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The round-tailed paradise fish (Macropodus ocellatus) is important to the local ecosystem and economy. Other species in the genus Macropodus are undergoing population declines, indicating that the M. ocellatus population might also be declining. Therefore, the status of M. ocellatus, related to standing-water ecosystem stability and sustainable utilization of fishery resources, requires attention. In this study, we assessed the spatial pattern of the M. ocellatus genetic structure in 10 localities from China. Sequencing of Cytb (1135 bp) and the D-loop (668 bp) yielded 26 and 10 haplotypes, respectively. A total of 30 haplotypes were identified among 165 concatenated mitochondrial DNA sequences. The results showed that the total haplotype diversity of the 10 populations is high (0.910) and that genetic diversity indices for sequences from HuaiAn were the highest (haplotype diversity Hd = 0.780, nucleotide diversity pi = 0.00363). The results of AMOVA indicated that most genetic variation was among populations within groups (80.22%, P

It has hitherto been unknown whether the paradise fish Macropodus opercularis that inhabits the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, is native to the region or was introduced. This study examined the genetic identity of fish from five islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Okinoerabu, Okinawa, Yagaji, Kume, and Minamidaito islands) and compared it with those from Taiwan Island, mainland China, and Hainan Island. Analyses of the mtDNA control (760 bp) and cytb (660 bp) regions showed that haplotypes of specimens from the Ryukyu Archipelago were the same as or were very similar (with a 1- or 2-bp difference) to those from Taiwan. In addition, haplotypes from the Ryukyu Archipelago also showed lower genetic diversity than those from Taiwan Island, mainland China, and Hainan Island. These results suggest a high likelihood that the fish in the Ryukyu Archipelago were artificially introduced from Taiwan. However, the possibility that the fish is indigenous to the Ryukyu Archipelago cannot be completely ruled out, because some haplotypes and a clade from the Ryukyu Archipelago have not been found in the other areas. Regardless of its origin, we emphasize the importance of the conservation of the paradise fish in the Ryukyu Archipelago as an indicator of the threatened wetland environment as well as for its cultural value.

Aquarium trade has been the source of many alien species being introduced into the natural waters of Chennai. Trichopsis vittata and Macropodus opercularis are being reported for the first from Chennai. However, contrary to the propagule pressure theory both these species are not common in the aquarium trade, raising speculations of inter-basin water transfer playing a role in introducing non-native species into an ecosystem.

Predator recognition and avoidance by paradise fish have been studied with allopatric species and model experiments. The effect of sympatric predators has not been investigated. Here I report that reactions of paradise fish towards a sympatric predator (Channa micropeltes) are quantitatively different from those shown towards an allopatric predator or different harmless species of fishes. I investigate the possible cues eliciting this differential response and show that visual as well as olfactory stimuli play roles. Olfactory stimuli from the sympatric predator alone elicit an elevated level of activity from paradise fish; the appearance of the sympatric predator (with or without olfactory stimuli) results in an exploratory and display reaction. I speculate what visual stimuli may play roles in predator recognition in paradise fish and I suggest that previously asserted key stimuli such as the eyes of the encountered heterospecific fish may not differentiate the harmful species from innocuous. I conclude that the antipredatory behavior of paradise fish may be affected by both genetic factors and learning and that the relative importance of the former or latter factor may vary depending on the situation.

1. The behavioural patterns of the following species of the family Belontiidae were qualitatively examined and compared with each other: Colisa lalia, C. fasciata, C. chuna, Trichogaster trichopterus, T. leeri, T. microlepis, Macropodu, opercularis, Pseudosphromenus (Macropodus) cupanus cupanus, Betta splendens, Trichopsis pumilus, T. vittatus vittatus, T. vittatus schalleri, Belontia signata and the hybrids Colisa fasciata X lalia. 2. Among other points the paper puts some emphasis on the description of the reproductive behaviour of the various species (nest building, mating, parental behaviour). In addition aspects of feeding and fighting behaviour are described. 3. The subfamilies established by Liem (1963) on the basis of osteological characteristics can also be substantiated ethologically. 4. Liem's conception of the phylogeny of Belontiidae is criticized. His system conceiving phylogeny as a process of branching off successively is contrasted with a phylogenetic fan. The subfamilies Belontiinae, Trichogasterinae and Macropodinae differentiated almost at the same time. 5. The genus of Macropodus has a very isolated position within the sub-family of Macropodinae. The remaining genera are on a higher level of development regarding their reproductive behaviour. As a result of the paper Pseudosphromenus (Macropodus) cupanus has to be eliminated from the genus of Macropodus.

