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A new epiphytic species of crustose Teloschistaceae, Coppinsiella extremiorientalis, is described from the floodplain forests of the boreal zone of the Russian Far East. It is characterized by its white to whitish grey, thin to disappearing thallus mostly without anthraquinones, dull orange zeorine pruinose apothecia with an anthraquinones composition corresponding to chemosyndrome A. Phylogeny of the genus Coppinsiella, which was previously unknown in the Far East, is discussed, as well as the morphology, ecology and geographical distribution of Coppinsiella species. A new combination for Caloplaca fiumana, an older name for Coppinsiella orbicularis, is also formally proposed.

A new fruticulose species, Polycauliona comandorica, is described from the supralittoral zone of the Commander Islands in the Russian Far East. This growth form is very rare in the family Teloschistaceae where the new species belongs. It is the only fruticulose species of the family that forms vegetative propagules (soredia and blastidia). Polycauliona comandorica is similar to the North American P. thamnodes but differs in having a lighter yellow to grey thallus, longer and thicker branches with a rough surface, soredia and blastidia, and in lacking apothecia. Two fruticulose-lobate pairs of species in Polycauliona are briefly discussed: P. comandorica-P. verruculifera and P. thamnodes-P. brattiae.

Three species of the family Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) are described as new to science from Southern and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Corticolous Caloplaca saviczii belongs to the genus Caloplaca s. str.; it has C. cerina-like apothecia and green to grey-green, crateriform soralia with a white rim. Lendemeriella aureopruinosa is a saxicolous taxon with a thin grey thallus and small apothecia 0.3–0.6 mm in diameter, with a dark orange disc usually bearing epipsamma and often with a grey true exciple containing the pigment Cinereorufa-green. Orientophila infirma is a corticolous species with an endophloeodal thallus and small orange apothecia, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, usually with an inconspicuous thalline exciple. All new taxa presumably have a boreal north-eastern distribution in Asia.

The present study recorded 36 genera and 115 species of the lichen family Teloschistaceae in India. Three species, i.e. Caloplaca rajasthanica S. Y. Kondr., Upreti et G. P. Sinha, Huriella upre- tiana S. Y. Kondr., G. K. Mishra, Nayaka et A. Thell, and Squamulea uttarkashiana S. Y. Kondr., Upreti, Nayaka et A. Thell, are described as new species. Seven new combinations, i.e. Fulgo- gasparrea awasthii (Y. Joshi et Upreti) S. Y. Kondr., Upreti et A. Thell, Neobrownliella cinnabarina (Ach.) S. Y. Kondr., Upreti et A. Thell, Neobrownliella holochracea (Nyl.) S. Y. Kondr., Upreti et A. Thell, Opeltia flavorubescens (Huds.) S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Oxneriopsis bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) S. Y. Kondr., Upreti et J.-S. Hur, Upretia hueana (B. de Lesd.) S. Y. Kondr. et Upreti and Megaspora subpoliotera (Y. Joshi et Upreti) S. Y. Kondr., Upreti et A. Thell, are proposed based on nrITS phylogeny in the Teloschistaceae and Megasporaceae consequently. Validation of combination Olegblumia demissa is provided. Molecular data on Fulgogasparrea awasthii andMegaspora subpoliotera are recorded from India for the first time. Four new genera including one species each, i.e. Lazarenkoiopsis ussuriensis (Oxner, S. Y. Kondr. et Elix) S. Y. Kondr., L. őkö et J.-S. Hur, Mikhtomia gordejevii (Tomin) S. Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, J. Kim, A. S. Kondratiuk et J.-S. Hur, Olegblumia demissa (Flot.) S. Y. Kondr., L. őkö, J. Kim, A. S. Kond- ratiuk, S.-O. Oh et J.-S. Hur and Pachypeltis intrudens (H. Magn.) Sochting Froden et Arup, as well as the genus Megaspora are reported as new for the Indian lichen biota.Out of the eight lichenogeographical regions of India, the Western Himalayas show the maximum diversity of Teloschistaceae members represented with 110 species followed by the Central Indian region with 38 species. The lichen genus Caloplaca is represented with 50 species in the country followed by Athallia and Rusavskia with 6 species each. The saxi- colous taxa exhibit dominance with 65 species whereas the corticolous and terricolous taxa are represented by 48 and 9 species, respectively. Among the different states of India, Ut- tarakhand showed the maximum diversity represented by 54 species followed by the state of Jammu & Kashmir with 37 species, whereas the Jharkhand and Meghalaya states are represented only by the occurrence of a single species each. A key to the genera and species together with the description, basionyms and synonyms of each species are provided.

Three new for science genera, i.e.: Erichansenia S. Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt et A. Thell for the ‘Caloplaca’ epithallina group of the subfamily Xanthorioideae, as well as Lendemeriella S. Y. Kondr. for the Caloplaca reptans group, and Pisutiella S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et E. Farkas for the Caloplaca conversa group of the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the Teloschistaceae, are described on the basis of results of the three gene phylogeny of the Teloschistaceae based on nrITS, nrLSU and mtSSU sequences. Twenty-seven new combinations, i.e.: Erichansenia epithallina (for Caloplaca epithallina Lynge), Erichansenia cryodesertorum (for Shackletonia cryodesertorum Garrido-Ben., Søchting et Pérez-Ort.), Erichansenia sauronii (for Caloplaca sauronii Søchting et Øvstedal), Fauriea mandshuriaensis (for Caloplaca mandshuriaensis S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur), Fauriea trassii (for Caloplaca trassii Galanina et S. Y. Kondr.), Lendemeriella borealis (for Lecanora pyracea f. borealis Vain.), Lendemeriella dakotensis (for Caloplaca dakotensis Wetmore), Lendemeriella exsecuta (for Lecanora exsecuta Nyl.), Lendemeriella lucifuga (for Caloplaca lucifuga G. Thor), Lendemeriella nivalis (for Zeora nivalis Körb.), Lendemeriella reptans (for Caloplaca reptans Lendemer et B. P. Hodk.), Lendemeriella sorocarpa (for Placodium sorocarpum Vain.), Lendemeriella tornoensis (for Caloplaca tornoensis H. Magn.), Pisutiella congrediens (for Lecanora congrediens Nyl.), Pisutiella conversa (for Callopisma conversum Kremp.), Pisutiella furax (for Caloplaca furax Egea et Llimona), Pisutiella grimmiae (for Lecanora grimmiae Nyl.), Pisutiella ivanpisutii (for Caloplaca ivanpisutii S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et Hur), Pisutiella phaeothamnos (for Caloplaca phaeothamnos K. Kalb et J. Poelt), Pyrenodesmia aetnensis (for Caloplaca aetnensis B. de Lesd.), Pyrenodesmia albolutescens (for Lecanora albolutescens Nyl.), Pyrenodesmia aractina (for Parmelia aractina Fr.), Pyrenodesmia atroflava (for Lecidea atroflava Turner), Pyrenodesmia bicolor (for Caloplaca bicolor H. Magn.), Pyrenodesmia molariformis (for Caloplaca molariformis Frolov, Vondrák, Nadyeina et Khodos.), Pyrenodesmia neotaurica (for Caloplaca neotaurica Vondrák, Khodos., Arup et Søchting), Pyrenodesmia peliophylla (for Placodium peliophyllum Tuck.) are proposed based on results from a combined phylogenetic analysis using nrITS, nrLSU and mtSSU gene sequences.

