日本においてフンコバエ類がキノコより発生した例は従来知られておらず, 今回が初めての記録である。フンコバエ類と発生したキノコ種は以下のとおりである。アシマダラオオフンコバエ, 新称Crumomyia annulus (Walker), キララタケ;ヤマトオオフンコバエ, 改称(マダラオオハヤトビバエ)C. nipponica (Richards), アミガサタケ;アシジロツヤホソフンコバエ, 新称Minilimosina (Svarciella) furculisterna (Deeming), キララタケ;モリフンコバエ, 新称Paralimosina japonica Hayashi, アミガサタケ;ヒメフンコバエ, 改称(ヒメハヤトビバエ)Spelobia luteilabris (Rondani), キララタケ・ヒトヨタケ・オオイチョウタケ・シカタケ;ホソカドマルフンコバエ, 改称(ホソカドマルハヤトビバエ)Terrilimosina longipexa Marshall, キララタケ;コガタカドマルフンコバエ, 改称(コガタカドマルハヤトビバエ)T. nana Hayashi, キララタケ。なお本科の科名には従来ハヤトビバエ科という和名が使われてきたが, 飛翔力が非常に弱い本科には実体に合わないので, 英名Lesser dung flyにちなみ, フンコバエ科という和名を新たに提唱した。 Seven species of the lesser dung flies emerged from fungi are recorded. Japanese records of fungi as food for sphaerocerid larvae are presented here for the first time. Two species, Minilimosina (Svarciella) furculisterna (Deeming, 1969) and Terrilimosina longipexa Marshall, 1987 are newly recorded from Hokkaido.

The effects of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated on the mortality, fecundity, longevity, and predation capability of 2 species of copepods, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu and Megacyclops viridis (Jurine), under laboratory conditions. Pyriproxyfen showed no significant effects on either the development or reproduction of M. pehpeiensis at 0.1 ppm, which is a 10-fold greater concentration than the reported effective dosage for controlling mosquito larvae (0.01 ppm). In contrast, the development of M. viridis was impaired by pyriproxyfen at 0.1 ppm. An 80% reduction in nauplius survivorship was observed in the experimental (treated) group compared with the control group. Although the application of pyriproxyfen caused high mortality in the nauplius stage of this species, the pyriproxyfen-treated group developed faster, killed more mosquito larvae, yielded more eggs per oviposition event, and survived longer than the control group. These results indicate that pyriproxyfen caused mortality in the earlier stages of this sensitive species but that the surviving individuals were those that were selected for significantly faster development, better predation ability, and greater longevity during their reproductive stage. Therefore, under natural conditions, pyriproxyfen would cause modifications in the characteristics of a copepod population rather than its complete loss. Our results suggest that the combined application of copepods and pyriproxyfen to control Aedes populations is feasible. However, repeated application of pyriproxyfen may cause changes in copepod populations and communities in the affected ecosystem.