Zusammenfassung 1 Baustimmung last sich bei Macropodus opercularis-♂♂ durch Chorion-Gonadotropin- oder Methyl-Testosteron-Gaben hervorrufen. Sie ausert sich in erhohter Luftholfrequenz und Bauappetenz. Die Gonadotropinwirkung tritt verzogert ein, was auf einen sekundaren Einflus von Androgen hinweist. Beide Hormone regen weder die Schleimbildung in der Epidermis an, noch losen sie allein vollstandiges Nestbauen aus. Jedoch bewirkt Androgen die Ausschuttung von Sekret aus den gefullten Vakuolen der Becherzellen. Chorion-Gonadotropin und Androgen steigern gleichsinnig die Kampfbereitschaft und die gesamte Aktivitat. 2 Sauger-Prolaktin regt die Schleimbildung in der Epidermis an. Die Zunahme der Schleimvakuolen ist von der Dosis als auch von der Vakuolenzahl vor der Behandlung abhangig. ♂♂ reagieren empfindlicher auf Prolaktingaben als ♀♀, die normalerweise nicht bauen. 3 Gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Methyl-Testosteron und Prolaktin ruft bei Makropoden-♂♂ und ♀♀ Schaumnestbau hervor. Dagegen erzeugt gleichzeitige Chorion-Gonadotropin- und Prolaktin-Gabe kein vollstandiges Bauen. 4 Mit Prolaktin behandelte Makropoden benehmen sich auffallend ruhig. Ihre gesamte Aktivitat ist gedampft. Im Kampfbereich ist das Breitseitimponieren vermindert, da es teilweise sexuell motiviert ist. Die Zahl der Angriffshandlungen (Schnappen, Stosen) wird durch Prolaktin nicht verringert. Dagegen unterdruckt es bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von Chorion-Gonadotropin dessen kampfsteigernde Wirkung, was fur einen Antagonismus dieser Hormone spricht. Anderseits beeintrachtigen sich Methyl-Testosteron und Prolaktin in ihrer Wirkung auf das Kampfverhalten nicht. 5 Fur die Existenz eines „Makropoden-Prolaktins” spricht, das Reserpin, das bei Saugetieren bekanntlich Prolaktin freisetzt, genau wie Sauger-Prolaktin Schleimvermehrung in der Epidermis hervorruft. 6 Wahrscheinlich sind der schleimvermehrende und der Brutpflegefaktor des Makropoden identisch. Hierin ist wohl die Ursache fur die unterschiedlichen Verhaltensphasen im Fortpflanzungszyklus des „Fremdmaterialbauer-” und des „Schaumnestbauer-Typus” zu suchen.

The ontogeny of antipredator behaviour of paradise fish was examined using a simple testing method. The results showed that the ability to recognize eyespots appears in larvae between 15 and 20 days old. At the same time, two horizontally placed eyespots produced the most pronounced effect on the behaviour of the larvae. Testing different inbred strains revealed that the ontogeny of antipredator behaviour is also under broad genetic control, as the response to a model predator was strong in one strain but weak in another. The results suggest that the recognition of eyespots coincides with larvae becoming more conspicuous to predators by the appearance of pigmentation and increasing level of swimming activity (exploration).