A revision of 47 specimens of crustose Teloschistaceae (so-called “Caloplaca s. lat.”) from the Russian Far East in the herbarium LE belonging to 21 species is resulted in re-identification of 18 specimens and new records. Blastenia furfuracea from the Kamchatka Peninsula is new to the Russian Far East. Caloplaca fraudans is new to the Kamchatka Peninsula. Records of Blastenia ferruginea, B. hungarica, Caloplaca haematites and Solitaria chrysophthalma are doubtful for the Far East. Placodium haematites var. ussuriense Tomin [≡ Caloplaca haematites var. ussuriensis (Tomin) Zahlbr.] is lectotypified and synonymized under Caloplaca stillicidiorum s. lat.

A new species, Huriella flakusii, is described from the arid region of the Colca Canyon in southern Peru, and is characterized by squamulose, orange thalli and abundant, crowded and aggregated, usually flexuous when compressed, reddish apothecia. The thalline cortex, proper margin and hypothecium are paraplectenchymatous. The ascospores are broadly ellipsoid, 10‒15 × 5.0‒9.5 µm, with rather thin septa, 2‒4 µm. Phylogenetic analyses of the DNA sequences of ITS, nuLSU and mrSSU rDNA markers revealed that the new species is nested within the Amundsenia-Squamulea subclade in the subfamily Xanthorioideae, and has a sister group relationship to Huriella loekoesiana from South Korea.

Pyrenodesmia rugosa Lee & Hur and Huriella aeruginosa Lee & Hur are described as new lichen-forming fungi from a calcareous mountain of South Korea. Pyrenodesmia rugosa is distinguishable from Pyrenodesmia micromontana (Frolov, Wilk & Vondrák) Hafellner & Türk, the most similar species, by thicker thallus, rugose areoles, larger apothecia, shorter hymenium, shorter hypothecium and narrower tip cells of paraphyses. Huriella aeruginosa, the second new species, differs from ‘Squamulea’ chelonia Bungartz & Søchting by dark greenish-grey to grey thallus without pruina, gold to yellow-brown epihymenium, larger ascospores and thallus K– and KC– reaction. Molecular analyses employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) and nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) sequences strongly support the two caloplacoid species to be distinct in their genera. A surrogate key is provided to assist in the identification of all 20 taxa in Huriella and Squamulea.

Caloplaca tephromelaeKantvilas, Suija & Motiej., a lichenicolous species growing on saxicolous thalli of species ofTephromela, is described from Tasmania. The new species is characterized by lecanorine to zeorine apothecia with a whitish grey thalline margin devoid of anthraquinone pigments, a non-inspersed hymenium, paraphyses without oil vacuoles and ascospores 10–14 × 5–8 μm, with a septum 5–8 μm thick. It is compared with selected taxa ofCaloplacas. lat. that share these salient features. Molecular data support the distinctiveness of the new species but do not suggest any obvious close relatives.

Three new genera Coppinsidea, Vandenboomia and Wolseleyidea are described and the genera Ivanpisutia, Lecaniella and Myrionora are resurrected on the basis of a phylogenetic analysisof multi-locus sequence data of the Ramalinaceae including the nuclear protein-codingmarker rpb2, the internal transcribed spacer and a fragment of the small mitochondrialsubunit. The genus Hertelidea was positioned within the Ramalina clade of the phylogenetic tree of the Ramalinaceae. Bacidia sipmanii, Phyllopsora chlorophaea, P. castaneocincta and Ramalina subbreviuscula were recorded from South Korea for the first time here confirming by molecular data, too.Forty-eight new combinations are proposed: Bacidia alnetorum (basionym: Biatoraalnetorum S. Ekman et Tonsberg), Biatora amazonica (basionym: Phyllopsora amazonica Kistenich et Timdal), Biatora cuyabensis (basionym: Lecidea cuyabensis Malme), Biatora halei (basionym: Pannaria halei Tuck.), Biatora kalbii (basionym: Phyllopsora kalbii Brako), Biatora subhispidula (basionym: Psoroma subhispidulum Nyl.), Coppinsidea alba (basionym: Catillaria alba Coppins et Vězda), Coppinsidea aphana (basionym: Lecidea aphana Nyl.), Coppinsidea croatica (basionym: Catillaria croatica Zahlbr.), Coppinsidea fuscoviridis (basionym: Bilimbia fuscoviridis Anzi), Coppinsidea pallens (basionym: Bilimbia pallens Kullh.), Coppinsidea ropalosporoides(basionym: Gyalidea ropalosporoides S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur), Coppinsidea scotinodes (basionym: Lecidea scotinodes Nyl.), Coppinsidea sphaerella (basionym: Lecidea sphaerella Hedl.), Ivanpisutia hypophaea (basionym: Biatora hypophaea Printzen et Tonsberg), Ivanpisutia ocelliformis (basionym: Lecidea ocelliformis Nyl.), Lecaniella belgica (basionym: Lecania belgica van den Boom et Reese Naesb.), Lecaniella cyrtellina (basionym: Lecanora cyrtellina Nyl.), Lecaniella dubitans (basionym: Lecidea dubitans Nyl.), Lecaniella erysibe (basionym: Lichenerysibe Ach.), Lecaniella hutchinsiae (basionym: Lecanora hutchinsiae Nyl.), Lecaniella naegelii(basionym: Biatora naegelii Hepp), Lecaniella prasinoides (basionym: Lecania prasinoides Elenkin), Lecaniella sylvestris (basionym: Biatora sylvestris Arnold), Lecaniella tenera (basionym: Scoliciosporum tenerum Lonnr.), Mycobilimbia albohyalina (basionym: Lecidea anomala f. albohyalina Nyl.), Mycobilimbia cinchonarum (basionym: Triclinum cinchonarum Fee), Mycobilimbia concinna (basionym: Phyllopsora concinna Kistenich et Timdal), Mycobilimbia ramea (basionym:Bacidina ramea S. Ekman), Mycobilimbia siamensis (basionym: Phyllopsora siamensisKistenich et Timdal), Myrionora australis (basionym: Biatora australis Rodr. Flakus et Printzen), Myrionora ementiens (basionym: Lecidea ementiens Nyl.), Myrionora flavopunctata (basionym: Lecanora flavopunctata Tonsberg), Myrionora globulosa (basionym: Lecidea globulosa Florke), Myrionora hemipolia (basionym: Lecidea arceutina f. hemipolia Nyl.), Myrionora lignimollis (basionym: Biatora ligni-mollis T. Sprib. et Printzen), Myrionora malcolmii (basionym: Phyllopsora malcolmii Vězda et Kalb), Myrionora vacciniicola (basionym: Lecidea vacciniicola Tonsberg), Phyllopsora agonimioides (basionym: Coenogonium agonimioides J. P. Halda, S.-O. Oh et J.-S. Hur), Phyllopsora sunchonensis (basionym: Agonimia sunchonensis S. Y. Kondr. etJ.-S. Hur), Vandenboomia chlorotiza (basionym: Lecidea chlorotiza Nyl.), Vandenboomia falcata (basionym: Lecania falcata van den Boom, M. Brand, Coppins, Magain et Serus.), Wolseleyidea africana (basionym: Phyllopsora africana Timdal et Krog), Wolseleyidea byssiseda (basionym: Lecidea byssiseda Nyl. ex Hue), Wolseleyidea canoumbrina (basionym: Lecidea canoumbrina Vain.), Wolseleyidea furfurella (basionym: Phyllopsora furfurella Kistenich et Timdal), Wolseleyidea ochroxantha (basionym: Lecidea ochroxantha Nyl.), and Wolseleyidea swinscowii (basionym: Phyllopsora swinscowii Timdal et Krog). The combination Biatora longispora (Degel.)Lendemer et Printzen is validated here. The new names Biatora vezdana for Lecaniafurfuracea Vĕzda and Coppinsidea vainioana for Lecidea sphaeroidiza Vain. are proposed. The phenomenon of presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in lichen association, i.e. DNA, belonging neither to mycobiont nor photobiont or to endophytic fungi is for the first time illustrated. So the presence of nrITS and mtSSU sequences of crustose lichen Coppinsidea ropalosporoides in thalli of crustose Verrucaria margacea and foliose Kashiwadia orientalis, as well as nrITS of Phyllopsora sp. KoLRI in Agonimia pacifica and Biatora longispora, or nrITS and mtSSU of Biatora longispora in thalli of Agonimia pacifica, Oxneriopsis oxneri and Pyxine limbulata, Ivanpisutia oxneri in thalli of Rinodina xanthophaea, etc. is documented. Scarce cases of presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in representatives of the Teloschistaceae, Physciaceae known from literature data are discussed, too.

