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Aim Unravelling the ecological and historical factors that underlie species distributions has challenged ecologists for a long time. Thus, our objective is to understand the role of environmental variables explaining the distribution of three major eco-evolutionary groups of inland fishes (Darlington's divisions: primary, i.e. strict freshwater; secondary, i.e. salt-tolerant; and peripheral, i.e. diadromous and marine origin), and how these variables are related to fish traits. Location Iberian Peninsula. Taxon 51 native and 17 alien inland fish species from the Iberian Peninsula. Methods We modelled distributions of the most common inland fish species across the Iberian Peninsula to compare the importance of different predictors among the three Darlington's divisions and between native and alien species. To explore the importance of specific environmental variables in determining the distribution of different traits of inland fish, variable importances obtained from species distribution models were subjected to a redundancy analysis. Results Darlington's divisions differ significantly in salinity tolerance, in distribution overlap, in the importance of distribution predictors and associated life-history traits. Topographic and climatic variables were generally more important than land use and anthropogenic factors in explaining fish distributions. We found significant differences in the importance of variables explaining the distribution of native vs. alien species and especially among Darlington's divisions. River basin was most important for primary native and many alien species. Increasing mean temperature and damming were positively associated with the presence of tolerant, large-bodied and warm-water alien species from more hydrologically stable habitats. Main conclusions Despite marked differences in the distribution patterns of native and alien species, evolutionary and introduction histories as well as seawater tolerance are central factors explaining the current distribution of inland fishes. Darlington's divisions proved useful for addressing ecological and biogeographical questions at broader spatial scales This research was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (projects CGL2016-80820-R and PID2019-103936GB-C21). Further funding support was provided by the 2015-2016 BiodivERsA COFUND call and the Spanish Ministry of Science (projects: ODYSSEUS, BiodivERsA3-2015-26, PCIN-2016-168; and RED2018-102571-T) and the Government of Catalonia (ref. 2017 SGR 548). CCB benefitted from a pre-doctoral fellowship of the Spanish Ministry of Science (ref. BES-2017-081999). Paper published Open Access thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Wiley

Aim:Species biogeography mainly focuses on palaeogeographical events, while environmental factors are generally overlooked despite their importance in species diversification. Here, we use an integrative approach to understand how palaeogeographical and environmental processes shape species distribution and focus on freshwater planarians as the model system.Location:Western Mediterranean.Taxon:Dugesia.Methods:We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of most known Dugesia species in the area using six molecular markers. We then estimated their divergence times and reconstructed their ancestral distribution ranges. We also performed environmental niche modelling analyses using Dugesia subtentaculata as a model to evaluate the effects of several hydro-environmental variables and the likely existence of interspecific competition on Dugesia distributions.Results:Our results provide a new phylogenetic scheme for Dugesia from the Western Mediterranean and show that the time splits between the lineages and their putative ancestral distribution ranges are correlated with microplate tectonic dynamics within the region during the Oligocene–Miocene period. Our environmental niche modelling analyses indicate that the type of land cover and the slope of the terrain are the most important abiotic factors driving the distribution of Dugesia from this region. Finally, we found a partial niche overlap between D. subtentaculata and two other common planarian species from the Iberian Peninsula.Main conclusions:The microplate tectonic dynamics of the Western Mediterranean during the Oligocene–Miocene period, together with the position of the mountain ranges and posterior climate changes, may have played crucial roles in driving the biogeographical history of Dugesia in this region. Moreover, both interspecific competition and changes in fluvial characteristics driven by human activities may affect the current diversity and distribution of Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean. This study highlights the importance of integrating different types of information to study the biogeographical history of a species.

The unique colour patterns of the hermit crab species inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula and geographically close areas are studied based on colour patterns observed in live specimens either in the field or live in the laboratory. Live colour patterns are shown to be useful for differentiating species in the Paguroidea from Iberian waters. Colour information has not been frequently documented in previous studies, mainly because of difficulties in accessing live specimens. Up to 51 species are currently recorded within the study area, 45 of which are included in the present work, focusing on the distinctive colour traits for each species that can be observed in the field. A complete key for identifying the species within the study area based on colour patterns is included. This study is the first attempt to put in place this type of tool oriented to field work. Further studies will be required to complete and update this information, especially for species which are scarce or difficult to observe alive., El estudio de los patrones de coloración en ejemplares vivos observados tanto en el campo como en laboratorio, han permitido investigar la existencia de patrones de coloración distintivos para las especies de cangrejos ermitaños que habitan en la península ibérica y zonas geográficamente cercanas. Estos patrones de coloración han demostrado ser de gran utilidad en los Paguroidea de aguas Ibéricas para la identificación de especies. La información relativa al color ha sido frecuentemente obviada en el pasado, principalmente debido a las dificultades para acceder a los ejemplares vivos. En la actualidad existen alrededor de 51 especies registradas en la zona de estudio, 45 de las cuales se incluyen en el presente trabajo, poniendo el foco en los rasgos de color distintivos de cada especie que pueden observarse en el campo. Se incluye una clave completa para la identificación de las especies dentro del área de estudio basada en los patrones de color. Este estudio es el primer intento de implementar este tipo de herramienta orientada al trabajo de campo. Serán necesarios más estudios para completar y actualizar esta información, especialmente para aquellas especies que son escasas o difíciles de observar en vivo.

