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Cormopsocidae n. fam. of the psocid suborder Trogiomorpha was proposed for a fossil species from mid‐Cretaceous Burmese amber, Cormopsocus groehni n. gen. & n. sp. This family was estimated to be the sister group of all other trogiomorphan taxa, but the possibility of much deeper divergence (i.e. placement as a sister group of all Psocodea) could not be excluded. Cormopsocus groehni retains many plesiomorphic features, which will contribute greatly to elucidating the ancestral state of Psocodea.

Lienhard, Charles (2021): A new species of Prionoglaris Enderlein (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Prionoglarididae) from an Armenian cave, with an account of the distribution of the genus. Revue suisse de Zoologie 128 (2): 227-235, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0048

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The divergence date and ancestral distributional area of the psocid subfamily Speleketorinae, which includes taxa with reversed genitalia (female penis and male vagina of Afrotrogla and Neotrogla, tribe Sensitibillini), were estimated. The most basal divergence of the subfamily (between the North American Speleketor and the tribe Sensitibillini) was estimated to have occurred according to the separation between the North American continent and Gondwana, ca. 175 Ma. The most basal divergence of Sensitibillini (between African Afrotrogla + Sensitibilla and Brazilian Neotrogla) was estimated to have occurred according to the split of West Gondwana (separation between the African and South American continents), ca. 127 Ma. The biome of the ancestral distributional area of Sensitibillini (inland of West Gondwana) is believed to be arid to semi-arid, which might strengthen the reversed sexual selection and then facilitate the origin of preadaptive features related to the evolution of a female penis. All extant Sensitibillini species inhabit carbonatic caves, but geological evidence suggested independent shifts of these genera to the carbonatic cave habitat in the Tertiary/Quaternary.

The systematic placement of an enigmatic psocid family restricted to Africa, Lesneiidae, was estimated by using a multiple gene data set. The candidates for its close relatives are now classified under two different infraorders, the family Archipsocidae of the infraorder Archipsocetae or the families Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae of the infraorder Homilopsocidea. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the molecular data set strongly suggested that the Lesneiidae belongs to Homilopsocidea and forms a clade with Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae/Eolachesillinae (Lachesillidae). However, the relationships among these (sub)families and Lesneiidae, including the monophyly of Elipsocidae and Mesopsocidae, were ambiguous or questionable, showing the necessity of further investigations for elucidating their relationships and validating the status of these families. Two species, L. johnsoni Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. and L. testudinata Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. (Psocodea: Lesneiidae), were described from South Africa. There appears to be a tight association between the reproductive biology and morphological specialization of this group.

Trichadenotecnum is one of the most diverse genera among the non-parasitic members of Psocodea (Insecta: "Psocoptera"). The genus shows a world-wide distribution (excluding the Australian Region, where only one introduced species is known) with its center of diversity in southern to eastern Asia. Several species groups had been proposed for this large genus based on morphology, but their validity and phylogenetic relationships are still unclear because of great morphological diversity in the genitalia, systematically the most relevant character. In this study, we estimated the molecular phylogeny of the Old World species of Trichadenotecnum based on extensive taxon sampling. As a result, the monophyly of morphology-based species groups was very strongly supported in most cases. However, two groups were recovered as non-monophyletic, which had been inadequately defined on the basis of plesiomorphies or convergences of genital characters. First, the monophyly of the sexpunctatum group was not supported because the medium group was found to be embedded within this group. The simpler genitalia observed in the medium group were considered to be derived from the more complicated genitalia present in the sexpunctatum group. Second, the monophyly of the majus group was not supported for two reasons: (1) It was divided into two distant clades which initially had been united on the basis of convergent similarities of the male genitalia. (2) Two species groups were revealed to be embedded within the main clade of the majus group; the initial separation of these groups had been based on reversals to the ancestral genital condition.

The genus Cryptopsocus Li, 2002 is synonymized with Trichadenotecnum Enderlein, 1909. The type species of Cryptopsocus, T. cynostigmus (Li, 2002) n. comb., is considered to be a close relative of T. marginatum New & Thornton, 1976. These species cannot be assigned to any species group previously established in Trichadenotecnum so that the marginatum species group is here proposed for them. Three new species belonging to this species group are described: T. tigrinum and T. sharkeyi from Thailand and T. sabahense from Sabah, Malaysia. The phylogenetic position of the marginatum group is discussed using morphological data.