The Southern Hemisphere lichen genus Villophora in subfamily Teloschistoideae is analyzed based on DNA sequence data. Six species are described, five of which are new to science: V. darwiniana and V. wallaceana grow on lignum and bark in southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego; V. onas and V. patagonica are lichenicolous or saxicolous on rocks in southern Patagonia; V. rimicola is saxicolous in Antarctica. Based on a three-gene DNA analysis, Tayloriellina is shown to be closely related to Villophora, and Tayloriellina microphyllina is established as a new combination. A key is provided to all species of the two genera. Raesaeneniana maulensis is combined into Villophora.

This paper gives an account of lichenicolous fungi colonising members of the lichen-forming family Teloschistaceae from India. A new species, Lichenochora ajaysinghii, colonising Caloplaca saxicola is described and a key to so-far-known lichenicolous fungi colonising Indian Teloschistaceae taxa is provided.

Blastenia is a widely distributed lichen genus in Teloschistaceae. We reconstructed its phylogeny in order to test species delimitation and to find evolutionary drivers forming recent Blastenia diversity. The origin of Blastenia is dated to the early Tertiary period, but later diversification events are distinctly younger. We recognized 24 species (plus 2 subspecies) within 6 infrageneric groups. Each species strongly prefers a single type of substrate (17 species occur on organic substrates, 7 on siliceous rock), and most infrageneric groups also show a clear substrate preference. All infrageneric groups tend to have the Mediterranean and Macaronesian distribution, but some epiphytic species have much larger geographic ranges and some evolved after a long-distance dispersal outside the region. Chlorinated and nonchlorinated anthraquinone chemosyndromes co-occur in apothecia of most species, but the chemotype has been secondarily reduced in some lineages. One infrageneric group has a marked reduction in apothecial size, associated with a substrate shift to twigs. Only seven species have vegetative diaspores; they also produce apothecia but have smaller ascospores. Genome sizes (22-35 Mb in Blastenia) are significantly higher in epilithic species. Within-species genetic variation is low in widely distributed species but high in some epilithic species with small geographical ranges. New taxa are: B. afroalpina, B. anatolica, B. caucasica, B. gennargentuae, B. herbidella subsp. acidophila, B. lauri, B. monticola, B. palmae, B. psychrophila, B. purpurea, B. relicta, B. remota, B. xerothermica, and B. xerothermica subsp. macaronesica. New combinations are: B. festivella and B. subathallina; both names and B. catalinae are lectotypified. (Less)

Caloplaca solis described as a new species from limestone and basic siliceous rocks on the southern and western coasts of Great Britain. It is characterized by a well-developed, crustose, non-placodioid, epilithic, cracked, orange-yellow thallus, almost concolorous apothecia up to 0·66 mm diameter, and ascosporesc. 11·0–12·2–13·0 µm long with a septumc. 0·4×the ascospore length.Caloplaca dalmaticais related but differs in the endolithic or only thinly epilithic thallus.Caloplaca marinais darker orange in colour, with more convex areoles, and is mostly confined to the splash zone of the seashore.Caloplaca maritimadiffers in the typically more convex, sometimes isolated areoles, and often in the presence of a crenulate thalline margin in young apothecia.Caloplaca itianais newly reported from Great Britain from coastal limestone; it differs fromC. solin the thallus being endolithic or almost so, and fromC. dalmaticain the more completely endolithic thallus and the larger ascospores.

Two new genera in the subfamily Teloschistoideae (Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales) are described: Hosseusiella S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et A. Thell for the Caloplaca chilensis group including three South American species and Rehmanniella S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur for the new species, R. wirthii S. Y. Kondr. from South Africa. The new genera are supported by a three-gene phylogeny based on ITS1/ITS2 nrDNA, 28S nrLSU, and 12S mtSSU sequences. The new taxonomic position of Elixjohnia ovis-atra in the subfamily Teloschistoideae is discussed. The two new species Hosseusiella gallowayiana and Rehmanniella wirthii are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa. Hosseusiella gallowayiana is recorded for the first time as the host for the lichenicolous fungus Arthonia tetraspora S. Y. Kondr. A key to the species of Hosseusiella is included, as well as new information of the related genus Follmannia. The following new combinations are proposed: Hosseusiella chilensis (Karnefelt, S. Y. Kondr., Froden et Arup) S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos, Karnefelt et A. Thell, Hosseusiella pergracilis (Zahlbr.) S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos, Karnefelt et A. Thell and Elixjohnia ovis-atra (Sochting, Sogaard et Sancho) S. Y. Kondr.

Seventeen robust monophyletic branches newly discovered in the phylogenetic tree of the Teloschistaceae after separate nrITS, nrLSU and mtSSU, as well as combined phylogenetic analysis are proposed to consider as the following separate genera: Dijigiella S. Y. Kondr. et L. Lőkos gen. nov. for the D. kaernefeltiana group, Elixjohnia S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur gen. nov. for the Sirenophila jackelixii group, Fominiella S. Y. Kondr., D. Upreti et J.-S. Hur gen. nov. for the F. tenerifensis group; Gintarasiella S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur gen. nov. for Caloplaca aggregata, Hanstrassia S. Y. Kondr. gen. nov. for the Elenkiniana lenae group, Harusavskia S. Y. Kondr. gen. nov. for H. elenkinianoides sp. n., Huriella S. Y. Kondr. et D. Upreti gen. nov. for H. loekoesiana sp. n., Ikaeria S. Y. Kondr., D. Upreti et J.-S. Hur gen. nov. for Caloplaca aurantiellina, Klauderuiella S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur gen. nov. for the Variospora thallincola group, Laundonia S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur gen. nov. for the Gyalol...