RESUMEN Las macroalgas constituyen un componente muy importante de la biodiversidad marina por su papel en los ecosistemas marino-costeros como productores primarios, competidores por recursos y bioindica-dores de problemas ambientales. El conocimiento de los taxones autóctonos permite vigilar la entrada de especies exóticas e invasoras. Este trabajo surge de la necesidad de actualizar las similitudes de la ficoflora marina, del Atlántico Occidental Tropical y Subtropical, ante los avances del conocimiento de nuevos taxones en los últimos años. Para analizar las diferencias en el área, el Atlántico Occidental Tropical y Subtropical se subdividió en 17 zonas. Hasta el momento, se inventariaron 1615 taxones in-fragenéricos, de los cuales, 368 pertenecen al phylum Chlorophyta, 1050 a Rhodophyta y 197 a la clase Phaeophyceae del phylum Ochrophyta. De ellos, solo 65 se encontraron en las 17 zonas, mientras que 516 fueron registradas en una sola. Los análisis multivariados realizados con todas las especies separan la zona compuesta por Carolina del Norte + Carolina del Sur + Georgia de las demás; las rodofíceas presentan el menor grado de similitud entre las zonas, de modo que quedan más alejadas Bermudas, el Norte del Golfo, Bahamas y Brasil de forma individual, mientras que Jamaica, la Española y Antillas Holandesas + Trinidad-Tobago forman un grupo separado. La región presenta en general una alta similitud en la composición de macroalgas, fundamentalmente en un núcleo central que incluye todo el Caribe, el sur del golfo de México y la Florida. ABSTRACT Macroalgae are an important component of marine biodiversity for its role in coastal-marine ecosystems as primary producers, competitors for resources, and bioindicators of environmental problems. Knowing native taxa allows watching on foreigner and invasive species. This work arises from the need of updating the similarities of marine macroalgae of the Tropical and Subtropical Western Atlantic, due to the advances in the knowledge of new taxa in the last years. For this analysis, the Tropical and Subtropical Western Atlantic was subdivided into 17 zones. A total of 1615 infrageneric taxa were inventoried so far, of which 368 belong to the phylum Chlorophyta, 1050 to Rhodophyta, and 197 to the class Phaeophyceae of the phylum Ochrophyta. From them, only 65 were found in all zones, while 516 were registered in only one. Multivariate analyses with all the species indicate the separation of North Carolina + South Carolina + Georgia zone from the rest; rhodophyceans present the lower similarity among zones, being Bermuda, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, and Brazil more separated individually, while Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Dutch Antilles + Trinidad-Tobago from a distanced group. The region has a high similarity in the composition of macroalgae, mainly from a central core that includes the whole Caribbean, the south of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida.

Resumen No existen en la región estúdios del paisaje cafetero a escalas detalladas que puedan ofrecer critérios e insumos empíricos para la toma de decisiones de política agraria. Esta investigación potencia el método GTP -Geosistema, Territorio y Paisaje-, yendo más allá del tradicional "geosistema", pues prueba su capacidad de descender a las escalas de "geofacies" y "geotopos". Con base en la información biofísica y socioecológica de tres geotopos de la zona montafiosa de Ibagué, se realiza un estudio de la ecologia del paisaje cafetero mediante la teoria del geosistema del método GTP de G. Bertrand. Como resultado, se expone una visión ecológica integrada de este paisaje a escalas de geofacies y geotopos, y se formulan recomendaciones de política pública para gestionar los agrosistemas cafeteros, dados sus altos impactos ambientales. Ideas destacadas: Artículo de investigación. El cultivo del café es la causa más significativa de la deforestación del "bosque andino bajo". Se realiza una ecología transescalar del paisaje cafetero. Se amplía el campo aplicativo del método de G. Bertrand. El método "BioBlitz" es incorporado a los estudios geoambientales. I Abstract There are no studies in the region of the coffee landscape at detailed scales that can offer criteria and empirical inputs for agrarian policy decision-making. This research strengthens the GTP method (Geosystem, Territory, and Landscape), going beyond the traditional "geosystem", as it proves its ability to descend to the scales of "geofacies" and "geotopos", thus ensuring an approximation to the coffee landscape much more detailed. Based on the biophysical and socioecological information of three geotopos of the mountainous area of Ibagué, a study of the coffee landscape is carried out through the geosystem's theory of Bertrand's GTP method. As product, an integrated vision of this landscape is exposed to scales of geofacies and geotopos, and it is demonstrated that these spatial units and their empirical contents can serve as inputs for the elaboration of a scientific study of the agrarian landscape's ecology, according to the principles of the Bertrandian epistemology. Based on these results, public policy recommendations are formulated to manage coffee agrosystems, given their high environmental impacts. Main ideas: Research article. Coffee is the most significant cause of deforestation in "lower andean forest". A trans-scale ecology of coffee landscape is carried out. The applicative field of G. Bertrand's method is expanded. The "BioBlitz" method is incorporated into geoenvironmental studies. Resumo Não há estudos na região de Ibagué sobre a paisagem cafeeira em escalas detalhadas que possam oferecer critérios e insumos empíricos para a tomada de decisões sobre políticas agrárias. Esta pesquisa reforça o método GTP -Geosistema, Território e Paisagem-, indo além do "geosistema" tradicional, assim, testar a sua capacidade de descer às escalas "geofacies" e "geotopes. Com base nas informações biofísicas e socioecológicas de três geotopes da região montanhosa de Ibagué, um estudo da paisagem de café é feito utilizando a teoria dos geosistemas do método GTP de G.Bertrand. Como resultado, uma visão ecológica integrada dessa paisagem é apresentada nas escalas geofacies e geotopes, assim como, e recomendações de políticas públicas são formuladas para gerenciar os agrossistemas cafeeiros, dados seus altos impactos ambientais. Ideias destacadas: Artigo de investigação. O cultivo do café é a causa mais significativa do desmatamento na floresta andina baixa. É realizada uma ecologia transescala da paisagem cafeeira. O campo de aplicação do método de G. Bertrand é expandido. O método "Bioblitz" é incorporado aos estudos geoambientais.