The behaviour of the paradise fish in the presence of either a living pike or catfish or various dummies or a catfish equipped with a pair of artificial big eyes was studied. Analyzing the first encounter two separate periods of the predator recognition process could be identified. The primary form of the antipredatory reaction was orientation (looking at the object while keeping a constant eye and body position) which was elicited by any fish-like bodies but not by bare eyes without a body. During orientation the presence of pike or catfish equipped with artificial eyes or a dummy with horizontal eyes elicited fin erecting display. This reaction was sporadic in the presence of a normal catfish which has very small eyes. The biological significance of this separate organization of exploration is discussed.

On the Synonymy of Macropodus chinensis (Bloch, 1790) and M. opercularis (Linne, 1758) and the Rehabilitation of M. ocellatus Cantor, 1842 (Pisces, Belontiidae) The scientific name Macropodus chinensis (BLOCH, 1790) applied to the Roundtailed Paradisefish by MYERS (1932) is a junior synonym of Macropodus opercularis (LINNE, 1758), a related species with pronounced dark bars and a forked tail. This fact was clarified on the basis of the holotype of Chaetodon chinensis BLOCH, 1790 believed to be missing for a long time and now identified by the author. The correct scientific name for the Roundtailed Paradisefish should be Macropodus ocellatus CANTOR, 1842. The two type specimens of this taxon, stored in the British Museum (Natural History), are described and a lectotype is selected.

A series of laboratory experiments examined the effect of the size of predator models on the behaviour of larval paradise fish Macropodus opercularis L., of different age (15 and 20 days old). In a small runway, individually tested larval paradise fish could approach a model predator of different size, with or without eyespots. The duration of approach, the number of fleeings and backings were measured. Fifteen-day-old larvae showed similar moderate level avoidance to all models but fled more in the presence of larger models. The approach behaviour in 20-day-old larvae depended on the size of the model but only if it had eyespots, and larvae fled and backed more with increasing size of the model. However, manipulation of larval length within age category had no effect on predator avoidance. Since the recognition of the two eyespots seems to be age dependent, it is hypothesized that only larvae older than 20 days will behave in a ‘threat-sensitive’ manner in the presence of predator models by avoiding larger ones.

Several anabantoid species produce broadband sounds with high-pitched dominant frequencies (0.8-2.5 kHz), which contrast with generally low-frequency hearing abilities in (perciform) fishes. Utilizing a recently developed auditory brainstem response recording-technique, auditory sensitivities of the gouramis Trichopsis vittata, T. pumila, Colisa lalia, Macropodus opercularis and Trichogaster trichopterus were investigated and compared with the sound characteristics of the respective species. All five species exhibited enhanced sound-detecting abilities and perceived tone bursts up to 5 kHz, which qualifies this group as hearing specialists. All fishes possessed a high-frequency sensitivity maximum between 800 Hz and 1500 Hz. Lowest hearing thresholds were found in T. trichopterus (76 dB re I microPa at 800 Hz). Dominant frequencies of sounds correspond with the best hearing bandwidth in T. vittata (1-2 kHz) and C. lalia (0.8-1 kHz). In the smallest species, T. pumila, dominant frequencies of acoustic signals (1.5-2.5 kHz) do not match lowest thresholds, which were below 1.5 kHz. However, of all species studied, T. pumila had best hearing sensitivity at frequencies above 2 kHz. The association between high-pitched sounds and hearing may be caused by the suprabranchial airbreathing chamber, which, lying close to the hearing and sonic organs, enhances both sound perception and emission at its resonant frequency.

Paradise fish exhibit complex, environment-specific behavioral responses which consist of behavioral elements (motor and posture patterns) appearing in a typical, correlated manner. The genetic and environmental components underlying these phenotypical correlations have not been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, we have analyzed the behavioral elements of paradise fish from the nine populations of a 3 x 3 full diallel cross by employing a bivariate extension of the Hayman-Jinks variance-covariance analysis, demonstrating the presence of significant environmental and genetic correlations. To investigate the multivariate structure of the correlation matrices obtained, we subjected the phenotypical, environmental, additive genetic, and dominance correlations to principal-component analyses (PCAs). After rotation, the phenotypical principal factor pattern found was similar to previously obtained ones, suggesting stable underlying biological mechanisms. The environmental PCA extracted several environmental principal factors that were highly situation-specific. PCAs of the matrices of genetic correlations extracted only a small number of genetic principal factors which were not situation-specific, suggesting a relatively simple underlying genetic structure.