The robust monophyletic branch having the highest level of bootstrap support in the phylogenetical tree of the Teloschistaceae based on combined data set of ITS, LSU nrDNA and 12S SSU mtDNA sequences, which does not belong to any other earlier proposed genera of the subfamily Caloplacoideae, is described as the new genus Fauriea S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur, gen. nova for lecanoroid South Korean Caloplaca chujaensis, and newly described Eastern Chinese Fauriea orientochinensis. Descriptions of the new genus Fauriea and the species Fauriea orientochinensis, a comparison with closely related taxa and a discussion of their position are provided. New name Tayloriellina is proposed for the genus of the subfamily Brownlielloideae Tayloriella S. Y. Kondr., Karnefelt, A. Thell, Elix et Hur (nom. illeg., non Tayloriella Kylin, Rhodomebaceae, Rhodophyta). New combinations for type species of the genera Fauriea and Tayloriellina (i.e.: Fauriea chujaensis (basionym: Caloplaca chujaensis S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos ...

Twenty-three species of crustose Teloschistaceae were collected from the northwest of the Murmansk region of Russia during field trips in 2013 and 2015. Blastenia scabrosa is a new combination supported by molecular data. Blastenia scabrosa, Caloplaca fuscorufa and Flavoplaca havaasii are new to Russia. Blastenia scabrosa is also new to the Caucasus Mts and Sweden. Detailed morphological measurements of the Russian specimens of these species are provided. Caloplaca exsecuta, C. grimmiae and C. sorocarpa are new to the Murmansk region. The taxonomic position of C. alcarum is briefly discussed.

Gneiss inselbergs in the Caatinga region of Ceará in equatorial Brazil are literally covered with a wide diversity of caloplacoid lichens. This includes two closely related new saxicolous species of Caloplaca, both with the aspect of a Lecanora of the subfusca-aggregate: C. lecanorocarpa has a grey areolate bullate thallus with atranorin on a black prothallus, grey thalline apothecium margin, sessile apothecia with glossy dark brown disc, and ascospores of 10–12×5·0–5·5 μm, with a 5·0–5·5 μm thick septum; and the similar, related C. lecapustulata which mainly differs by the rimose thallus with irregular mushroom-shaped pustules. The phylogenetic position of the two new species has been assessed to be within the Caloplacoideae. A key to all tropical lecanoroid Caloplaca species is provided.

The current view of the geographical ranges of lichens is often distorted by overly narrow or overly broad applications of names and by insufficient survey of most regions of the world. Here we present several cases where species of Teloschistaceae formerly thought to be limited to rather small territories in the western or eastern parts of Eurasia are in fact widespread in northern Eurasia. We support our findings with ITS nrDNA data in several new trees showing relationships in the genera Athallia, Calogaya, Caloplaca, Flavoplaca and Gyalolechia. The widespread species have little in common, except that most of them reproduce both sexually and asexually, and we discuss the possible influence of the combined reproduction on geographical range. Calogaya bryochrysion, Calogaya saxicola, Gyalolechia epiphyta and Gyalolechia ussuriensis are new combinations. Calogaya alaskensis is a younger synonym for C. bryochrysion. The generally arctic-alpine Calogaya bryochrysion also occurs on the bark of solitary trees in dry parts of the Altai Mountains. The Australian Flavoplaca cranfieldii is a younger synonym of F. flavocitrina. Gyalolechia epiphyta has been described numerous times, from different regions and substrata, as Caloplaca juniperi, C. laricina, C. tarani, Gyalolechia arizonica and G. juniperina. The name Gyalolechia xanthostigmoidea has recently been used for G. epiphyta, but it represents a distinct taxon. Gyalolechia ussuriensis is closely related to and morphologically indistinguishable from G. persimilis, but they have a different ecology and distribution and we regard them as distinct species. Caloplaca juniperina Tomin is lectotypified.

For almost twenty years Xanthoria calcicola was considered extinct on bark in Sweden. Here, we report X. calcicola growing on bark at 14 localities in Skane, southernmost Sweden. In total, ca 300 thalli were observed on bark, and the populations vary from 1 to 200 thalli. In all localities except one X. calcicola was also present and more abundant on neighboring substrates made of stone, such as churchyard walls, church walls or tombstones. Preliminary results from fungal ITS data reveal that haplotypes found on bark are always present in the surrounding wall populations. We conclude that trees are suboptimal habitats for X. calcicola and only colonized when in close vicinity of an established wall population. The most obvious threat to epiphytic X. calcicola is the cutting down of host trees.

Abbas, A., S.-Y. Guo, G. Ababaikeli, A. Abdulla & H. Xahidin. 2014. Diploschistes xinjiangensis, a new saxicolous lichen from Northwest China. Mycotaxon 129(2): 465–471. Aceto, M., A. Arrais, F. Marsano, A. Agostino, G. Fenoglio, A. Idone & M. Gulmini. 2015. A diagnostic study on folium and orchil dyes with non-invasive and micro-destructive methods. Spectrochimica Acta 142: 159–168. Ahti, T., S. Y. Kondratyuk, I. Karnefelt & A. Thell. 2015. Nomenclatural corrections and notes on some taxa in the Teloschistaceae (lichenized ascomycetes). Graphis Scripta 27(1/2): 37–41. Allen, J. A. & J. C. Lendemer. 2015. Fungal conservation in the USA. Endangered Species Research 28: 33–42. Allen, J. L. & R. T. McMullin. 2015. Chaenotheca balsamconensis, a new calicioid lichen on Trichaptum abietinum from North America that is benefiting from widespread conifer fatalities. The Bryologist 118(1): 54–58. [New species: Chaenotheca balsamconensis J.L. Allen & McMullin.] Alpsoy, L., F. Orhan, G. Nardemir, G. Agar, M. Gulluce & A. Aslan. 2015. Antigenotoxic potencies of a lichen species, Evernia prunastri. Toxicology and Industrial Health 31(2): 153–161. Alvarez, R., A. Del Hoyo, C. Diaz-Rodriguez, A. J. Coello, E. M. del Campo, E. Barreno, M. Catala & L. M. Casano. 2015. Lichen rehydration in heavy metal-polluted environments: Pb modulates the oxidative response of both Ramalina farinacea thalli and its isolated microalgae. Microbial Ecology 69(3): 698–709. Aptroot, A., P. N. B. Sobreira & M. E. Da Silva Caceres. 2015. A remarkable new Ramonia (Gyalectaceae) from Brazil, with a key to the species. Lichenologist 47(1): 21–29. Aptroot, A., S. Parnmen, R. Lucking, E. Baloch, P. Jungbluth, M. E. S. Caceres & H. T. Lumbsch. 2015. Molecular phylogeny resolves a taxonomic misunderstanding and places Geisleria close to Absconditella s. str. (Ostropales: Stictidaceae). Lichenologist 46(1): 115–128. Ardelean, I. V., C. Keller, V. Cristea & C. Scheidegger. 2013. Lichen species diversity of Pinus mugo scrubs compared to adjacent habitat types in the Rodnei Mts. National Park (Romania). Contribuţii Botanice 48: 59–68. Athukorala, S. N. P. & M. D. Piercey-Normore. 2014. Effect of temperature and pH on the early stages of interaction of compatible partners of the lichen Cladonia rangiferina (Cladoniaceae). Symbiosis 64(2): 87–93. Babelewska, A. 2014. Application of Scots pine bark and Hypogymnia physodes thallus tests in assessing the impact of industrial contamination in forest communities [Zastosowanie biotestow kory sosnowej i plech Hypogymnia physodes do oceny oddzialywania zanieczyszczen przemyslowych na zbiorowiska leśne]. Sylwan 158(4): 251–257. [In Polish with English abstract.] Bajpai, R., V. Shukla, N. Singh, T. S. Rana & D. K. Upreti. 2015. Physiological and genetic effects of chromium (+VI) on toxitolerant lichen species, Pyxine cocoes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(5): 3727–3738. Ballova, Z. & J. Sibik. 2015. Microhabitat utilization of the Tatra marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris) in the Western Carpathian Mountains, Europe. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 47(1): 169–183. Barros, C., P. Pinho, R. Durao, S. Augusto, C. Maguas, M. J. Pereira & C. Branquinho. 2015. Disentangling natural and anthropogenic sources of atmospheric sulfur in an industrial region using biomonitors. Environmental Science and Technology 49(4): 2222–2229. Bartels, S. F. & H. Y. H. Chen. 2015. Epiphytic macrolichen cover, richness and composition in young successional boreal forest: A comparison of fire and logging disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 347: 149–155. Basile, A., D. Rigano, S. Loppi, A. Di Santi, A. Nebbioso, S. Sorbo, B. Conte, L. Paoli, F. De Ruberto, A. M. Molinari, L. Altucci & P. Bontempo. 2015. Antiproliferative, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the lichen Xanthoria parietina and its secondary metabolite parietin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16(4): 7861–7875. Batke, S. P., B. R. Murphy, N. Hill & D. L. Kelly. 2015. Can air humidity and temperature regimes within cloud forest canopies 1 Corresponding author’s email: sarah.z.hodkinson@gmail.com The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http://nhm2.uio. no/botanisk/lav/RLL/RLL.HTM with full abstracts of electronically available articles. Thanks is due to the following: Einar Timdal for his work on the RLL database, Bill Buck for highlighting the more obscure sources, Jim Bennett for sharing his Scopus alerts, Brendan Hodkinson for editing assistance and the authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to us for inclusion. As of the next issue, James Lendemer of the New York Botanical Garden will be compiling RLL. Individuals wishing to submit references for inclusion in future lists may email Dr. Lendemer at recentliteraturelichens@gmail.com. DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-118.4.412