Macacos zogue-zogue (família Pitheciidae) são primatas neotropicais altamente diversificados em morfologia, ecologia e genética, com distribuição geográfica abrangente, incluindo a Floresta Amazônica, Mata Atlântica, Cerrado, Pantanal e a Caatinga. Essa diversificação, juntamente com lacunas de conhecimento, gera incertezas na taxonomia e distribuição das espécies. Um exemplo é Plecturocebus baptista, com apenas 14 registros de ocorrência e distribuição indefinida, baseada em barreiras geográficas não testadas. Aqui nós relatamos a ocorrência da espécie em uma nova localidade, fora de sua área conhecida de distribuição, que transpõe uma suposta barreira geográfica, o Rio Paraná-Urariá. O novo registro de P. baptista se sobrepõe à distribuição de P. hoffmannsi e, neste contexto, observamos um indivíduo aparentemente híbrido entre as duas espécies. Nossas observações sugerem que i) a distribuição de P. baptista necessita ser revisada, e ii) a relação evolutiva entre P. baptista e P. hoffmannsi pode ser mais complexa do que se pensava. Como ambas espécies compartilham áreas contínuas de potencial hibridização, questionamos se as duas espécies resultaram de especiação alopátrica. Titi monkeys (family Pitheciidae) are Neotropical primates highly diversified in morphology, ecology and genetics, with a wide geographic distribution, including the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal and Caatinga. This diversity, together with knowledge gaps, generates uncertainties in titi monkey taxonomy and distribution. An example is Plecturocebus baptista, with only 14 occurrence records and an ill-defined distribution based on untested geographical barriers. Here, we report the occurrence of this species at a new locality outside its known range, across the Paraná-Urariá River, which was considered a distributional limit for the species. The new record implies an overlap of P. baptista with the range of P. hoffmannsi. We document the sighting of an apparent hybrid animal. Our observations suggest that i) the distribution of P. baptista needs to be reviewed, and ii) the evolutionary relationships between P. baptista and P. hoffmannsi may be more complex than previously assumed. Since both species share contiguous areas of potential hybridization, we question whether the two species arose via allopatric speciation.

Samples collected in Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, have revealed a hitherto unknown diversity of Campodeidae (Diplura) in soil and cave habitats, including a new genus and species, Kyrgyzstancampa sanare Sendra & Ferreira gen. et sp. nov., Turkmenocampa edaphica Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. and a previously recognized soil-dwelling species, Campodea (Dicampa) catalana Denis, 1930. Kyrgyzstancampa sanare Sendra & Ferreira gen. et sp. nov. was collected in the deep zone of an interesting geological and cultural cave, Ak-Turpak Cave, located near the western margin of Kadamjay District, Batken Province. This genus belongs to the subfamily Campodeinae, sharing the morphology of the pretarsus with Eutrichocampa and other related genera, but differing from them in the shape of the claws and the laminar lateral processes, in addition to its unique cupuliform organ and the macrosetal pattern on the thorax and abdomen. Turkmenocampa edaphica Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. was found in humid edaphic habitats, under stones or near roots, and is morphologically and geographically very similar to the cave-dwelling species Turkmenicampa mirabilis Sendra & Stoev, 2017, which occurs in an isolated cave in the nearby country of Turkmenistan.

The present study was conceptualized to study the muraenid species (moray eels) occurring around the volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cabo Verde islands (eastern-central Atlantic). The biogeographic patterns of these species were analysed and compared. We then hypothesized that this fish family is an ideal group for testing at small-scale the coherency of Macaronesia and its direct biogeographic units: i.e. the Azores, Webbnesia and Cabo Verde, as proposed in recent scientific literature. Additionally, this paper provides for the first time separate fishery statistics for this group in the region that were analysed to contrast the biogeographic results., Este trabajo fue ideado para estudiar las especies de Muraenidae (morenas) presentes en aguas de los archipiélagos volcánicos de Azores, Madeira, Salvajes, Canarias y Cabo Verde (Atlántico centro-oriental), cuyos patrones biogeográficos fueron analizados y comparados. La hipótesis de partida fue que esta familia ictiológica es un grupo ideal para verificar, a pequeña escala, la coherencia de la Macaronesia y sus unidades biogeográficas directamente relacionadas -i.e. Azores, Webbnesia y Cabo Verde- propuestas en la literatura reciente. Además, este estudio proporciona, por primera vez, estadísticas pesqueras separadas de este grupo en la región que fueron analizadas para contrastar los resultados biogeográficos.

With 119 species distributed in 19 genera, most species of the subtribe Lychnophorinae are endemic to the Espinhaço Range in central eastern Brazil. This region is characterized especially by the campos rupestres, a grassland mosaic associated with vegetation on rock outcrops, which display a high level of endemism. The present work aims to identify distribution patterns, collection density, species richness and research bias in collections. Ten geographic distribution patterns were identified: Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros and adjacent mountains, Pico da Aliança, Extension of the Espinhaço Range, Central-South Arc of Minas Gerais, Espinhaço Range and Brasília Arc, Campos Rupestres and Restinga, Chapada Diamantina and Caatinga, Northwest-Southeast Diagonal and East Triangle. Other Angiosperm families present similar distribution, mainly in the Espinhaço Meridional, where higher collecting efforts are present. Species richness is higher in sites with higher collection intensity, however, the northeast of Goiás shows the opposite pattern. Spearman correlation analysis shows a strong correlation between collection density and species richness, with an exponential asymptotic model that is quite significant for the total variation of species richness. The cluster analysis presented five clusters correlated with five distribution patterns in Lychnophorinae. Resumo Com 119 espécies distribuídas em 19 gêneros, a maioria das espécies da subtribo Lychnophorinae é endêmica da Cadeia do Espinhaço no centro leste do Brasil, área caracterizada especialmente pelos campos rupestres, que são descritos como mosaicos vegetacionais em afloramentos rochosos que apresentam alto grau de endemismo. Este trabalho objetivou identificar padrões de distribuição, densidade de coleta, riqueza de espécies e viés de coletas. Foram identificados dez padrões de distribuição geográfica: Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros e montanhas adjacentes, Pico da Aliança, Extensão da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Arco Centro-Sul de Minas Gerais, Cadeia do Espinhaço e Arco da Brasília, Disjunção Campos Rupestres e Restinga, Chapada Diamantina e Caatinga, Diagonal Noroeste-Sudeste e Triângulo Leste. Outras famílias de Angiospermas apresentam distribuição semelhante, principalmente no Espinhaço Meridional. A riqueza de espécies é maior em locais com alta intensidade de coleta, porém, o nordeste de Goiás mostra comportamento oposto. A análise de correlação de Spearman demonstrou forte correlação entre densidade de coleta e riqueza de espécies, apresentando modelo exponencial assintótico significativo para a variação total da riqueza de espécies. A análise de agrupamento apresentou cinco grupos correlacionados com cinco padrões de distribuição em Lychnophorinae.

O cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) é um dos seis representantes da família Canidae no Brasil, estando presente em quase todos os biomas do país. Sua distribuição vai da Costa Rica e Panamá até a província de Misiones, na Argentina, e o estado de Santa Catarina, no Brasil. Além de naturalmente raro, é considerado de difícil detecção pelo seu comportamento elusivo e pouco conhecido. O presente estudo visa descrever o primeiro registro do cachorro-vinagre para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, expandindo assim sua área de ocorrência e distribuição confirmada. Tendo sido observados oportunisticamente no dia 05 de julho de 2020, dois indivíduos foram fotografados dentro do Parque Estadual do Turvo, na região noroeste do estado. Tal encontro ressalta a relevância das Unidades de Conservação na manutenção das populações da fauna ameaçada de extinção. Sugere-se a classificação como “criticamente ameaçada” para a espécie no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e recomenda-se a sua inclusão na lista de espécies ameaçadas da fauna no estado.

A first survey of Muscidae in the State of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) is presented here with a one-year of Malaise trap collecting from August 2010 to July 2011 at the Biological Reserve Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba (23°46′00″-23°47′10″S, 46°18′20″-46°20′40″W, 750-891 m of altitude). A total of 1,284 individuals of muscids were collected, and 15 genera and 39 species of Muscidae were identified. So far, only one muscid species had been recorded to the Reserve, which now has its Muscidae diversity increased to 40 species. Thirteen species are new records for the State of São Paulo. With this, the number of species of Muscidae species known to occur in the State of São Paulo is increased to 169. The interval between November and February was higher in number of individuals and number of species. Muscidae presented a seasonal pattern, with more abundance and diversity in that interval. The study area is covered by secondary forest and very close to São Paulo metropolitan area, and the composition of the fauna of Muscidae signalizes this environment changing and anthropic stress with nine species with synanthropic habits, two of them are typically synanthropic species.

The coastal basins of southeastern Brazil are influenced by climatic changes that caused sea-level oscillations during the Pleistocene. These marine transgressions and regressions can generate isolation and connection among coastal rivers. In this region, freshwater fishes are excellent models for phylogeographic studies because their distributions may have been affected by geographical and ecological changes resulting from these processes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pleistocene sea-level changes on the genetic structure of the loricariid Hisonotus leucofrenatus throughout its area of occurrence. Two genes were sequenced: Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (mitochondrial gene) and rpS7 ribosomal protein gene intron 1 (nuclear gene) from specimens representing 14 river drainages. The genetic data corroborate a divide for freshwater fish by the Serra do Tabuleiro mountain in Santa Catarina State. This divide determines two main genetic groups in H. leucofrenatus: one group to the south and one to the north of this mountain range. The genetic structure observed coincide with the limits of estimated paleodrainage systems for the region, supporting that marine transgressions and regressions during the Pleistocene influenced the biogeographical history of H. leucofrenatus. Resumo As bacias costeiras do sul do Brasil são influenciadas pelas mudanças climáticas que causaram oscilações no nível do mar durante o Pleistoceno. Essas transgressões e regressões marinhas geraram isolamento e conexão entre os rios. Nessa região, as espécies de peixe são excelentes modelos para estudos filogeográficos, pois suas distribuições podem ter sido afetadas por mudanças históricas e ecológicas decorrentes desses processos. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi testar os efeitos das alterações do nível do mar durante o Pleistoceno na estrutura genética das populações do loricarídeo Hisonotus leucofrenatus ao longo de sua área de ocorrência. Dois genes foram sequenciados: Citocromo Oxidase subunidade 1 (gene mitocondrial) e o intron 1 da proteína ribossomal rpS7 (gene nuclear) de espécimes representando 14 bacias de drenagens. A estrutura genética observada corrobora uma divisão para peixes de água doce separada pela Serra do Tabuleiro, em Santa Catarina. Essa divisória determina dois grupos principais genéticos em H. leucofrenatus: um grupo ao sul e outro ao norte desse divisor. A estrutura genética também coincide com os limites dos sistemas de paleodrenagens estimados para a região, sustentando que as transgressões e regressões marinhas durante o Pleistoceno influenciaram a história biogeográfica de H. leucofrenatus.

In recent years, ecological corridors have been proposed on a global scale as a response to the accelerated process of natural ecosystem fragmentation, mainly as a result of human impact. In accordance with this trend, Costa Rica has undergone a process of implementing ecological corridors as to promote ecological connectivity since the 1990s, with the establishment of 44 ecological corridors covering 38% of Costa Rica's territory. Nevertheless, there is no research evaluating these corridors on a national scale that takes into account their functions as conduits, barriers, and habitats. Thus, the objective of this research was to describe the process of biological corridor formation in Costa Rica, and to evaluate the potential effectiveness of corridors by considering aspects of landscape structure and ecological processes related to connectivity and fragmentation. We used the National Program of Ecological Corridors database along with coverage analysis from Landsat images from 2000 and 2015.The composition of the biological corridors was determined at the landscape scale and related to potential to maintain a specific population of wild mammals weighing more than 10 kg. The composition of the ecological corridors was highly variable in terms of total area, proportion of natural habitat, and fragmentation process. Most biological corridors are capable of maintaining viable populations of Pecari tajacu and Tapir bairdii, while none could maintain populations of Panthera onca and Tayassu pecari. Only 50% of the biological corridors had improved in their connectivity. Therefore, public policies, such as master plans focusing on ecosystem restoration must be established. In addition, only two biological corridors incorporate the majority of elevation ranges (Life Zones) present in the country, which reduces the potential of the corridor system as a tool for climate change adaptation. En los últimos años se han propuesto corredores ecológicos a escala global como respuesta al proceso acelerado de fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales, principalmente como consecuencia del impacto humano. De acuerdo con esta tendencia, Costa Rica ha experimentado un proceso de implementación de corredores ecológicos para promover la conectividad ecológica desde la década de 1990, con el establecimiento de 44 corredores ecológicos que cubren el 38% del territorio costarricense. Sin embargo, no existe una investigación que evalúe estos corredores a escala nacional que tenga en cuenta sus funciones como conductos, barreras y hábitats. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el proceso de formación del corredor biológico en Costa Rica y evaluar la efectividad potencial de los corredores considerando aspectos de la estructura del paisaje y los procesos ecológicos relacionados con la conectividad y la fragmentación. Utilizamos la base de datos del Programa Nacional de Corredores Ecológicos junto con análisis de cobertura de imágenes Landsat de 2000 y 2015. La composición de los corredores biológicos se determinó a escala de paisaje y se relacionó con el potencial para mantener una población específica de mamíferos silvestres que pesa más de 10 kg . La composición de los corredores ecológicos fue muy variable en términos de área total, proporción de hábitat natural y proceso de fragmentación. La mayoría de los corredores biológicos son capaces de mantener poblaciones viables de Pecari tajacu y Tapir bairdii, mientras que ninguno pudo mantener poblaciones de Panthera onca y Tayassu pecari. Solo el 50% de los corredores biológicos habían mejorado en su conectividad. Por lo tanto, se deben establecer políticas públicas, como planes maestros enfocados en la restauración de ecosistemas. Además, solo dos corredores biológicos incorporan la mayoría de rangos de elevación (Zonas de Vida) presentes en el país, lo que reduce el potencial del sistema de corredores como herramienta de adaptación al cambio climático. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre

Xenodacnis is a monotypic thraupid genus restricted to the tropical high Andes of Peru and Ecuador. Its only species, X. parina has a large discontinuous distribution from central Ecuador to southern Peru. To date, three subspecies are recognized, all separated by geographical barriers that clouded promote allopatric events. The taxonomic affinities of the Ecuadorian population have not been assessed since its discovery in the 1970s at the Cajas National Park in Azuay province. I studied the environmental affinities between the distribution of the described subspecies and the Ecuadorian population bias ecological niche modeling. I found a distinctive ecological niche in the distribution of each of the analyzed populations and also for the southern Arequipa population. These different environmental niche conditions come apart by deep Andean valleys playing a role as geographical barriers for the isolation of these populations that need further taxonomic analysis., Xenodacnis es un género de traupido mono típico restringido a los altos Andes tropicales de Perú y Ecuador. Su única especie, X. parina tiene una distribución extensa pero discontinua desde el centro Ecuador hasta el sur de Perú. A la fecha se reconocen tres subespecies, todas separadas por barreras geográficas que pudieron promover eventos alopátricos. Las afinidades taxonómicas de la población de ecuador no se han analizado desde su descubrimiento en los años 70 dentro del Parque Nacional Cajas en la provincia del Azuay. Yo estudié las afinidades ambientales entre las distribuciones de las subespecies descritas y la población en Ecuador mediante modelos de nicho ambiental. Encontré diferentes condiciones ambientales en los nichos de cada una de las poblaciones analizadas y también para la población sureña de Arequipa. Estas diferencias ambientales están separadas por profundos valles Andinos que cumplen el roll de barreras geográficas para el aislamiento de estas poblaciones que necesitan un próximo análisis taxonómico.

The existence of a wild population of Laelia dawsonii f. dawsonii is recorded for the first time in the Mexican State of Jalisco. Laelia dawsonii has a wide geographical distribution throughout the Sierra Madre del Sur (Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Jalisco); however, the populations are very isolated, and each one has very few individuals. Until now, no wild populations of this species had been registered outside of the State of Oaxaca. The population found in Jalisco is composed of about 100 plants. Due to its horticultural importance, L. dawsonii has been frequently extracted from the field, and its Oaxacan populations have been decimated since the end of the 19th century. Currently, this species is considered endangered in Mexico. Keywords: biogeography, conservation, Laeliinae, Laelia anceps Se registra por primera vez la existencia de una población silvestre de Laelia dawsonii f. dawsonii en el estado de Jalisco. Laelia dawsonii tiene una amplia distribución geográfica a lo largo de la Sierra Madre del Sur (Oaxaca, Guerrero, y Jalisco); sin embargo, sus poblaciones están muy aisladas y cada una cuenta con muy pocos individuos. Hasta ahora, no se habían registrado poblaciones silvestres de esta especie fuera del estado de Oaxaca. La población encontrada en Jalisco cuenta con alrededor de 100 ejemplares. Debido a su importancia hortícola, L. dawsonii ha sido frecuentemente extraída del campo y sus poblaciones oaxaqueñas fueron diezmadas desde finales del siglo XIX. Actualmente, esta especie se considera en peligro de extinción en México. Palabras clave: biogeografía, conservación, Laeliinae, Laelia anceps

A new dipluran species, Plusiocampa (Plusiocampa) imereti Sendra & Barjadze sp. nov., from the deep zone in three caves in the Imereti region, Georgia, is described. This new troglobitic Plusiocampa is an addition to four others known Diplura from around the Black Sea region, two Dydimocampa and two Plusiocampa s. str. The present study also provides the first CO1 sequences for the Plusiocampinae taxa and the first molecular data for cave-dwelling Plusiocampa species. Although bootstrap values were low, the maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree grouped Plusiocampa (P.) imereti Sendra & Barjadze sp. nov. with two Plusiocampa s. str. species from Eastern Europe. Morphologically, P. (P.) imereti Sendra & Barjadze sp. nov. is closely related to two cave-dwelling species: Plusiocampa (Plusiocampa) glabra Condé, 1984 and Plusiocampa (P.) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo, 2020. The new species can be distinguished by the presence of lateral anterior macrosetae on metanotum, more uneven claws, and the presence of 2+2 lateral anterior macrosetae on middle urotergites. The five species currently known for the Black Sea region inhabit caves located at low altitude but with no influence from former glacial or permafrost processes.