Critical Catalogue of the Types of the Fish Collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin. Part 6: Anabantoidei The sixth part of the type catalogue of the Agnatha and Fishes stored at the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt-University in Berlin includes the types of the suborder Anabantoidei. Some aspects about the types of this group are already published by the author (concerning Chaetodon chinensis BLOCH 1790, Trichogaster fasciatus BLOCH & SCHNEIDER 1801, Macropodus concolor AHL 1937), other are still at work (concerning Ctenopoma multispinis PETERS 1844, Ctenopoma nigropannosum REICHENOW 1875).

Megalocytivirus was detected from paradise fish Macropodus opercularis imported from Indonesia. Four of 11 fish (36%) in 2006 and 40 of 117 fish (34%) in 2008 were found to be PCR- positive for megalocytivirus. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial major capsid protein (MCP) gene nucleotide sequences revealed that the sequences detected in paradise fish were classified as Geno- type II, which includes freshwater fish isolates from Southeast Asian countries, closely related to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), Murray cod iridovirus (MCIV), and dwarf gourami iridovirus (DGIV-2004). Paradise fish was added as a new host for megalocytivirus based on this study.

Entodon dregeanus (Hornsch.) C.M., from Africa arid E. plicatus C.M., from southern India and Ceylon, are reduced to the synonymy of E. macropodus (Hedw.) C.M., an American species.

On the Phylogeny of the Species of the Genus Macropodus Lac. (Pisces, Belontiidae) In the present paper the genus Macropodus Lac. is defined as a monophyletic entity; the phylogenetic relationships among its three members Macropodus ocellatus, M. opercularis and M. concolor are discussed as well as the position of the Paradise fishes within the Belontiids.

The taxonomy of the paradisefishes of the genus Macropodus (F. Osphronemidae) has been confused due to inadequate sampling and the limitations of morphometrics and meristics in distinguishing species. The validity of the five currently described species, including two species described in 2002, was investigated using morphological characters. These characters included 25 morphometric measurements, otolith morphology, colouration, and counts of scales, vertebrae and spines in unpaired fins. Samples were collected from the described distributions of M. spechti Schreitmüller, 1936 and M. erythropterus Freyhof & Herder, 2002 in central Vietnam, and of M. hongkongensis Freyhof & Herder, 2002 in Hong Kong. Populations of M. hongkongensis were newly recorded in eastern Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, P.R. China. M. opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) was also collected close to these locations and in the major intervening drainages. Macropodus ocellatus Cantor, 1842 was collected from Chongqing Municipality, China, and samples augmented by some museum specimens. The latter species could be distinguished from other species of the genus by both meristic and morphometric characters. The species M. spechti, M. erythropterus, M. hongkongensis and M. opercularis could not be reliably distinguished from each other by meristic and morphometric characters. Otolith morphology did not distinguish any species. Colouration discriminated all species except M. spechti / M. erythropterus. As a result, M. erythropterus Freyhof & Herder, 2002 was undiagnosable on the basis of morphology. The presence of M. hongkongensis in eastern Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, in addition to Hong Kong, indicates that distribution of this recently-described species clearly requires further investigation in south-eastern China.

Species-specific elements of the paradise fish's ethogram were recorded in one familiar and three different unfamiliar environments, which were designed to model certain features of this species' natural habitat: (1) a densely vegetated home range, (2) a novel open field, (3) a small novel place, and (4) a small novel place with a predator. The inheritance of the behavioral elements was investigated employing a five-times-replicated diallel cross among three inbred strains. A detailed Hayman analysis of variance and a variance-covariance analysis were performed to uncover the genetic architectures of these phenotypes. Additive genetic effects and/or ambidirectional dominance was found to be characteristic of most species-specific behavioral elements studied, suggesting an evolutionary history of stabilizing selection.