Caloplaca edwardiana is described as new to science from collections made on calcareous rock outcrops in the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America (Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee). The species appears to be rare and locally endemic, currently only known from five locations. As an endolithic species without anthraquinones, C. edwardiana likely belongs within the Caloplaca subgroup Pyrenodesmia.

The pollen host selection by 19 bee species, which have their main Central European distribution in the Alps, was assessed by microscopical analysis of the scopal contents of about 900 females from museum and private collections. The results of the pollen analyses were complemented by a literature survey as well as by field observations. The examined species widely vary in pollen host spectrum and specialization, revealing a fascinating diversity in bee host plant use. Observed patterns of host plant choice range from narrow specialists, which exclusively collect pollen from the flowers of a single plant genus, to pronounced generalists, which harvest pollen from the flowers of up to 17 different plant families. A quantitative character is given to separate the morphologically very similar females ofPanurginusherziandP.montanus.

Brownlielloideae, a new subfamily in the Teloschistaceae, is proposed based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA and 12S SSU mitochondrial DNA sequences. The data indicates that the new subfamily includes eight genera, i.e. Brownliella, Marchantiana and six new genera proposed here, Lazarenkoella, Raesaeneniana, Streimanniella, Tarasginia, Tayloriella and Thelliana. Lecanora kobeana Nyl. is lectotypified and shown to be an older name for the type species of the genus Brownliella, B. aequata. In addition, a seventh new genus, Neobrownliella is proposed in the subfamily Teloschistoideae. This new genus and the new species, Thelliana pseudokiamae are described. 13 new combinations are proposed: Brownliella kobeana, Fulgogasparrea appressa, Lazarenkoella zoroasteriorum, Neobrownliella brownlieae, N. montisfracti, Raesaeneniana maulensis, Streimanniella burneyensis, S. kalbiorum, S. michelagoensis, S. seppeltii, Tarasginia tomareeana, T. whinrayi and Tayloriella erythrosticta.

Intimate and long-lasting relationships of fungi and algae have been known for centuries by scientists, and these ancient symbioses might have provided excellent opportunities for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of protein encoding genes between the two organismal partners. In this study, we sequenced and assembled 451 Mbp of novel genomic DNA from Trebouxia decolorans (Trebouxiaceae, Chlorophyta), the green algal photobiont of the lichen Xanthoria parietina (Teloschistaceae, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). This alga also occurs as a free-living terrestrial organism. The aim of our work was to search for candidate genes pointing to HGT between lichenized fungi and lichen algae. We found evidence for three putative HGT events of fungal genes into the Trebouxia genome, but these are likely more ancient (over 600 mya) than the origin of lichenization within the fungal Ascomycetes. The three transferred genes are part of gene groups that in other species encode a tellurite-resistance dicarboxylate transporter (TDT) family protein, a class-1 nitrilase/cyanide hydratase (CH), and an oxidoreductase/retinol dehydrogenase. In each case, our phylogenomic analyses show orthologs from Trebouxia as sister to orthologs from all fungi or basally placed within Ascomycetes, while the orthologs from green algae and land plants form separate, independent evolutionary lineages. Alternative hypothesis tests significantly support these HGT events. The presence of these genes in Trebouxia was validated by PCR amplification of separately isolated Trebouxia DNA. The ancient incorporation of fungal genes in the genomes of these particular green algae are intriguing and could be early evidence for symbiotic and co-evolutionary relationships among the major eukaryotic branches of algae and fungi present in early terrestrial life on Earth. These genes could have played a pre-disposition role for some fungi and algae in the origin of lichen symbiosis, but further studies are needed to evaluate this in detail.

WOS: 000401891900008 Three lichen species-Caloplaca oleicola, Hydropunctaria adriatica, and Verrucaria elaeina-are described as new to Turkey and to Asia.

During the lichen exploration in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh several interesting lichen taxa were collected of which 10 species are reported here as new records for the state. The species includes Biatorella conspersa (Biatorellaceae), Caloplaca bassiae, C. poliotera (Teloschistaceae), Dimelaena tenuis (Physciaceae), Lecanora chlarotera, L. helva, L. interjecta, L. psuedistera (Lecanoraceae), Pertusaria melastomella (Pertusariaceae) and Porina tetracerae (Porinaceae). These taxa / species have been enumerated along with their characteristic features and distributional notes.