Baryancistrus xanthellus (Loricariidae) is an endemic fish species from the Xingu River basin with its life history in the shallow rapid waters flowing over bedrock substrates. In order to investigate the genetic diversity and demographic history of B. xanthellus we analyzed sequence data for one mitochondrial gene (Cyt b) and introns 1 and 5 of nuclear genes Prolactin (Prl) and Ribosomal Protein L3 (RPL3). The analyses contain 358 specimens of B. xanthellus from 39 localities distributed throughout its range. The number of genetically diverged groups was estimated using Bayesian inference on Cyt b haplotypes. Haplotype networks, AMOVA and pairwise fixation index was used to evaluate population structure and gene flow. Historical demography was inferred through neutrality tests and the Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot (EBSP) method. Five longitudinally distributed Cyt b haplogroups for B. xanthellus were identified in the Xingu River and its major tributaries, the Bacajá and Iriri. The demographic analysis suggests that rapids habitats have expanded in the Iriri and Lower Xingu rivers since 200 ka (thousand years) ago. This expansion is possibly related to an increase in water discharge as a consequence of higher rainfall across eastern Amazonia. Conversely, this climate shift also would have promoted zones of sediment trapping and reduction of rocky habitats in the Xingu River channel upstream of the Iriri River mouth. Populations of B. xanthellus showed strong genetic structure along the free-flowing river channels of the Xingu and its major tributaries, the Bacajá and Iriri. The recent impoundment of the Middle Xingu channel for the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam may isolate populations at the downstream limit of the species distribution. Therefore, future conservation plans must consider the genetic diversity of B. xanthellus throughout its range.

Several studies suggest that Cyanopsitta spixii occurs mainly in Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau gallery woodlands of northern Bahia (Brazil). The recently creation of two Protected Areas (2018) is combining efforts to ensure the reintroduction and conservation of this Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild) macaw. Achieving species conservation requires the definition of priority conservation areas and habitat recovery and the Landscape Cartography can be a relevant tool for this purpose. This research aimed to verify if there is a correlation between Landscape Units map and the Spix’s macaw occurrence. Here the Protected Areas landscape is described in three main components: land cover, landforms and superficial geology and then overlapped to occurrence map of Spix’s macaw and its most similar syntopic parrot, Primolius maracana. Spatial correlation revealed a correspondence of 85.48% to Dry River Environment Landscape pattern and C. spixii occurrence, indicating the importance to prioritize fluvial Landscapes conservation, combined with conservation strategies that must include the local population, since this are important territories for their survival.

The presence of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira) in tropical climate areas is linked to the edaphoclimatic conditions demanded by this specie that is found in Brazil, spread from the state of Amapá to Espírito Santo. The general objective of this study was to discuss the colonization of Hancornia speciosa Gomes in restinga environments in tropical climate areas. It is an research is applied type research, with a qualitative-quantitative approach, emphasising procedures as bibliographical and documentary research, besides 49 technical visits in the spatial between the years of 2013 and 2019, that it was included Master's and Doctoral studies, funded by CAPES and CNPq. The adoption of a geographic concept of restinga allowed a better visualization and analysis of this environment, which presents the ideal soil and climate conditions for mangrove development, eventhough it has been threatened to the detriment, mainly, of urban sprawl. It is worth mentioning the proposal of classification of the restinga environments, once it allows a better biogeographic analysis of these transition environments in the Dunas - Restinga - Mata Atlântica trinomial. These three formation are considered as the ecological niche of mangabeira. Nowdays, restingas, despite the intense environmental vulnerability process that has transformed the natural environment into an anthropic and fragmented landscape, climatic and soil conditions still produce significant environmental conditions for the development of this specie. It is concluded that the colonization of populations of Hancornia speciosa Gomes in restingas is possible due to the abiotic, biotic factors and the evolutionary capacity of the species, represented by the dispersion.

Here we explore the use of community phylogenetics as a tool to document patterns of biodiversity in the Fitzcarrald region, a remote area in Southwestern Amazonia. For these analyses, we subdivide the region into basin-wide assemblages encompassing the headwaters of four Amazonian tributaries (Urubamba, Yuruá, Purús and Las Piedras basins), and habitat types: river channels, terra firme (non-floodplain) streams, and floodplain lakes. We present a robust, well-documented collection of fishes from the region including 272 species collected from 132 field sites over 63 field days and four years, comprising the most extensive collection of fishes from this region to date. We conduct a preliminary community phylogenetic analysis based on this collection and recover results largely statistically indistinguishable from the random expectation, with only a few instances of phylogenetic structure. Based on these results, and of those published in other recent biogeographic studies, we conclude that the Fitzcarrald fish species pool accumulated over a period of several million years, plausibly as a result of dispersal from the larger species pool of Greater Amazonia. RESUMEN Aquí exploramos el uso de la filogenética de comunidades como herramienta para documentar patrones de biodiversidad en la región de Fitzcarrald, un área remota en el suroeste de la Amazonía. Para estos análisis subdividimos la región en grupos de toda la cuenca que abarcan las cabeceras de cuatro tributarios del Amazonas (cuencas Urubamba, Yuruá, Purús y Las Piedras) y en los tipos de hábitat: canales fluviales, arroyos de tierra firme (sin planicie aluvial) y lagos de planicie aluvial. Presentamos una colección de peces robusta y bien documentada que incluye 272 especies, colectadas a lo largo de cuatro años y 63 días de campo, en 132 puntos de monitoreo. Convirtiéndose en la colección más extensa de peces de esta región hasta la fecha. Realizamos un análisis filogenético preliminar de la comunidad basado en esta recopilación y recuperamos resultados en gran medida estadísticamente indistinguibles de la expectativa aleatoria, con sólo unos pocos casos de estructura filogenética. Basándonos en estos resultados y los publicados en otros estudios biogeográficos recientes, concluimos que el grupo de especies de peces de Fitzcarrald acumulado durante un período de varios millones de años, se debe posiblemente al resultado de la dispersión del mayor grupo de especies de la Gran Amazonia.

El 11 de marzo de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró pandemia global el brote de la enfermedad COVID-19, producida por el nuevo coronavirus SARS CoV-2. En este artículo se efectúa una revisión de las contribuciones científicas publicadas hasta la fecha que relacionan las condiciones atmosféricas con la distribución del SARS CoV-2. La mayor parte de ellas concluyen que existe cierta influencia del tiempo atmosférico y/o el clima en la distribución y el progreso de la COVID-19. En concreto, un ambiente fresco y seco, en el contexto de un clima mesotérmico, parece el más idóneo para la expansión del SARS CoV-2. Sin embargo, un número significativo de estudios revisados adolece de diseños de investigación inadecuados, lo que hace muy difícil aislar de forma fehaciente el efecto genuino de las condiciones atmosféricas en la propagación de la enfermedad de otros efectos, incluidos los posibles artefactos derivados de la prevalencia observada, la dependencia espacial y temporal de los datos y la propia geografía humana: conectividad geográfica, movilidad, sistema sanitario, etc. Se concluye que sólo existen indicios, no evidencia, de que las condiciones atmosféricas pueden llegar a explicar una fracción muy limitada de la dinámica espaciotemporal del SARS CoV-2.