Lienhard, Charles (2012): A new species of Austropsocus (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Pseudocaeciliidae) with a peculiar forewing venation from New Caledonia. Revue suisse de Zoologie 119 (2): 161-167, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.150022, URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/150022

is described for three new cave-dwelling species from Brazil: Neotrogla brasiliensis Lienhard sp. n. (from Minas Gerais State), N. aurora Lienhard sp. n. (from Tocantins State) and N. truncata Lienhard sp. n. (from Bahia State). These species are the first Neotropical representatives of the sub family Speleketorinae and the first New World representatives of the tribe Sensitibillini, previously known only from southern Africa. This distri butional pattern of Sensitibillini is tentatively interpreted as due to Western Gondwanan vicariance. In the females of Neotrogla a complex of acces sory structures to the spermathecal duct is described and denoted by the new term "gynosome". A hypothesis of functional complementarity, during copulation, between the "penis-like" gynosome and the strongly reduced male phallosome of Neotrogla is presented.

Phylogenetic relationships among extant families in the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’) were inferred from partial sequences of the nuclear 18S rDNA and Histone 3 and mitochondrial 16S rDNA genes. Analyses of these data produced trees that largely supported the traditional classification; however, monophyly of the infraorder Psocathropetae (= Psyllipsocidae + Prionoglarididae) was not recovered. Instead, the family Psyllipsocidae was recovered as the sister taxon to the infraorder Atropetae (= Lepidopsocidae + Trogiidae + Psoquillidae), and the Prionoglarididae was recovered as sister to all other families in the suborder. Character states previously used to diagnose Psocathropetae are shown to be plesiomorphic. The sister group relationship between Psyllipsocidae and Atropetae was supported by two morphological apomorphies: the presence of a paraproctal anal spine and an anteriorly opened phallosome. Based on these sequence data and morphological observations, we propose a new classification scheme for the Trogiomorpha as follows: infraorder Prionoglaridetae (Prionoglarididae), infraorder Psyllipsocetae (Psyllipsocidae), infraorder Atropetae (Lepidopsocidae, Trogiidae, Psoquillidae). © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 146, 287–299.

Two new apterous species of Psocoptera (Insecta) are described and illustrated, each belonging to a new genus: Helenatropos abrupta gen. n., sp. n. (female) (Trogiidae) from a semidesertic biotope on the mid-Atlantic island of St Helena, and Thoracotroctes spinifer gen. n., sp. n. (male) (Pachytroctidae) from the endemic Didiereaceae vegetation in southern Madagascar. The systematic positions of the new genera within their families are discussed and a new subfamily is defined for Thoracotroctes gen. n.: Thoracotroctinae subfam. n. A key to the subfamilies of Pachytroctidae is provided.

The genus Podopterocus Banks has been known only from male specimens and has been characterized by the thickened first antennal flagellomere and the expanded hind tibia. The genus Dinopsocus Banks has been characterized by the thickened first antennal flagellomere. Detailed morphological examinations and brief molecular-based identification (only for one species) suggest that both taxa are congeneric. Based on characters of female terminalia and fore wing venation, both taxa are furthermore considered to be closely related to the genus Sigmatoneura Enderlein. The discovery of two new species and observations on Sigmatoneura spp. reveal the limited significance of the diagnostic characters of Podopterocus and Dinopsocus. Therefore we consider both Podopterocus and Dinopsocus as junior synonyms of Sigmatoneura. Monophyly of the genus Sigmatoneura, including Podopterocus, Dinopsocus, and the subgenus Longifolia Li, is well supported by the unique fore wing venation of females and by sexually dimorphic fore wing venation and coloration. Two new species, Sigmatoneura kakisayap sp. n. and Sigmatoneura lemahsayap sp. n., which would be classified under Podopterocus or Dinopsocus by the previous generic definitions, are described. Sigmatoneura longicornis comb. n., the type species of Podopterocus, is redescribed and transferred to Sigmatoneura and the female of this species is described for the first time. Dinopsocus atratus, the type species of Dinopsocus, is synonymized with S. longicornis. Sigmatoneura semicolorata comb. n. is redescribed and transferred from Dinopsocus to Sismatoneura.