After a lapse of 81 years we report the rediscovery of Caloplaca allanii (Teloschistaceae), a lichen previously known only from the type collection. The species appears to be endemic to the Waitakere Ranges coastline west of Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. A revised description of the species based on fresh material is provided, and we expand the distribution of the species as well as describing its habitats and associated species. A table and key to the saxicolous, coastal Caloplaca of the Waitakere Ranges is also provided. As a narrow-range endemic, with apparently very specific habitat requirements, C. allanii is a naturally uncommon, biologically sparse species. Nevertheless because of the small total area of occupancy, we assess C. allanii as ‘Threatened’/‘Nationally Critical’ using the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

The phylogeny of the subfamily Xanthorioideae (Teloschistaceae) is re-analysed based on ITS, LSU and mtSSU sequences, including a new set of specimens representing 31 genera, of which five are proposed as new: Golubkovia, Igneoplaca, Langeottia, Scythioria and Verrucoplaca. Two new species, Ovealmbornia volkmarwirthii from South Africa and Gondwania sejongensis from Antarctica are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa. Eleven new combinations are proposed in the genera Calogaya, Cerothallia, Flavoplaca, Gondwania, Igneoplaca, Scythioria and Verrucoplaca, but the status of four earlier established genera, Pachypeltis, Parvoplaca, Solitaria and Xanthopeltis, remains uncertain and needs further studies.

A new genus, Catenarina (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with three species is described from the Southern Hemisphere, supported by molecular data. All species contain the secondary metabolite 7-chlorocatenarin, previously unknown in lichens. Catenarinadesolata is a non-littoral, lichenicolous species found on volcanic and soft sedimentary rock at 190–300 m in and near steppes in southernmost Chile and on the subantarctic island, Kerguelen. Catenarina vivasiana grows on maritime rocks and on rock outcrops in lowland Nothofagus forests, but has also been found at altitudes up to c. 580 m on moss and detritus on outcrops in Tierra del Fuego. The Antarctic species Caloplaca iomma is transferred to Catenarina based on chemical data; it grows on rocks near the coast in maritime Antarctica.

The green algal photobionts of 12 Xanthoria, seven Xanthomendoza, two Teloschistes species and Josefpoeltia parva (all Teloschistaceae) were analyzed. Xanthoria parietina was sampled on four continents. More than 300 photobiont isolates were brought into sterile culture. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nrITS; 101 sequences) and the large subunit of the RuBiSco gene (rbcL; 54 sequences) of either whole lichen DNA or photobiont isolates were phylogenetically analyzed. ITS and rbcL phylogenies were congruent, although some subclades had low bootstrap support. Trebouxia arboricola,T. decolorans and closely related, unnamed Trebouxia species, all belonging to clade A, were found as photobionts of Xanthoria species. Xanthomendoza species associated with either T. decolorans (clade A), T. impressa, T. gelatinosa (clade I) or with an unnamed Trebouxia species. Trebouxia gelatinosa genotypes (clade I) were the photobionts of Teloschistes chrysophthalmus,T. hosseusianus and Josefpoeltia parva. Only weak correlations between distribution patterns of algal genotypes and environmental conditions or geographical location were observed.

Upretia squamulosa is described as new to science from the arid valley of Jinsha-jiang River, China. It is characterized by a squamulose thallus, greyish green to brown upper surface, lecanorine apothecia, and by containing gyrophoric and lecanoric acids. The other species in the genus, U. amarkantakana, differs from the new species by the crustose to subsquamulose thallus with lobate margin and the absence of gyrophoric and lecanoric acids. A phylogenetic tree based on nrITS for Upretia and related genera in the subfamily Caloplacoideae is established to assess the affinities of the new species.

Within the Altai-Sayan region, we identified 103 species of Teloschistaceae from 1193 field records supported by herbarium vouchers. The recorded species belong to the subfamilies Xanthorioideae (46 species in 14 genera) and Caloplacoideae (57 species in 17 genera); Teloschistoideae is absent. We divided the 194 surveyed localities into four categories: arid alpine, arid non-alpine, humid alpine, humid non-alpine. Each category has a specific lichen composition and a typical combination of traits. Humid non-alpine localities are mostly inhabited by broadly distributed boreal-montane species; humid alpine sites by arctic-alpine lichens; arid non-alpine habitats are preferred by xerophilous Eurasian species and arid alpine sites by xerophilous Central Asian species with (presumably) large geographic ranges in dry continental Asia. Some arid alpine species have a thick crustose thallus with a very thick medulla and cortex; this morphological trait is confined to the Central Asian group of lichens and is absent from other climatic regions, such as arctic, boreal or oceanic Eurasia. We compared species diversity in the Altai-Sayan region with the Alps. Both regions differ in species and generic composition and the richness is higher in the latter. Taxonomy: Caloplaca fluviatilis is newly described. New combinations are Pachypeltis insularis , P. pachythallina , P. phoenicopta and Variospora sororicida . Two of Magnusson’s names are newly synonymized: Caloplaca infestans with Pachypeltis intrudens and Caloplaca kansuensis with C. bicolor . In addition to 22 known genera, we define, provisionally, 9 groups of species that may merit recognition as genera. Caloplaca epithallina is provisionally placed in Shackletonia , but we do not formally publish a new combination. Lichenicolous Pachypeltis phoenicopta and Variospora sororicida are less host-specific than originally thought. Floristics: Caloplaca pratensis is new to Eurasia, Caloplaca helygeoides (= C. diphyodes auct.), C. monacensis and C. soralifera are new to Asia. 12 species are new to Russia, 9 new to Siberia, 9 new to China, 2 new to Kazakhstan, and 2 new to Xinjiang. Outside the studied region Pachypeltis phoenicopta is new to Europe (Spain, Sierra Nevada) and we report the first reliable record of Pachypeltis insularis from Greece (Mt Olympus).

