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Conservation of biodiversity has now become one of the most important issues in the world. Among them, the conservation of medicinal plants requires special protection. Today, medicinal plants are widely used in scientific medicine. Its main purpose is to prepare medicinal preparations on the basis of medicinal plants. Huge territories of Kazakhstan are provided with rich natural diversity. Our country has unique plants, adapted to life in the desert. In addition, the flora is rich in forest and steppe species. In recent years, the country's environmental problems have become more complex. The issue of conservation of medicinal plants is a pressing environmental concern. The pharmaceutical industry in Kazakhstan is still in need of development. Therefore, the development of the pharmaceutical industry has become an urgent issue in the country. Intensive integrated use (highland pastures, hayfields, developed cattle breeding, as well as use as a recreation area) of mountain and foothill territories, has caused significant anthropogenic changes in flora and vegetation in recent years. The relevance of the study, is the study of the medicinal plant Capparis heerbacea Willd. which grows mainly in the deserts, semi-deserts and steppes of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. This species is well adapted to different abiotic conditions and was therefore selected for the present study. The research work was carried out in 2020-2022. Classical botanical methods were used in the work. These include: route surveys, ecological systematics, ecological geography, methods of studying cenopopopulations. As a result of research work communities are characterized by the following data: Populations which are in Turkestan region and grow in disturbed areas, gradually increase the number of their individuals and thereby restore the local flora or form the conditions for the formation of new communities and populations of other species. And in the Kyrgyz Alatau population, the ecological condition is stable, which is shown by the mosaic distribution of the study species. The study showed that C. herbacea can be one of the main dominant species for a particular area or locality and an edificator for some ephemeral or ephemeroid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis is made of the geobotanical forecasting technique. Mapping is known to be recognized as the most powerful method of forecasting-geobotanical investigations. A close interrelation between geobotanical forecasting and vegetation mapping is demonstrated. To improve objectivity of the findings used cartographic models of modern and predicted vegetation which most fully represent the entire structuralcenotic diversity of plant communities in Prebaikalia, the central region of Baikalian Siberia. The predictive constructions are based on analyzing modern vegetation which always includes structural features of its future that manifest themselves in primary and stable derivative communities. We developed the legend and compiled the map (sc 1:200 000) of the region's modern vegetation. The state of the natural environment of the Lena- Angara interfluve is assessed having regard to the various functions of plant communities in geosystems. The 1:200 000 map of probability-forecasted (within 200 years) vegetation is presented for Lena-Angara interfluve. It is shown that complete recovery of the primary structure will not occur within 200 years. It is found that it is necessary to carry out predictive-cartographic investigations for the whole of Baikalian Siberia as vegetation of this region is characterized by a decreased activity of recovery processes occurring under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The reason has to do with the harsh natural conditions where it is not worthwhile to pursue extensive nature management, such as is universally the case to date, leading to undesirable economic consequences, because the degree of disturbance to vegetation in a number of areas of Prebaikalia has now reached as critical level. It is concluded that a further policy of nature management on this territory must be built upon the new principles to be approved by government documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review of studies concerning the floristics, vegetation description and ecology of the ultramafic (serpentine) soils of Tuscany, central Italy. After a concise history of geobotanical research on Tuscan ultramafic outcrops since the end of sixteenth century, the features of the flora are summarized. The most significant vegetation types are concisely described and their ecology discussed in the following section. The role of soil nickel toxicity in limiting vegetation development is reconsidered and appears less important than are drought and nutrient stress. Drought stress also has a special role during exceptionally dry summers, which can occasionally occur and significantly reduce vegetation structure by causing the local extinction of many late-successional species. Nutrient-addition experiments and permanent plot monitoring provided additional evidence supporting the drought and nutrient stress hypothesis. The last section of this article discusses the main threats to the conservation of the unique plant diversity of Tuscan ultramafic, environments, the most significant of which are quarrying and pine plantations. Pine plantations, mostly established for soil amelioration and erosion control, determine not only the increase in vegetation cover and diversity but also a trend for serpentine endemic and rare species to disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]