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Craterellus albidus is proposed as a new species based on both morphological evidence and DNA analyses. Morphologically, Cr. albidus is characterized by its small-sized whitish pileus, smooth to slightly folded hymenium, white to lemon-yellow stipe, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with a size of 7.8–11 × 6.1–8.2 µm, and a cutis pileipellis. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit ribosomal RNA (nrLSU) region provide further evidence that the described specimens represent a new species.

The genus Cantharellus, commonly known as chanterelles, has recently been divided into six subgenera, however, wider sampling approaches are needed to clarify the relationships within and between these groups. A phylogenetic overview of Cantharellus subgenus Parvocantharellus in China was inferred based on the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1). A total of nine species from China were assigned to the subgenus, including seven novel species, namely Cantharellusaurantinus, C. austrosinensis, C. galbanus, C. luteolus, C. luteovirens, C. minioalbus, and C. sinominior, and two known species, namely C. albus and C. zangii. The detailed descriptions and illustrations were provided based on the newly obtained data, with the comparisons to closely related species. C. zangii was restudied based on the paratype specimens and multiple new collections from the type locality. Futhermore, the Indian species C. sikkimensis was identified as a synonym of C. zangii based on the morphological and molecular analyses. A key to the Chinese species belonging to the subg. Parvocantharellus is also provided.

Yellow chanterelles are one of the most common edible mushrooms found in Yunnan Province, China. Previous studies identified the species of these mushrooms as Cantharellus cibarius Fr. based on morphology alone. However, the diversity of yellow chanterelles comprises many species within the C. cibarius complex, including C. yunnanensis W.F. Chiu. We hypothesized that the latter species is widely marketed in Yunnan Province and does not actually belong to C. cibarius. Hence, to confirm the species identity, taxonomic re-evaluation using integrated taxonomic approaches is required. Herein, samples collected from different markets and from near the type locality were subjected to morphological and molecular analyses. We generated tef-1α sequences and analyzed them using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The study revealed that the specimens previously identified as C. cibarius with a wide distribution in southwestern China are indeed C. yunnanensis. Our morphological assessment was markedly influenced by the revision of the type specimen (C. yunnanensis) and its original description, as some characteristics of the specimen did not match the description (e.g., the size and shape of the spores). Similarly, our single-locus phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the identification of the marketed species in Southwestern China (Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces) as C. yunnanensis instead of C. cibarius. Following our findings, we epitypified C. yunnanensis. Additionally, we collected, identified, and confirmed the presence of C. cibarius in northeastern China.

The authors discuss several African Cantharellus Adans.: Fr. species with lilac-purplish tinges on the pileus or stipe surface collected in the Central African rain forest or West African gallery forests. The morphology of C. longisporus Heinem. is discussed on the basis of new Central African collections and found profoundly different from two previously described subspecies from Madagascar which are here recombined as C. littoralis (Buyck & Randrianjohany) Buyck, comb. et stat. nov., and C. isaloensis (Buyck & Eyssartier) Buyck, comb. et stat. nov. Cantharellus xanthocyaneus Ndolo Ebika & Buyck, sp. nov., a new look-alike of C. cyanoxanthus R.Heim ex Heinem. with considerably smaller basidiospores is described, as well as a new chanterelle species from Togo, viz. C. violaceoflavescens De Kesel, Guelly, L.A.Parra & Buyck, sp. nov., that in the field is reminiscent of C. littoralis (Buyck & Randrianjohany) Buyck, comb. et stat. nov. A multigene phylogeny places both new species Cantharellus xanthocyaneus Ndolo Ebika & Buyck, sp. nov., and Cantharellus violaceoflavescens De Kesel, Guelly, L.A.Parra & Buyck, sp. nov., in the subgenera Parvocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck and Pseudocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck respectively, and Cantharellus littoralis (Buyck & Randrianjohany) Buyck, comb. et stat. nov., in the subgenus Cinnabarini Buyck & V.Hofst.