Agnan, Y., N. Sejalon-Delmas & A. Probst. 2013. Comparing early twentieth century and present-day atmospheric pollution in SW France: A story of lichens. Environmental Pollution 172: 139–148. Almeida, S. M., J. Lage, M. D. C. Freitas, A. I. Pedro, T. Ribeiro, A. V. Silva, N. Canha, M. Almeida-Silva, T. Sitoe, I. Dionisio, S. Garcia, G. Domingues, J. P. De Faria, B. G. Fernandez, D. Ciaparra & H. T. Wolterbeek. 2012. Integration of biomonitoring and instrumental techniques to assess the air quality in an industrial area located in the coastal of central Asturias, Spain. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 75(22–23): 1392–1403. Al-Taani, A. A. & K. A. Al-Qudah. 2013. Investigation of desert subsoil nitrate in Northeastern Badia of Jordan. Science of the Total Environment 442: 111–115. Alvarez, R., A. Del Hoyo, F. Garcia-Breijo, J. Reig-Arminana, E. M. Del Campo, A. Guera, E. Barreno & L. M. Casano. 2012. Different strategies to achieve Pb-tolerance by the two Trebouxia algae coexisting in the lichen Ramalina farinacea. Journal of Plant Physiology 169(18): 1797–1806. An, K.-D., Y. Degawa, E. Fujihara, T. Mikawa, M. Ohkuma & G. Okada. 2012. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear rRNA genes and the intron-exon structures of the nuSSU rRNA gene in Dictyocatenulata alba (anamorphic Ascomycota). Fungal Biology 116(11): 1134–1145. Anawar, H. M., N. Canha, I. Santa-Regina & M. C. Freitas. 2013. Adaptation, tolerance, and evolution of plant species in a pyrite mine in response to contamination level and properties of mine tailings: Sustainable rehabilitation. Journal of Soils and Sediments 13(4): 730–741. Anshakova, V. V. 2012. Increase activity of pharmaceutical substance lichens beta-oligosaccharides. Russian Journal of Biopharmaceuticals 4(4): 42–46. Aptroot, A., H. J. M. Sipman & M. E. D. S. Caceres. 2013. Twenty-one new species of Pyrenula from South America, with a note on overmature ascospores. Lichenologist 45(2): 169–198. Arnesen, T. & A. Lyngstad. 2012. Effects from trampling and other activities in recreation areas [Effekter av trakk og annen ferdsel pa vegetasjonen i friluftsomrader]. Blyttia 70(3): 159–172. [In Norwegian with English abstract.] Arup, U., U. Sochting & P. Froden. 2013. A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(1): 16–83. Arup, U., U. Sochting & P. Froden. 2013. Addendum to ‘A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae’. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 256. Asplund, J. & D. A. Wardle. 2012. Contrasting changes in palatability following senescence of the lichenized fungi Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata. Fungal Ecology 5(6): 710–713. Aydin, S. & K. Kinalioglu. 2013. The investigation of antibacterial activities of ethanol and methanol extracts of Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) and Roccella phycopsis Ach. (Roccellaceae) lichens collected from eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3(2): 143–147. Baloch, E., G. Gilenstam & M. Wedin. 2013. The relationships of Odontotrema (Odontotremataceae) and the resurrected Sphaeropezia (Stictidaceae)—new combinations and three new Sphaeropezia species. Mycologia 105(2): 384–397. [New species: Sphaeropezia capreae Baloch, Gilenstam & Wedin, S. lyckselensis Baloch, Gilenstam & Wedin, and S. mycoblasti Baloch, Gilenstam & Wedin.] Baranska, M., M. Roman, J. C. Dobrowolski, H. Schulz & R. Baranski. 2013. Recent advances in raman analysis of plants: Alkaloids, Carotenoids, and Polyacetylenes. Current Analytical Chemistry 9(1): 108–127. Bartels, S. F. & H. Y. H. Chen. 2013. Interactions between overstorey and understorey vegetation along an overstorey compositional gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science 24(3): 543–552. Beckett, R. P., F. V. Minibayeva & C. Liers. 2013. On the occurrence of peroxidase and laccase activity in lichens. Lichenologist 45(2): 277–283. Benayas, J., L. Pertierra, P. Tejedo, F. Lara, O. Bermudez, K. A. Hughes & A. Quesada. 2013. A review of scientific research trends within ASPA No.126 Byers Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 25(2): 128–145. Benitez, A., M. Prieto, Y. Gonzalez & G. Aragon. 2012. Effects of tropical montane forest disturbance on epiphytic macrolichens. Science of the Total Environment 441: 169–175. Biazrov, L. G. 2010. Die Dynamik der Artendiversitat epiphytischer Flechten im Nordbezirk von Moskau (Russland) [Dynamics of 3 Corresponding author’s email: brendan.hodkinson@gmail.com The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/ lav/RLL/RLL.HTM with full abstracts of electronically available articles. We owe thanks to the following: Einar Timdal for his work on the RLL database, Bill Buck for highlighting the more obscure sources, Jim Bennett for sharing his Scopus alerts, and the authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to us for inclusion. DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-116.4.399

Four new monophyletic groups are found within the teloschistoid clade of the subfamily Xanthorioideae in the Teloschistaceae using nuclear (ITS1/ITS2) and mitochondrial (12S mtSSU gene) DNA sequences. These groups are proposed as new genera: Brownliella gen. nova for the widely distributed Caloplaca cinnabarina group, Filsoniana gen. nova for the Australian Caloplaca australiensis group, Fulgogasparrea gen. nova for the Western Pacific species Caloplaca decipioides, and Kaernefia gen. nova for the Southern Hemisphere Caloplaca kaernefeltii group. Massalongo’s genus Niorma is resurrected for the Teloschistes hypoglaucus group.

Two new Xanthoria s. str. species, Xanthoria polessica and X. juniperina, the members of the Xanthoria parietina-group (from Belarus, Ukraine and Russia), and Rusavskia dasanensis (from Norway) are described, as well as compared with closely related taxa. Current position of 47 species of xanthorioid lichens described during the last two decades in 15 different genera of the subfamily Xanthorioideae of the family Teloschistaceae is discussed. Caloplaca herbidella (Arnold) H. Magn. and Telogalla olivieri (Vouaux) Nik. Hoff. et Hafellner are for the first time recorded for Belarus.

Five new species of the genus Caloplaca: C. austrocoreana S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur (from rocks of coastal zone of South Korea), C. kudratovii S. Y. Kondr., B. Zarei-Darki et J.-S. Hur (from lichen thalli and silicate rocks of Iran), C. tarani S. Y. Kondr., S. I. Tchabanenko, I. Galanina et L. Yakovczenko (from bark of deciduous trees of Sakhalin, Khabarovsky and Primorsky regions of Russia), C. yeosuensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur (from rocks of coastal zone of South Korea), and C. zoroasteriorum S. Y. Kondr. et M. Haji Moniri (from bark of deciduous trees of Iran and Uzbekistan) are described, compared with related taxa, and illustrated.

The lichen family Teloschistaceae is one of the larger families of lichenized fungi. Currently it includes one very large heterogenous genus, Caloplaca, with some 1000 or more species with a vast variation in morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The rest of the family is split into 1015 smaller genera, each with 20 or fewer species. There is no modern classification of the family based on molecular data. Here we attempt a first phylogenetic evaluation of a large part of the family, including a total of 337 species. Of these, 162 were used in a combined phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal RNA sequence markers nrITS, nrLSU and mrSSU, using Bayesian inference. We also analysed all species using nrITS data, split into four different analyses. As a result we propose a new classification of the family, where a total of 39 genera are recognized, of which 31 are newly described or resurrected. The new genera are: Athallia, Austroplaca, Bryoplaca, Calogaya, Cerothallia, Flavoplaca, Gondwania, Haloplaca, Orientophila, Pachypeltis, Parvoplaca, Rufoplaca, Shackletonia, Scutaria, Sirenophila, Solitaria, Squamulea, Stellarangia, Teloschistopsis, Usnochroma, Variospora, Villophora and Wetmoreana. Resurrected genera are Blastenia, Dufourea, Follmannia, Gyalolechia, Leproplaca, Polycauliona, Pyrenodesmia and Xanthocarpia. The species Orientophila subscopularis is described as new. A third subfamily, Teloschistoideae, is proposed to accommodate the genus Teloschistes and related genera, parallel to the two previously recognized subfamilies Xanthorioideae and Caloplacoideae. We also show the large plasticity in both morphological and anatomical characters between closely related species within genera, indicating the low value of these as evolutionary markers. The secondary chemistry is a better marker in some parts of the family. We recognize a large number of geographically delimited clades with clear centres of evolution, but often showing large variation in morphology and anatomy. (Less)

A new species of Shackletonia (Teloschistaceae) is described from the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica, one of the regions with the harshest conditions on Earth. Distinctive traits of the new taxon are the grey thallus, its black lecideine apothecia with a dark greenish blue exterior side of the exciple, Lecidea green pigment present at the cortex and exciple, emodin-dominated anthraquinones only in epithecium, and spores on average 11.2 × 6.0 μm with 3.6 μm wide septum. New chemical data from HPLC analyses further supports the uniqueness of the genus Shackletonia regarding secondary metabolite production within subfamily Xanthorioideae. Using three molecular markers (nrITS, nuLSU, and mtSSU) we found the new species sister to S. sauronii, a species so far known only from Livingston Island (Antarctica). Using secondary calibrations we inferred a long-time evolution of Shackletonia in the Southern Hemisphere, which separated from the remaining lineages of Xanthorioideae between the late Cretaceous and the early Paleogene, and diversified during the late Paleocene and early Oligocene., This work was made possible due to a SYNTHESYS scholarship, which is financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action (http://www.synthesys.info/), to the University of Copenhagen (DK-TAF-3064) to the first author. The study was also supported by the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grants CTM2012-38222-C02-02 and FPU AP2012-3556., SPO is supported by the grant RYC-2014-16784 from the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry.