The Otoliths of the Species of the Genus Macropodus (Pisces, Belontiidae) The sagittae of the three Macropodus species opercularis, concolor and ocellatus (formerly chinensis) as well as their hybrids are described and sketched. Characteristic for the species of the genus Macropodus are sagittae with a prominent rostrum, a deep exisura ostii, and a projected predorsal angle. The sligthly S-sharped cauda is the largest part of the sulcus while the ostium is not completely developed. The cauda has only an anterior opening. But in some cases there is a shallow channel or groove connecting the end of the cauda with the posterior notch. The crista superior is prominent while the crista inferior shows only a sharp edge. A caudal colliculum can be discerned on some otoliths. Adult males of the three species can be recognized on the basis of their otoliths as follows: The sagittae of M. concolor are the largest. Their dorsal rim is frequently very deeply furrowed or notched, a posterior notch is mostly well developed. The sagittae of M. opercularis are mostly circular in shape and their rims are not very deeply furrowed, but only waved. The sagittae of M. ocellatus are the smallest with an inferior rostrum, frequently with smooth rims and often almost trapeze shaped. The results are partly in conformity with the evidences given by LIEM (1963) about the otoliths of the Belontiidae but a colliculum as well as parts of an ostium – not identified by LIEM in these fishes – were found by the author. The marked differences between the sagittae of M. opercularis and M. concolor support the species level of the latter, a fact, which has been discussed long.

In Experiment 1, 15 behavior patterns of male paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis; n = 72) toward a male conspecific, a male of another species, or no stimulus were recorded, both in home and novel situations. In Experiment 2, the same behaviors were recorded in a runway, and the same stimuli were used as reinforcers in the goal box (n = 18). A typical learning curve was seen when the subject found a male paradise fish in the goal box, learning was followed by apparent extinction when another species was found in the goal box, and few signs of learning were seen when the goal box was empty. Performance of the fish in both experiments can be accounted for by a strong aggressive motivation, a less strong but clear general curiosity, and habituation to the experimental procedure. In contrast to recent assertions in the literature, we conclude that aggressive behavior clearly can serve as a reinforcer in an instrumental learning situation.

In the rutaceous subtribe Cuspariinae, species with relatively large, valvate, colored calyces have been assigned to Erythrochiton, but differences in arrangement of leaves, type of inflorescence, union of petals, of filaments, and of carpels, indument of corolla and testa, appendages of anthers, height of the intrastaminal disc, and exine of the pollen argue for the recognition of three genera. Erythrochiton s. str., characterized by often perennating inflorescences, connate, usually glabrous petals, free carpels, tomentulose seeds, and spinulose exine, consists of seven species of which four are new: E. fallax from the eastern flanks of the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia, E. odontoglossus from western Ecuador and adjacent Peru, E. trichanthus from eastern Peru, and E. gymnanthus from Costa Rica. The assignment to Toxosiphon of four species with woolly, coherent petals, connate carpels, glabrous seeds, and reticulate exine necessitates three new combinations: T. carinatus, T. macropodus, and T. trifoliatus. Recognition of a third unispecific genus with opposite simple leaves, sparsely pubescent, coherent, clawed petals, and spinulose exine requires a new genus name, Desmotes, and a new combination, D. incomparabilis.

The habituation of exploration of a goldfish, Carassius auratus, by paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis, was examined. A first encounter of at least 1 min was necessary for habituation to be found in a second encounter 3 h later. When the paradise fish were allowed 5 min to explore the goldfish and the second encounters were staged between 3 h and 3 months later, persistent habituation was found. The relation between memories formed during encounters with other species and modelling of the environment by the paradise fish is discussed.