Among the four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon present in the western Atlantic, the banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus has the largest distribution range, spanning 44 degrees of latitude (from Massachusetts, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil). Although the ecology of the banded butterflyfish has been well studied over its entire range, nothing is known about its phylogeography and how biogeographic barriers structure its populations. To assess the level of genetic connectivity among populations from distinct biogeographic provinces and environmental conditions, we collected samples from seven localities: Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, and Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Trindade Island, Arraial do Cabo and Florianópolis, in Brazil. One nuclear (rag 2) and two mitochondrial (control region and cyt b) molecular markers were sequenced. Our findings are consistent with a recent population expansion, around 30-120 thousand years ago, which was found for all populations. Haplotype network analyses point to the Caribbean as a refugium before the population expansion. Results show no geographic pattern of genetic diversity. Indeed, a lack of population structure was found and no isolation was observed across oceanographic barriers, as well as between coral and rocky reef ecosystems. Furthermore, no directionality in the migration pattern was found among populations. Since ecological and environmental characteristics are very diverse across such a vast geographic range, the lack of genetic differentiation suggests that C. striatus evolved ecological plasticity rather than local adaptation in the western Atlantic. RESUMO O peixe-borboleta listrado, Chaetodon striatus, possui a maior distribuição geográfica dentre as quatro espécies de peixes-borboleta do gênero Chaetodon presentes no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental, abrangendo 44° de latitude (entre Massachusetts, EUA até o sul do Brasil). A ecologia alimentar desta espécie é bastante conhecida, considerando a ampla distribuição, porém, pouco se sabe sobre a filogeografia e como as barreiras biogeográficas estruturam as populações. Para acessar a conectividade genética entre as populações de diferentes províncias biogeográficas e diferentes condições ambientais, foram coletadas amostras de sete localidades: Porto Rico, no Caribe, e Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Ilha da Trindade, Arraial do Cabo e Florianópolis, no Brasil. Foram sequenciados um gene nuclear (rag 2) e dois genes mitocondriais (região controle e cit B). Para todas as populações, foi identificada uma expansão populacional recente, em torno de 30-120 mil anos atrás. A análise de rede de haplótipos sugere que o Caribe serviu como refúgio antes desta expansão populacional. Os resultados indicam que não há padrão geográfico de diversidade genética. Apesar da existência de barreiras oceanográficas e diferenças na constituição dos recifes (rochosos e coralíneos), não foi encontrada estruturação populacional. Também, não encontramos padrão na direção de migração entre as populações. Os resultados sugerem que C. striatus apresenta plasticidade ecológica, uma vez que não há diferenciação genética entre as populações que habitam ecossistemas tão diferentes ao longo da ampla distribuição no Atlântico Ocidental.

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

This thesis develops a quantitative approach to understanding and predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of biodiversity, based on a stochastic version of the theory of island biogeography. Here, I present R package ‘island’, that estimates colonization and extinction rates in a variety of temporal samplings, estimates the influence of the environment on these processes, and simulates temporal dynamics of the associated models. ‘island’ has been applied specially to microbial communities, but applies to any ecological community. This stochastic model is valuable as an effective model that summarizes the effects of dispersal, selection, drift, making easy the study of complex temporal dynamics. This thesis also emphasizes the importance of long-term research for obtaining new insights into community ecology and improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of biodiversity Esta tesis desarrolla una aproximación cuantitativa para entender y predecir la distribución en el tiempo y el espacio de la biodiversidad, basándose en una versión estocástica de la teoría de biogeografía de islas. Así, presenta el paquete de R ’island’ que estima tasas de colonización y extinción en una variedad de muestreos temporales, estima la influencia del ambiente sobre estos procesos, y simula la dinámica de los modelos asociados. ‘island’ se ha aplicado especialmente en comunidades microbianas, pero es aplicable de forma general. Esta versión estocástica es valiosa como un modelo efectivo que promedia los efectos de dispersión, selección y deriva, lo que facilita el manejo de dinámicas temporales complejas. Esta tesis también enfatiza la importancia de los estudios a largo plazo para obtener nuevos conocimientos sobre ecología de comunidades y acerca la comprensión de la distribución de las especies en el espacio y el tiempo

Resumen Introducción. Las especies de Moniliophthora spp. son endémicas de Sudamérica e infectan los cultivos de cacao de América. Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la distribución potencial y el nicho fundamental de Moniliophthora roreri (Mr) y M. perniciosa (Mp) en América y África. Materiales y métodos. Los registros de ocurrencia fueron obtenidos de una revisión bibliográfica. Se utilizaron variables bioclimáticas como predictores en el modelo de nicho de máxima entropía (MaxEnt) y para su visualización en Niche Analyst 3.0. Resultados. Las zonas donde se registró mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia de Mr fueron Esmeraldas y Los Ríos, Ecuador, zonas costeras de Costa Rica, Santander y Antioquia de Colombia, y para Mp los Estados de Bahía y Acré de Brasil. Las variables que más influyeron en la distribución de Mr están asociadas a las precipitaciones. Las condiciones relacionadas con la temperatura fueron más importantes en el modelo de Mp. Se identificó el riesgo de invasión de Mr en las regiones de Acré y Pará, Brasil. La transferencia de los modelos evidenció el potencial de invasión de Mr y Mp en los cultivos de cacao en África. El nicho fundamental de los patógenos y el cacao presentó valores de similitud medios, mientras que, el nicho de las especies de hongos mostró una baja similitud. La baja similitud de los nichos de los patógenos y las diferencias en las variables bioclimáticas que afectan su distribución se podrían relacionar a un proceso de partición del nicho. Conclusión. Se identificaron las regiones geográficas con una mayor distribución potencial de los patógenos y las características bioclimáticas que favorecerían su probabilidad de presencia en los cultivos de cacao de América. Es necesario regular el transporte de material vegetal y equipo contaminado entre regiones para evitar la introducción de los patógenos en cultivos de cacao sanos. Abstract Introduction. Moniliophthora spp. species are endemic from South America and infect America’s cocoa crops. Objetive. The objective of the study was to analyze the potential distribution and the fundamental niche of Moniliophthora roreri (Mr) and M. perniciosa (Mp) in America and Africa. Materials and methods. The occurrence records were obtained from a bibliographic review. Bioclimatic variables were used as predictors in the maximum entropy niche model (MaxEnt) and for its visualization in Niche Analyst 3.0. Results. The areas where Mr was most likely to occur were Esmeraldas and Los Ríos, Ecuador, coastal zones of Costa Rica, Santander and Antioquia of Colombia, and for Mp the States of Bahia and Acré of Brazil. The variables that most influenced the distribution of Mr are those associated with precipitation. Temperature-related conditions were more important in the Mp model. The risk of Mr invasion was identified in the Acre and Pará regions, Brazil. The transfer of the models evidenced the potential of Mr and Mp invasion in cocoa crops in Africa. The fundamental niche of pathogens and cocoa showed average similarity values, while the niche of fungal species showed a low similarity. Low pathogen niche similarity and differences in bioclimatic variables affecting pathogens distribution were related to a process of niche partitioning. Conclusion. Geographical regions with a greater potential distribution of pathogens and bioclimatic characteristics that would favor their probability of presence in America’s cocoa crops were identified. It is necessary to regulate the transport of contaminated plant material and equipment between regions to avoid the introduction of pathogens in healthy cocoa crops.