We describe three new, seemingly-cryptic species in the lichen genus Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae) with black apothecia. Those species, separated in nrITS and β-tubulin DNA phylogenies, appeared to be phenotypically indistinguishable. We looked for their phenotypic differences using a two-phase method comprised of a preliminary examination in which diagnostic value of all available characters was evaluated using a small number of samples and potentially-diagnostic characters were selected, and a subsequent detailed study in which characters selected in the first phase were tested using more samples. We found 19 diagnostic characters (continuous and discrete) of which four continuous and three discrete characters could be considered "fully diagnostic", i.e. allowing for correct identification of at least one species. Hence, the three species are not cryptic, but can be distinguished phenotypically. Here, they are formally described as Caloplaca micromarina Frolov, Khodos. & Vondrák sp. nova, C. micromontana Frolov, Wilk & Vondrák sp. nova and C. microstepposa Frolov, Nadyeina, Khodos. & Vondrák sp. nova. © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2016.

Descriptions for 5 Caloplaca species new for science (C. chejuensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Caloplaca coreana S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, C. galbina S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur (all from Korea), C. loekoesii S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur (from Korea and China), and C. safavidiorum S. Y. Kondr. et B. Zarei-Darki (from Iran)), as well as descriptions of 3 rediscovered species (Caloplaca diffluens (Hue) Zahlbr. (from Korea and China), C. multicolor (Hue) S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, and C. spodoplaca (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (both from Korea), which were described from Korea and Japan more than one century ago and not recorded from that time), including diagnostic characters important for the present taxonomy of the genus Caloplaca s. l., are provided. The new combination, Caloplaca multicolor (Hue) S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur (Basionym: Lecidea multicolor Hue), is proposed.

A strain of the lichen mycobiont of Caloplaca erythrantha, isolated from ascospores, was cultured axenically on different solid media. Four of the media employed supported the development of colonies and production of the two major lichen secondary metabolites. These media were: BMYE (mannitol 2%, yeast extract 0·1%, in Bold's basal medium); MEYE (malt extract 2%, yeast extract 0·2%, in distilled water); Hamada's MY10 (malt extract 1%, yeast extract 0·4%, sucrose 10%, in distilled water); and the new BMRM (Bold mannitol rich medium, mannitol 5·3%, malt extract 1%, yeast extract 0·4% in Bold's mineral medium). Percentages refer to final medium volume. The fungal colonies developed well on the four media and produced emodin and 7-chloroemodin, the major secondary compounds of the lichen apothecia. Crystals deposited richly on the external surface of the hyphae, as observed with an optical microscope. The two anthraquinones were purified from the lichen thallus, apothecia and cultured mycelia, and identified by chromatographic (TLC, HPLC) and spectroscopic (NMR, MS) methods. The analysis of lichen apothecia revealed the presence of emodin (0·90% w/w) and 7-chloroemodin (0·56% w/w), whereas colonies cultured for five months generally produced higher percentages than the lichen: 1·72% emodin and 0·30% 7-chloroemodin on BMYE; 0·21% and 0·95% on MEYE; 7·82% and 7·48% on MY10; and 11·70% and 10·80% on BMRM. These results show that the production of both anthraquinones was promoted significantly in mycobiont cultures with high concentrations of the carbon sources sucrose or mannitol, with a higher effect being observed with the latter.

We report the results of recently investigated collections from Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park that have yielded several new additions to the North American lichen checklist, and Caloplaca lecanorae, a new lichenicolous lichen found on the thallus of Lecanora leprosa. Those species new to North America include Arthonia compensatula, A. ochrospila, Bacidina pallidocarnea, Byssoloma absconditum, Coenogonium isidiigerum, C. isidiosum, Enterographa pallidella, Lecanora hypocrocina, L. tropica, Monoblastia palmicola and Parmotrema wrightii. Both Lecanora species have been reported from Mexico, which is excluded from the aforementioned checklist.

Morphological characters can vary to an extent that makes it difficult to separate the two morphologically and chemically similar species Xanthoria aureola and X. parietina for an inexperienced field biologist. They occur frequently in mixed stands on seashore rocks on the western coast of Norway. We examined (1) whether a simple method like RAPD-PCR could confirm the distinction between the two species previously reported on the basis of DNA sequences, and (2) whether infraspecific DNA and RAPD data from X. parietina were congruent. We also checked whether the RAPD band scoring procedure could affect the results. Results show that (1) RAPD distance matrices based on band scorings performed independently by the two authors were always congruent and differences never affected conclusions, (2) RAPD clearly distinguishes between X. parietina and X. aureola in a way that is fully congruent with a classification based on DNA sequence data, and (3) there was no significant congruence between infraspecific distances based on DNA sequences and RAPD data in X. parietina. The latter observation may be taken as support for a previously published report of low levels of recombination in X. parietina, which stands in contrast to statements of obligate homothallism in that species.

It has been suggested that the absence of anthraquinones is not a synapomorphic character, but appears independently in unrelated lineages of Teloschistaceae. We analyzed ITS nrDNA regions in species of the genus Caloplaca and present evidence for five such examples: the Caloplaca cerina group, C. obscurella, the C. servitiana group, the C. xerica group and the C. variabilis group (Pyrenodesmia). In some cases, loss of anthraquinones is observed only in individuals within ordinarily pigmented populations, but sometimes the loss covers whole lineages containing one or more species. Both situations are observed in the C. servitiana group. Loss of anthraquinones is always followed by the synthesis of ‘alternative’ pigments (often Sedifolia-grey). In the specimens with anthraquinone-containing apothecia studied, these pigments are not visible in apothecial sections after dissolving anthraquinones in K. Fully unpigmented apothecia have not been observed.The Caloplaca xerica group is a newly established, infraspecific grouping of species related to, and similar to, C. xerica. The Caloplaca servitiana group is also newly established and represents an isolated lineage covering two rather different, but related species. Caloplaca neotaurica is described here as a new species with apothecia of two colour variants; orange-red (with anthraquinones) and grey (with Sedifolia-grey).The genus Huea represents another taxon lacking anthraquinones within Teloschistaceae. The genera Apatoplaca and Cephalophysis, which lack anthraquinones, are tentatively placed in Teloschistaceae, but their phylogenetic identity has not been recognized. Hueidea is reported to have no anthraquinones, but its secondary metabolites should be studied further and its possible placement in Teloschistaceae assessed.We suggest that Caloplaca abbreviata var. lecideoides and C. celata represent variants of C. stillicidiorum lacking anthraquinones.