Investigations of the effect of certain environmental factors on predatory efficiency of the indigenous larvivorous fishMacropodus cupanus indicates the dependence, in a quantifiable way, of predation on the environmental complex surrounding the prey-predator system. Prey consumption is less at low temperatures and increases significantly with rise in temperature. Feeding under conditions of light is significantly higher than in darkness. Salinities of up to 21.83‰ do not affect predation rate, except that owing to stress conditions, prey intake at 21.83‰ is lower than at 0.12‰ Considering fish size, in terms of unit body weight, predation declines significantly as size increases. However, when total body weight is considered, predation increases with increase in fish size. Environmental factors do not alter the time course of predation regularly or significantly, perhaps owing to haphazard intake subsequent to satiation and/or a ‘learning’ factor. The higher predation rate of this fish when compared to the conventional larvivoreGambusia affinis indicates its potential as a biocontrol agent of mosquito larvae.

Passive dark avoidance conditioning was studied in four inbred strains of paradise fish in the presence and absence of a fish-like dummy during the training process. Strain differences were found in exploratory activity during habituation trials and also in the sensitivity to the mild electric shock punishment. The impact of the fish-like dummy also depended on the genotype.

Eggs from one pair of paradise fish Macropodus opercularis (L.) were reared at different constant temperatures, and the effects were noted on dorsal and anal fin ray, spine and basal counts, caudal and pectoral ray counts, and vertebral counts. Some young were transferred from low to high temperatures after varying periods to determine the duration of sensitivity of meristic series to environmental influence. Intermediate sustained temperature produced significantly fewer vertebrae than either low or high temperature. Different rearing temperatures produced different ray, spine, and basal counts; variation in each of these series was largely independent of vertebral variation and of variation in the other series. Eggs hatched less than two days after fertilization, but some meristic series were still subject to environmental influence 20 days later. The order of fixation of the final count in different series roughly followed the order of their ontogenetic appearance. While "shock effect" was apparent in some changes produced by temperature transfers, there was a general tendency for counts of certain lots of fish transferred from low to high temperature to approximate counts of fish reared at sustained intermediate temperatures.

Chromatic adaptation of the Paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis L., to illuminated backgrounds ranging from “white” to “black” shows that the pigment is most readily dispersed in the deepest-lying melanophores and least readily in the uppermost layers.

Behavioral responses to novelty of female paradise fish were investigated. Individuals of four pure-breeding strains and an outbred population were compared in a variety of standard behavioral tests. An ethological description of the same subjects was obtained by recording time sequences of defined behavior elements. Results on standard psychological tests were related to ethologically defined behavioral units by factor analysis.

The tendency for predatory responses to habituate and to be reinstated through sensitization and the passing of time was studied in two species of fish (the goldfish and the paradise fish). Prey (live brine shrimp), confined in a clear plastic tube were presented for short daily exposures to individual fish. Bites directed at the stimulus tube containing the prey were the primary response measure. In both species biting decreased significantly over the 6 days of the experiment. Reinstatement of the habituated response occurred by two means: (1) reinforcement (i.e. allowing the fish to chase and consume the prey), and (2) passing of time (10 days) with no intervening stimulation (recovery). Reinstatement could not be produced by presenting a novel stimulus, nutritive stimuli, nor by a shorter recovery interval.