Reticulopsocus besucheti gen. n., sp. n. is described and illustrated from a series of specimens of both sexes collected under stones in southern Turkey. The new genus is closely related to the Mediterranean genera Chelyopsocus Lienhard and Philedaphia Lienhard. Some illustrations of the type genus of the family, Protroctopsocus Mockford, are also provided. Both sexes of the new genus are elytropterous and beetle-like in habitus but the fore wing venation is strongly sexually dimorphic: males have a normal venation, though somewhat simplified, females however, have a highly apomorphic, reticulate venational pattern. A key to the genera of the family Protroctopsocidae is provided.

Siamo glaris zebrina gen. n., sp. n. is described and illustrated from a male specimen collected in Thailand. The new genus is closely related to the Palaearctic genus Prionoglaris Enderlein. Illustrations of the type species of that genus, P. stygia Enderlein, are also given. The systematic position of these two genera within the family Prionoglarididae is discussed and the family is subdivided into two subfamilies: Prionoglaridinae Badonnel and Speleketorinae Smithers. A key to the adults of the genera of the family Prionoglarididae is provided.

After having analysed the most recent literature on Chinese Psocoptera, in particular the important monograph published by Li Fasheng in 2002, the following 174 nomenclatural acts are proposed, as a contribution to stabilize the nomenclature of Chinese Psocoptera. New genus names (replacement names for junior homonyms): Lifashengia nom. nov. (Amphientomidae) for Obeliscus Li Fasheng, 2002 nec Beck, 1837, nec Popofsky, 1913, nec Graybill, 1923; Licaecilius nom. nov. (Caeciliusidae) for Neocaecilius Li Fasheng, 2002 nec Li Fasheng, 2000; Fashengocaecilius nom. nov. (Pseudocaeciliidae) for Calocaecilius Li Fasheng, 2002 nec Mockford, 1974; Fashenglianus nom. nov. (Psocidae) for Lativalva Li Fasheng, 2002 nec Amsel, 1956; Lipsocus (Psocidae) nom. nov. for Cyclotus Li Fasheng, 2002 nec Edwards, 1852. New species name (replacement name for junior homonym): Peripsocus lifashengi nom. nov. for P. orientalis Li Fasheng, 2002 nec P. orientalis Garcia Aldrete, 1999 (Peripsocidae). New synonymies: Lachesilla Westwood, 1840 (Lachesillidae) (=Dicrolachesillus Li Fasheng, 2002), Ectopsocus McLachlan, 1899 (Ectopsocidae) (=Ectotrichus Li Fasheng, 2002), Smithersia Thornton, 1992 (Myopsocidae) (=Polygonomyus Li Fasheng, 2002). Re-established synonymies: Heterocaecilius Lee & Thornton, 1967 (Pseudocaeciliidae) (=Orbocaecilius Li Fasheng, 1999), Trichadenotecnum Enderlein, 1909 (Psocidae) (=Trichadenopsocus Roesler, 1943). 43 new combinations are proposed and 30 combinations are re-established. For 19 genus names and 71 species names the correct original spelling is selected. Incorrect subsequent spellings are only mentioned in some particular cases, concerning 25 genus names and 46 species names. Up to the end of the year 2002 a total of about 5470 valid species and 440 valid genera of Psocoptera have been described worldwide. 2600 species (almost half of the known world fauna) have been recorded from Asia, in particular due to the activity of the Chinese entomologist Li Fasheng, who described himself about 1500 of the approximately 1530 species known from China.

The following species are described and illustrated: Odontopsocus compactus sp. n. (Colombia), Lachesilla hirsuta sp. n. (Thailand), Ectopsocus venosus sp. n. (East Malaysia: Sabah). Each of them is characterized by a morphological structure which is unusual within the genus concerned and, in the case of Odontopsocus compactus, unique within the order Psocoptera. The presence of a cup-like, unsegmented and heavily sclerotized abdominal carapace in this species is discussed in the light of its mode of life in humid moss and litter and is compared with similar convergent structures in other psocids.

a checklist of the Western Palaearctic species of the family. - Valenzuela labrostylus sp. n. is described and illustrated (female only). The generic placement of this species remains doubtful because of the presence of labral stylets, which are absent in all other known Valenzuela species. The holotype of Caecilius corsicus Kolbe, 1882 is redescribed and the synonymy of this name with rhenanus Tetens, 1891 is proposed: Valenzuela corsicus (Kolbe) becomes the valid name of the most common Mediterranean species of Caeciliusidae. The 15 presently recognized Western Palaearctic species of this family are listed.