The corticioid fungi from Santa Catarina Island mangroves were surveyed, and 42 specimens corresponding to 15 species and 13 genera were identified. The most commonly found species was Hjortstamia crassa, and the Itacorubi mangrove was the area where more specimens were found (17 out of 42 specimens). Most of the specimens were collected on dead wood, and the most common host was Avicennia schaueriana. Six species were previously unknown from mangroves around the world; Phanerochaete subglobosa is recorded for the first time outside Asia, Hjortstamia amethystea is newly reported from Southern Brazil, and four species are new records from the State of Santa Catarina. Taxonomic remarks are given for the treated species, and an updated checklist of xylophilous fungi and pseudofungi (Myxomycetes) known from Santa Catarina Island mangroves is provided.

Lichenicolous species are widely distributed in the Basidiomycota, and many are known to produce sclerotia or bulbils with few additional structures to permit taxonomic placement. The Cantharellales include many of these species and we here describe a new species that grows over Cladonia rangiferina and forms yellow-orange, initially immersed bulbils similar to Burgella flavoparmeliae Diederich & Lawrey, a familiar species in the order. We obtained sequences of nuLSU representing an isolated culture and herbarium specimen of the species, and initial searches in GenBank indicated it was a member of the Cantharellales. We inferred its phylogenetic placement in the order using an existing dataset that included all known lichenicolous species. Our results indicate that it is not closely related to any described lichenicolous species or to any other described bulbilliferous species in the order. Based on these results, we are now establishing a new genus and species, Neoburgoa freyi, in the Hydnaceae sensu Hibbett et al. (2014). We also introduce the new name Adamflakia for the genus Bulbilla as the latter coincides with the technical term ‘bulbilla' used in previous descriptions of bulbil-forming species and is therefore not validly published following the ICN (Art. 20.2); Adamflakia applanata comb. nov. is proposed.

Lichenicolous species are widely distributed in the Basidiomycota, and many are known to produce sclerotia or bulbils with few additional structures to permit taxonomic placement. The Cantharellales include many of these species and we here describe a new genus and species discovered in Austria that grows over Physcia aipolia and P. stellaris and forms minute dark reddish brown bulbils reminiscent of Ceratobasidium bulbillifaciens but much smaller in size. We obtained sequences of ITS and nuLSU rDNA representing the herbarium specimen of the species, and initial searches in GenBank indicated it was a member of the Cantharellales, with closest relatives in the genus Minimedusa. We inferred its phylogenetic placement in the order using an existing dataset that included all known lichenicolous species, augmented by sequences obtained by BLAST searches in GenBank. Our results indicate that the unknown is not closely related to any described lichenicolous species or to any other described bulbilliferous species in the order. Based on these results, we are now establishing a new genus and species, Bergerella atrofusca, in the Cantharellales family Hydnaceae.

A new species of the genus Hydnum, H. minum, with whitish basidiomata, is described and illustrated from Japan based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. This species is characterized by small basidiomata (1–2.5 cm in height), spinose hymenophores with small, conical to aciculate spines (0.5–1.7 mm in length, 150–250 μm in diameter), subclavate to suburniform basidia with 5–8 sterigmata, and subglobose to broadly ovoid basidiospores measuring 4.5–5.5 × 3–4.5 μm. In addition, H. albidum, H. albomagnum, newly recorded in Japan, and H. repandum var. album are analyzed using molecular tools. The four taxa were confirmed as each individual taxon by the molecular phylogenetic analysis using complete nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions.

Craterellus luteus sp. nov. is described from China. It is characterized by a light yellow to greenish yellow pileus, white to yellowish white hymenophore, broad basidiospores and lack of aromatic odor. Detailed morphological description, photographs and comparisons with phenetically similar taxa are provided.

In this paper, the authors report on first Craterellus collections from the poorly explored tropical deciduous scrub forest of Rajmahal hills, Jharkhand, India. In this habitat, dominated by Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae), a yellow to orange craterelloid species was abundantly growing in caespitose troops all over the forest floor. Morphological analysis and sequence data from the nucLSU revealed these specimens to belong to a hitherto undescribed Craterellus. As the new species is morphologically identical to Pterygellus polymorphus var. minor, our results suggest that Pterygellus is a later synonym of Craterellus.