Entodon hampeanus C. Miill., a Mexican-Andean moss, is reported for the first time from the United States. It was collected in Oconee County, South Carolina, in 1958, by Wilfred B. Schofield, but remained unidentified until recently. The creation of Lake Jocassee has since flooded the site and the moss is now extinct there. Nevertheless E. hampeanus can be added to a growing list of tropical American bryophytes that are disjunctive to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. A description and illustrations of the moss are provided. In June 1958, Wilfred B. Schofield collected a sterile Entodon in Oconee County, South Carolina, and referred it to the senior author for identification. In aspect the leafy plants resembled E. macropodus (Hedw.) C. Miill., except they seemed more slender and less complanate. Microscopically, the leaf shape looked vaguely different, and the alar cells seemed more prominent, but the differences were difficult to pinpoint. The absence of capsules made identification difficult. Schofield returned to the site in October 1959, and gathered a large quantity of the moss, enough, in fact, for future inclusion in the Crum and Anderson exsiccati, Mosses of North America. The plants were put aside with the provisional label, Entodon n. sp. The material did not surface again until 1982, when a specimen of the original sterile collection was sent to Buck, who had recently completed a generic revision of the Entodontaceae (Buck 1980). He suggested that it might be Entodon hampeanus C. Miill., a Mexican-Andean species not previously known north of Mexico, but lack of fruits prevented positive identification. Fortunately, when the exsiccati material was being packeted, it was found to be in fruit; it could then be identified with certainty as E. hampeanus. Meanwhile, Duke Power Company had constructed a huge dam on the Keowee River, into which the Whitewater River flowed at the time of Schofield's collection. This dam created Lake Jocassee, which flooded the site where E. hampeanus had been collected. In spite of many diligent searches it has not been found elsewhere. This paper, therefore, happily reports the discovery of a moss new to the United States and at the same time sadly takes note of its disappearance. Nevertheless, we call attention to the moss not only because of its phytogeographic significance but in the hope that it exists elsewhere in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and that it will be rediscovered. The accompanying description and illustrations should enhance the possibility of its being found elsewhere. ENTODON HAMPEANUS C. Miill., Linnaea 18: 705. 1845. (FIG. 1-10) Plants relatively slender, yellow-green, glossy, in flat mats. Stems elongate, to ca. 5 cm long, prostrate, irregularly branched, the branches complanate-foliate; pseudoparaphyllia foliose, narrowly lanceolate; axillary hairs uniseriate, with a single, short, brown basal cell and 3-4 elongate, hyaline, apical ones. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, to ca. 2 mm long, usually widest about 1/3 leaf length, acute or more often obtuse or broadly apiculate, concave, constricted at the insertion; margins plane, densely serrulate above, subentire below; costa short and double; cells linear, smooth, subflexuose, shorter at the extreme apex; alar cells numerous, not reaching costa or reaching it in only 2-3 rows, extending up margins in 5-9 rows, quadrate to short-rectangular, gradually differentiated from those above. Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves erect with gradually spreading apices, lanceolate, 1.3-2.2 mm long, gradually long-acuminate; margins plane, distantly serrulate above, entire below; ecostate; cells linear, subflexuose, becoming broader and shorter above; alar cells scarcely differentiated from other cells across insertion. Setae light yellow to yellow-orange, to ca. 2.5 cm long, twisted; capsules erect to somewhat nodding, cylindric, to 4 mm long; annulus not differentiated; operculum high-conic; peristome inserted well below mouth; exostome teeth reddish, lanceolate, on outer surface striate below, papillose 0007-2745/88/113-115$0.45/0 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.255 on Wed, 25 May 2016 05:55:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 114 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 91

A collection from eastern Missouri originally determined as Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. was later determined by Frahm to be Atractylocarpus costaricensis (C. Muell.) Bartr. (Redfearn 27840-sMs, Mo, herb. J.-P. Frahm). This species, heretofore known from Mexico and Central America, occurred in Stoddard County, ca. 4 km SE of Bloomfield, NEI? sec. 1, T.25N., R.10E. It was growing on a log in a spring at the base of Crowley Ridge, an elevated strip of land that traverses the Southeastern Lowlands Region of Missouri. This ridge is noted for the presence of distinctly eastern or northeastern species such as Fagus grandiflora, Liriodendron tulipifera, Ilex opaca, Bartonia paniculata, Obolaria virginiana and Epifagus virginiana while the adjacent lowlands are occupied by plants characteristic of the Gulf Coastal Plain such as Taxodium distichum, Leitneria floridana, Carya aquatica, Trachelyspermum difforme, and Mikania scandens (Steyermark 1963). The area where A. costaricensis occurs is also the habitat for two bryophytes rare in Missouri, Riccardia palmata (Redfearn 1976) and Sphagnum fimbriatum (Redfearn 27822-sMs, Mo). Atractylocarpus costaricensis is an important addition to the list of bryophytes with tropical affinities that occur in the Interior Highlands, a list that includes such species as Hyophila involuta, Leucobryum albidum, Sematophyllum adnatum, Campylopus tallulensis, Thuidium minutulum, Syrrhopodon texanus, Hookeria acutifolia, Trichostomum mollissimum and Entodon macropodus. The presence of plants with tropical affinities in the Interior Highlands has been attributed to their being a part of the widespread Tertiary Flora that has survived in the Interior Highlands, later, in part, migrating onto the Coastal Plain (Sharp 1939; Steyermark 1959). On the other hand, the occurrence of Atractylocarpus costaricensis in Missouri may represent a case of longdistance dispersal since its habitat is along the well-known Mississippi flyway for migratory birds. Sterile plants of Atractylocarpus costaricensis are hard to distinguish from Campylopus species with ventral stereids in cross section of the nerve. However, the sporophytes being nearly always present will differentiate this species from other dicranaceous species by the straight, elongate setae and cylindric, erect capsules with peristome teeth divided nearly to the base (Fig. 1). Another collection, from Florida, was originally determined as Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. Frahm subsequently determined that it was misidentified and is, in fact