A new genus, Idatenopsocus, represented by Idatenopsocus orientalis (Vishnyakova, 1986), comb, nov., is described and the species is redescribed. Within the family Mesopsocidae, this new genus is considered as the sister group of a monophyletic group composed of the genera Mesopsocus, Microtrichipsocus, Metapsocus, Cyrtopsochus, Hexacyrtoma, and Rhinopsocus.

The diversity of feeding apparatuses in insects far exceeds that observed in any other animal group. Consequently, tracking mouthpart innovation in insects is one of the keys toward understanding their diversification. In hemipteroid insects (clade Paraneoptera or Acercaria: lice, thrips, aphids, cicadas, bugs, etc.), the transition from chewing to piercing-and-sucking mouthparts is widely regarded as the turning point that enabled hyperdiversification of the Hemiptera, the fifth largest insect order. However, the transitional process from chewing to piercing-and-sucking in the Paraneoptera was hitherto completely unknown. In this paper, we report a well preserved mid Cretaceous amber fossil of the paraneopteran insect family Archipsyllidae and describe it as Mydiognathus eviohlhoffae gen. et sp. n. This species has elongate mandibles and styliform laciniae similar to Hemiptera but retains functional chewing mouthparts. A number of morphological characters place the Archipsyllidae as the sister group of the thrips plus hemipterans, which strongly suggests that the mouthparts of M. eviohlhoffae represent a transitional condition from primitive chewing to derived piercing-and-sucking mouthparts. The clade composed of Archipsyllidae, thrips, and hemipterans is here named Pancondylognatha, a new supra-ordinal taxon. Based on newly obtained information, we also assess the monophyly of the Paraneoptera, which was called into question by recent phylogenomic analyses. A phylogenetic analysis that includes Mydiognathus strongly supports the monophyly of the Paraneoptera.

A new species of Siamoglaris from Thailand with complementary description of the type species (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Priono glari didae). A new species of the previously monotypic genus Siamoglaris Lienhard, S. theresiae sp. n., is described and illustrated, based on three males from Thailand (female unknown). The female of the type species, S. zebrina Lienhard, is described for the first time and complements to the description of the male of this species are given. The generic diagnosis is revised. For the first time in Psocoptera, numerous thin-walled papilliferous spatulate setae (scent setae?) were observed on female gonapophyses and paraprocts; they are illustrated by scanning electron micrographs. Figures of female terminalia of the closely related genus Prionoglaris Enderlein are also presented.

About 2,000 specimens of Psocoptera were collected in Malta recently. Examination of this material revealed 21 new records for the Maltese archipelago, augmenting the known psocid fauna of these islands from 6 to 27 species. One of the most abundant species is Peripsocus stagnivagus Chapman, 1930 (= P. bivari Baz, 1988 = P. leleupi Badonnel, 1976, new synonymies), formerly considered to be a predominantly Nearctic species. The discovery in Malta, of one male of this usually parthenogenetic species enabled comparison of this first Palaearctic male with the well-documented, rare Nearctic male. The lack of any morphological difference between these males, or between females from the Nearctic, the western Palaearctic and several Atlantic islands, supports the proposed synonymies.

Species of the bark louse genus Trichadenotecnum Enderlein (Insecta: Psocodea) from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore are revised with illustrations and identification keys. Twenty species are here recognised, with four new species and ten recorded for the first time from this region, together with an unnamed species represented by a single female. The previously described species T. marginatum New & Thornton is not included because its generic assignment is questionable. Females of T. cinnamonum Endang & New, T. imrum New & Thornton and T. sibolangitense Endang, Thornton & New, and the male of T. kerinciense Endang & New are described for the first time. A new species group is defined for T. krucilense Endang, Thornton & New.

Both sexes of Ophiodopelma glyptocephalum sp.n. are described and illustrated. The species is unique in the Psocoptera by its specialized head morphology in the male. The female entirely lacks the unusual morphological structures on the head. These structures of hypothetically sensory and/or secretory function may prove to be correlated with particular behavioral elements and to play an important role in sexual life. With regard to general morphology the new species is similar to the previously known species of the genus Ophiodopelma Enderlein, 1908.