A new species Sistotrema macabouense sp. nov., collected in Martinique (French West Indies), is described and illustrated. The differences to closely related species are discussed.

12 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure., [EN] Several morphological species of the genus Hydnum L. are known to occur in Europe, but little molecular evidence exists to confirm the exact number and delimitation of the species. The present study seeks to investigate the genus Hydnum through sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions and through morphological studies. The DNA sequences phylogenetic analysis revealed high diversity among the ITS region sequences in H. repandum (two clades) and H. rufescens (six clades) while the specimens of H. albidum, H. umbilicatum and H. ellipsosporum formed one and clearly separated clade per morphological species. Phylogenetic distances among the recognised species and the obtained morphologically unsupported clades are comparable and support the idea of several new, yet undescribed species. The intraspecific variability in the sequence data among phylogenetic species is generally low. Detailed morphological analysis of putative informative morphological characteristics could not support any of the observed non-monophyletic DNA-sequences clades within H. repandum or H. rufescens, and the proper use of names is not yet clear. Similar intraspecific variation has also been observed in many other ectomycorrhizal genera and could be explained by intensive speciation within variable groups under the influence of various factors (niche effect, ectomycorrhizal partner selection)., [ES] En Europa, sobre la base de la morfología se han identificado distintas especies en el género Hydnum L.; sin embargo, no se tenían datos moleculares para confirmar el número exacto de táxones y las relaciones entre los mismos. Este trabajo se basa en los análisis filogenéticos de las secuencias ITS del nrDNA, que se comparan con los estudios morfológicos y los análisis estadísticos. Los análisis filogenéticos revelan una alta diversidad en las secuencias de las regions ITS en H. repandum (dos clados) y en H. rufescens (seis clados), mientras que las muestras de H. albidum, H. umbilicatum e H. ellipsosporum se agrupan en clados únicos, que coinciden con especies tradicionales basadas en caracteres morfológicos. Los análisis morfológicos y filogenéticos son similares y apoyan la idea de que en este género existen todavía un número de especies no descritas. En las posibles especies filogenéticas, la variabilidad intraespecífica de las secuencias es baja. Por otro lado, el resultado del detallado análisis morfológico no apoya ninguno de los clados de H. repandum o H. rufescens, por lo que todavía no queda claro el táxon al que designan estos nombres. Una variabilidad intraespecífica similar se ha observado en otros géneros de hongos ectomicorrícicos y podría explicarse por especiación intensiva bajo la influencia de diversos factores (efecto de nicho, selección del hospedante ectomicorrícico)., The study was supported through the research programme P4- 0107, young researchers’ scheme and project Z4-7578, financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports of the Republic of Slovenia, the Bilateral Project Spain-Slovenia (2000SI003), the BIOD-IBERIA projects A9 and A64, and Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CGL2006-12732-C02-01/BOS).

The fungi here described were all collected in Iowa with the single exception of Grandinia granulosa Fries. These have more than local interest since the occurrence of several species has ap? parently not previously been reported from the United States. The published records of resupinate species of the Hydnaceae in this country, however, are not believed to be a fair index of their frequency or distribution. Many of the little known species are common in Iowa. The vast collections of undetermined material