Mating, parental, and aggressive behavior were qualitatively and quantitatively studied in domestic and wild paradise fish. No qualitative behavioral differences were observed. Domestic paradise fish exhibited significantly longer intervals between consecutive spawnings, produced more eggs per mating, and had more incomplete spawning acts between spawnings. Domestic males exhibited more intense and longer lasting parental care. They also built larger bubble nests and maintained these nests for a longer period after mating. Wild fish were more aggressive than domestic fish. Male-male encounters of wild fish exhibited significantly shorter latencies prior to attack and jaw lock and more threats and attacks during the 10 min test period. It is concluded that domestic animals have been subjected to inbreeding which has resulted in significant quantitative changes in mating, parental, and aggressive behavior.

Transversotrema licinum sp. n. (Trematoda:Digenea: Transversotrematidae) is described from Scorpius sp. and Microcanthus strigatus in Queensland, Australia. It is ectoparasitic beneath the scales of the host. The genus Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 (Family Transversotrematidae) is remarkable in its laterally extended body, lack of oral sucker, weakly muscular acetabulum, and other characters. The type species, T. haasi Witenberg, 1944, was found in a basin containing about 20 species of fishes from the Red Sea; its precise host and location in the host are still unknown. The peculiar Cercaria patialensis Soparkar, 1924, protandrous in a freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculata (Miiller, 1774) in India, is a species of Transversotrema, T. patialense (Soparkar, 1924) Yamaguti, 1958. It has been reported from the same or related species of snail in the Congo (Brien, 1954) and in Ceylon. The structure and life cycle of T. patialense were further described by Crusz, Ratnayake, and Sathananthan (1964) who found "mature metacercariae" in abundance under the scales of Macropodus cupanus (Cuv. and Val.) (Osphronemidae), Ophiocephalus punctatus Bloch (Ophiocephalidae), and Tilapia mossambia (Peters) (Cichlidae), all freshwater fishes of Ceylon. These fishes were experimentally infected by cercariae from M. tuberculata. Olivier (1947) described Cercaria koliensis from Melanoides terebra (?) (Lesson) in the Solomon Islands. He noted its similarity to Transversotrema but did not place it in that genus. Yamaguti (1958) states it apparently belongs there, so the correct name is Transversotrema koliensis (Olivier, 1947) Yamaguti, 1958. There seems no doubt that Yamaguti used the word "apparently" in the sense of "obviously." Velasquez (1958) named Transversotrema Received for publication 30 December 1969. * Studies from the Department of Zoology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, No. 415. Supported in part by NSF Grant GB 468. laruei from Lates calcarifer Bloch in the Philippines. At that time, the few specimens found were thought to come from the muscles and intestine. Later studies (Velasquez, 1961) showed that the bioculate, furcocercous, protandrous cercariae of this species emerged from rediae in brackish water snails, Thiara riquettii Grateloup, and became "progenetic metacercariae" under the scales of several species of freshwater and brackish water fishes. The species described below is the one mentioned in an abstract by Manter (1965). It occurred sexually mature beneath the scales of two species of marine fishes in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Eggs were usually present in the uterus and there seems no reason why the worms should not be considered normal adults, rather than progenetic