The Cercosaurini tribe stands out from other Gymnophthalmidae lizards for including several species with morphological adaptations to aquatic lifestyle (“Crocodile-Like Morphology” – CLM). Recent molecular phylogenies of Cercosaurini demonstrated the paraphyly of CLM species, implicitly suggesting that adaptations to the aquatic life evolved more than once. However, CLM species have remained poorly sampled, and a number of uncertainties persist, such as the monophyly of Neusticurus and the placement of Potamites apodemus within the tribe. Based on a more extensive molecular and morphological data set, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Neusticurus and investigate, for the first time, the phylogenetic position of P. apodemus. We recovered a monophyletic Neusticurus clade; however, Neusticurus rudis as currently understood was recovered as paraphyletic, with two lineages that also show consistent morphological diagnosis; as a result, we resurrect and provide a taxonomic redescription of Neusticurus surinamensis Müller,. Moreover, because P. apodemus was recovered as sister to all other Echinosaura, we propose a new combination for this species (Echinosaura apodema). We also review the distribution of Neusticurus species, offering a comprehensive view of their biogeography. Lastly, our ancestral character reconstruction and dating analyses indicate that the CLM phenotype evolved four times independently during Cercosaurini′s evolutionary history. We hypothesize that the CLM phenotype and subsequent adaptation to aquatic life may be linked to the development of the Pebas Lake in western Amazonia during the Miocene.

Avaluació biogeogràfica de les libèl·lules i els espiadimonis de l’est de la península Ibèrica Els insectes són un dels grups d’animals més diversos dels ecosistemes terrestres, raó per la qual constitueixen un bon sistema model per estudiar els patrons macrogeogràfics en les distribucions d’espècies. En aquest treball es fa una anàlisi biogeogràfica de les libèl·lules i els espiadimonis del País Valencià (est de la península Ibèrica). També es comparen les espècies presents en aquest territori amb les dels territoris veïns de Catalunya i Aragó, i amb les presents a tota la península Ibèrica. Amb aquest objectiu s’actualitza la llista d’espècies de libèl·lules i espiadimonis del territori valencià (65 espècies) i es discuteix l’estatus actual de dues d’elles: Macromia splendens i Lindenia tetraphylla. Els resultats posen de manifest que, amb relació a Catalunya i Aragó, el País Valencià està enriquit amb elements etiòpics, però té una proporció menor d’elements eurosiberians. També cal destacar la importància del treball de voluntariat a l’hora de proporcionar nous coneixements sobre aquest grup d’insectes icònics i la rellevància de les col·leccions de museus per preservar-los. Es discuteix així mateix el paper del canvi climàtic en la distribució dels odonats., Insects are one of the most diverse groups of animals in terrestrial ecosystems, and are thus a good model system to study macrogeographic patterns in species’ distributions. Here we perform a biogeographical analysis of the dragonflies and damselflies in the Valencian Country (Eastern Iberian Peninsula). We also compare the species present in this territory with those in the adjacent territories of Catalonia and Aragon, and with those present in the whole Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, we update the list of species of dragonflies and damselflies in the Valencian territory (65 species), and discuss the current status of two of them: Macromia splendens and Lindenia tetraphylla. Our results highlight that the Valencian Country has a higher proportion of Ethiopian elements but a lower proportion of Eurosiberian elements than Catalonia and Aragon. We also emphasize the importance of volunteer work in providing new knowledge on this group of iconic insects, and the relevance of museum collections in preserving them. The role of climate change in the distribution of Odonata is also discussed., Evaluación biogeográfica de las libélulas y los caballitos del diablo del este de la península ibérica Los insectos son uno de los grupos de animales más diversos de los ecosistemas terrestres, por lo que constituyen un buen sistema modelo para estudiar los patrones macrogeográficos en las distribuciones de especies. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis biogeográfico de las libélulas y los caballitos del diablo del País Valenciano (este de la península ibérica). También se comparan las especies presentes en este territorio con las de los territorios vecinos de Cataluña y Aragón, y con las presentes en toda la península ibérica. Con este objetivo se actualiza la lista de especies de libélulas y caballitos del diablo del territorio valenciano (65 especies) y se discute el estatus actual de dos de ellas: Macromia splendens y Lindenia tetraphylla. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que, con relación a Cataluña y Aragón, el País Valenciano está enriquecido con elementos etiópicos, pero tiene una menor proporción de elementos eurosiberianos. También debe destacarse la importancia del trabajo de voluntariado para proporcionar nuevos conocimientos sobre este grupo de insectos icónicos y la relevancia de las colecciones de museos para preservarlos. Se discute asimismo el papel del cambio climático en la distribución de los odonatos.