Polyporus biennis and its varietal segregates possess quite variable characteristics. They have masqueraded among the poroid Boleti and Polypori, the labyrinthine Daedaleae and the echinoid Sistotremae, not to mention that group of contortionists, the genus Abortiporus, created by Murrill for the reception of a member of this group. They have finally come to rest, as appears most appropriate, in the genus Polyporus. Of the five fungi considered here Polyporus biennis, apparently, has not been collected in North America, but is typically European. The remaining four are varieties of this species. Though the first of these has been reported from the United States this was without justification. Our present knowledge indicates the last three to be wholly American in their distribution. Bulliard (1789) first described and figured Polyporus biennis, and placed it in the genus Boletus. A few years later Persoon (1797) conceived a need for the genus Sistotrema, and subsequently (1801) included Bulliard's species within this group. As first instituted Sistotrema is located between the genera Boletus and Poria, and contained but two species, S. confluens, based upon Hydnum sublamellosum Bull., and S. cinereum, based upon Boletus unicolor Bull. With his customary naivete Persoon changes these specific names without offering excuse or reason. In his "Synopsis" Persoon extends Sistotrema to include twelve species. These are about evenly divided between forms gleaned from the genus Hydnum, and near relatives, and from Boletus as interpreted by Bulliard. In an appended foot-note Persoon says briefly, "Intermedium genus est inter Boletum et Hydnum." Persoon considered Sistotrema as a repository for certain species which he believed transitional in nature and properly located between the Polyporaceae and Hydnaceae.

(1913). Type Studies in the Hydnaceae—V. the Genus Hydnellum. Mycologia: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 194-205.

(1912). Type Studies in the Hydnaceae—I. The Genus Manina. Mycologia: Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 271-278.

The family Hydnaceae, as ordinarily defined, is held to include all autobasidiomycetes in which the hymenium is borne upon downward directed spines, warts or folds. As thus defined most of the genera and species are clearly separated from those of re? lated families. Intermediate forms do occur, however, grading into the Polyporaceae on the one hand and the Thelephoraceae on the other. This fact has influenced various attempts to make the boundaries of the family more distinct. Since the time of Fries, our knowledge of the internal structure and reproduction of these fungi has been greatly increased and it has been necessary to make many changes in taxonomic treatment. The lack of agreement in current literature as to what constitutes the most precise or convenient classification is due largely to our still meager knowl? edge of the natural relationships among these fungi. The family has been insufficiently studied and, therefore, any scheme of classification applied to it must be regarded as tentative. The removal of certain genera and species apparently related to the Polyporaceae but included in the Hydnaceae of Fries and his predecessors was suggested first in 1821 by the work of S. F. Gray.1 He erected the Sistotremideae on Sistotrema, Cerrena and Xylodon, and characterized the new family as " thallus leatherlike; hymenium at first meandering, porous, becoming toothed; teeth lamellar, torn." In 1879 Karsten transferred Irpex, Sistotrema and Phlebia to the Polyporaceae. Patouillard in 1900 included Phlebia, Hydnochaete, Lopharia, Sistotrema and species of Irpex among the polypores. Weir and Hubert (1918) comment on the daedaloid character of the young sporophore of Echinodontium.

1. Narrowly reflexed, sometimes resupinate, thick, not cracking; clamp con? nections numerous; spores 5-7 X 3-4 ^.3. R. pallidum. 1. Resupinate, adnate, varying in thickness, sometimes cracking; clamp con? nections present or absent; spores usually larger.. (2) 2. Cracking; clamp connections few or absent; spores 6-8 X 3-4 ^ 2. R. quercinum. 2. Generally not cracking; clamp connections numerous; spores 8 -12 X 3-4 m, curved. 1. R. orbiculare.

(1914). Type Studies in the Hydnaceae—VII. The Genera Asterodon and Hydnochaete. Mycologia: Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 231-234.

Climacodon P. Karsten, Rev. Myc. 31: 20. I88I. The genus Creolophus Karst. was established on Hydnum corrugatum Fr. as the type. No type specimen of this species was found at Upsala bult several specimens in the herbarium collected by P. A. Karsten, E. Th. Fries, and Fr. Kjellman in Sweden and Finland were referred to this species. All of these agree perfectly with Fries's description and may be regarded as authentic representatives of the species. They do not appear to be generically different from H. septentrionale Fr., having much the same form, color, and fleshy or subfleshy substance. The species has not yet been positively recognized as an American form. Climacodon Karst. was established on Hydnum septentrionale Fr. and is, therefore, a metonym of Creolophus. We have hitherto included the species of this genus in the genus Steccherinum. The peculiar fleshy or subfleshy character of the substance of these plants, so strikingly different from the dry and tough fibrous character of typical Steccherrinum, has convinced us that they should be maintained in a separate genus for which a name has already been provided by Prof. Karsten.

Descriptions of twelve taxa in the genus Hydnum are provided, with keys for their determination. One new species is proposed. Macroscopic illustrations, as well as photomicrographs of spores are pr...

* Part I of the present series ("Cyphellaceae") was published in Reinwardtia 1: 199-220. 1951; Part II (Hymenolichens), in Reinwardtia 2: 435-440. 1954; Part III ("Clavariaceae"), in Reinwardtia 2: 441-493. 1954; Part IV ("Boletaceae"), in Reinwardtia 3: 275-313. 1955; Part V ("Hydnaceae"), in Taxon 5: 69-80, 95-115. 1956; Part VI (Brachybasidiaceae, Cryptobasidiaceae, Exobasidiaceae), in Reinwardtia 3: 113-118. 1956; Part VII, in Taxon 6: 17-28, 68-85, 106-123. 1957; Part VIII (Auriculariaceae, Septobasidiaceae, Tremellaceae, Dacrymycetaceae), in Taxon 7: 164-178, 193-207, 236-250. 1958; Part IX ("Meruliaceae" and Cantharellus s. str.), in Fungus 28: 7-15. 1958; [Part X] The generic names proposed for Polyporaceae, in Persoonia 1: 173-302. 1960; [Part XI] The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae. In press. ** Rijksherbarium, Leiden. to the Introduction to "The generic names proposed for Polyporaceae" (Donk in Persoonia 1: 173-175. 1960), in which also some technical terms are explained. The use of 'per' instead of 'ex' between author's names may be briefly explained: 'per' connects the citation of an author who would validly have published the name if the starting point of a later date than May 1, 1753 of the group concerned had not been adopted (devalidated name) with the citation of the author who actually validly published the name (revalidated name); compare Donk (in Taxon 6: 255-256. 1957; 10: 68-69. 1961).

Odontia is the only strictly resupinate genus of the Hydnaceae characterized by the presence of cystidia. Steccherinum ochraceum, S. lacticolor and 5\ setulosum have cystidia and may occur resupinate but these can be distinguished generally by their more coriaceous texture and larger size. Cystidia are readily separated from gloeocystidia, setae and conducting organs but often are distinguished with difficulty from the sterile hymenial organs known as paraphyses. Sterile hymenial organs which are readily distinguished from basidia are here treated as cystidia. A cystidium is generally regarded as the specialized end of an undifferentiated hypha and typically has thickened walls, no conspicuous content and is often incrusted with granular material (Overholts, 1929). It seems unwise arbitrarily to distinguish between the unspecialized hyphae and typical cystidia projecting at the crest of the tooth in many species of Odontia, particularly since this character may vary in a given species.

Students of our Hydnaceae have frequently emphasized the need of more complete field notes upon our American species. Banker, in his revision of the North American Hydnaceae, speaks repeatedly of the lack of definite field notes in regard to our species and the resultant uncertainty in regard to the status of some of them. As a rule our species are quite rare, Banker for example having been able in six years careful watching to find but two specimens of Sarcodon imbricatus. In my collecting grounds at Asheville, North Carolina, on the contrary, they occur at times in abundance, giving ample opportunity for study. Some of my observations made there upon the scaly species of Hydnaceae seem to explain some of the difficulties with this group and for that reason to merit publication. The most abundant Asheville species is the one commonly referred to Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) Karst., though considered by some rather Sarcodon subsquamosus. This was regularly found in August and early September, and aside from the growth changes mentioned below, was quite constant. Its appearance is well shown in Fig. 1. The fleshy pileus was light-grayish-brown to dark-brown, with conspicuous, superficial, floccose scales which were larger and more prominent at the center. Along with this typical form were found also other forms which from the circumstances of their growth were taken for older forms of the same