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Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov. (Table 1, Figs. 1���5) Material examined: Specimens extracted from mosses growing on rocks. Holotype: Female, slide wqc01023. Paratypes: 7 females (slides wqc01022, wqc01024, wqc01025, wqc01026, wqc01030, wqc01034, wqc03010) and a male (slide wqc01027). Type locality: wqc01022���wqc01027, wqc01030���wqc01034, 34.75076N, 106. 22221E, 1426m asl, moss growing on rocks; wqc03010, 34.75048N, 106.22158E, 1483m asl, moss growing on rocks. Miss Jing Xue and Panpan Xian collected the moss samples in early summer of 2016. Type repository: Xiaochen Li���s tardigrade collection, Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences of Shaanxi Normal University, China. Description of holotype: Small body size, body length 198��m (Table 1). Body colour orange. Eyespots black, granular, solid. Cuticular sculpture consists of dots, striae between dots not visible under Light Microscopy. Dots in central part of the plates larger than those near margin (Fig. 1c, e). The diameter of the largest dot is about 1��m. Stylet supports present, pharyngeal tube present, pharyngeal bulb roundish, placoid present. Rostral end of head plate facetted (Fig. 1a). Cephalic papillae (secondary clavae) dome-shaped, primary clavae water drop-shaped (Fig. 2b, d). Cuticular plates with very marked margins. Three undivided median plates present, paired segmental plates without smooth band, pseudosegmental plate unpaired with a smooth caudal margin. Terminal plate without notches, not facetted. Lateral intersegmental platelets present on lateral side of all median plates, two on each side of each median plate, 12 in total. Ventral cuticular granulation present with a dense patch between legs I, II and III. Ventral dots arranged in a reticular patched design (Fig. 1). Dots present on basal part of legs, dots on legs much smaller than dots on dorsal plates. Spine on all legs absent, papillae present on leg 4 (Fig. 1d). Dentate collar absent on leg 4, small spur present on internal claws of all legs, spurs located near the base of claws, and pointed downward (Fig. 1f). Eggs. unknown. For detailed measurements of the holotype and ranges of the paratypes see Table 1 and Supplementary Materials. Etymology: This species is dedicated to Prof. Haibin Xia, Dean of College of Life Sciences of Shaanxi Normal University, for his contributions to the development of our college. Differential diagnosis: The genus Pseudechiniscus was divided into two groups: the victor group with trunk cirri or spines B, C, D and E, the suillus / conifer group without trunk cirri or spines B, C, D and E (Kristensen 1987). This genus has since been revised and the victor group was moved into a new genus, Acanthechiniscus (Vecchi et al. 2016). The revised Pseudechiniscus genus contains 39 species/subspecies (Degma et al. 2007, 2017). Lateral appendices (filaments, spines or papillae) except cirri A and projections (lobes, spines, teeth or triangular projections) on posterior margin of pseudosegmental plate are important characters for distinguishing species of the Pseudechiniscus. Lateral appendices and projections on posterior margin of pseudosegmental plate are absent in the following 10 species: Pseudechiniscus beasleyi Li et al., 2007, Pseudechiniscus chengi Xue et al., 2017, Pseudechiniscus clavatus Mihelčič, 1955, Pseudechiniscus dicrani Mihelčič, 1938, Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen, 1951, Pseudechiniscus jiroveci Barto��, 1963, Pseudechiniscus juanitae de Barros, 1939, Pseudechiniscus megacephalus Mihelčič, 1951, Pseudechiniscus suillus (Ehrenberg, 1853) and Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov.. Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov. differs from: Pseudechiniscus beasleyi by unpaired pseudosegmental plate and lacking notches on terminal plate (Li et al. 2007). Pseudechiniscus chengi by unpaired pseudosegmental plate, lacking notches on the terminal plate, and median plate 3 always present (Xue et al. 2017). Pseudechiniscus clavatus mainly by smaller and conical clava (Mihelčič 1955). Pseudechiniscus dicrani mainly by curved posterior margin of pseudosegmental plate (Mihelčič 1938, Ramazzotti & Maucci 1983). Pseudechiniscus facettalis by always having an unpaired pseudosegmental plate, and terminal plate unfacetted and without notches (Petersen 1951). Pseudechiniscus jiroveci by unpaired pseudosegmental plate, lacking notches on the terminal plate and median plates 2 and 3 always present (Barto�� 1963). Pseudechiniscus juanitae by lacking notches on terminal plate and by having spurs on the internal claws (de Barros 1939). Pseudechiniscus megacephalus mainly by dome-shaped cephalic papilla instead of a mushroom-shaped papilla (Mihelčič 1951). Pseudechiniscus suillus by lacking notches on terminal plate, having lateral intersegmental plates on the side of the median plates, unpaired pseudosegmental plate, and cuticular sculpture on ventral side of body in a reticular patched design (Ehrenberg 1853)., Published as part of Wang, Lizhi, Xue, Jing & Li, Xiaochen, 2018, A description of Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov., with a key to genus Pseudechiniscus in China, pp. 255-264 in Zootaxa 4388 (2) on pages 256-259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1187971, {"references":["Kristensen, R. M. (1987) Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. Biology of tardigrades. Selected symposia and monographs U. Z. I., 1, 261 - 335.","Vecchi, M., Cesari, M., Bertolani, R., Jonsson, K. I., Rebecchi, L. & Guidetti, R. (2016) Integrative systematic studies on tardigrades from Antarctica identify new genera and new species within Macrobiotoidea and Echiniscoidea. Invertebrate Systematics, 30, 303 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 15033","Degma, P., & R. Guidetti. (2007) Notes to the current checklist of Tardigrada. Zootaxa, 1579, 41 - 53.","Degma, P., Bertolani, R. & Guidetti, R. (2017) Actual checklist of Tardigrada species. 2009 - 2017. 33 rd Edition. 15 October 2017. 46 pp. Available from: http: // www. tardigrada. modena. unimo. it / miscellanea / ActualchecklistofTardigrada. pdf (accessed 11 November 2017)","Xue, J., Li, X. C., Wang, L. Z., Xian, P. P. & Chen, H. Q. (2017) Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. and Pseudechiniscus chengi. sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from China. Zootaxa, 4291 (2), 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4291.2.5","Mihelcic, F. (1955) Zwei neue Tardigradenarten aus Spanien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 155, 310 - 311.","Mihelcic, F. (1938) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Tardigrada Jugoslawens. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 121, 95 - 96.","Petersen, B. (1951) The tardigrade fauna of Greenland. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 150 (5), 1 - 94.","Bartos, E. (1963) Die Tardigraden der chinesischen und javanischen Mossproben. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, 27, 108 - 114.","Barros, R. de (1939) Pseudechiniscus juanitae, nova especie de Tardigrado. Boletim Biologico, Sao Paulo, 4, 367 - 368.","Mihelcic, F. (1951) Beitrag zur Systematik der Tardigraden. Archivio Zoologico Italiano, 36, 57 - 103.","Ehrenberg, C. G. (1853) Diagnoses novarum formarum. Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 8, 526 - 533.","Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. 3 rd Edition. Memorie dell'Isituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1 - 1012. [English translation 1995 by Beasley, C. W.]"]}

Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov. (Table 1, Figs. 1–5) Material examined: Specimens extracted from mosses growing on rocks. Holotype: Female, slide wqc01023. Paratypes: 7 females (slides wqc01022, wqc01024, wqc01025, wqc01026, wqc01030, wqc01034, wqc03010) and a male (slide wqc01027). Type locality: wqc01022–wqc01027, wqc01030–wqc01034, 34.75076N, 106. 22221E, 1426m asl, moss growing on rocks; wqc03010, 34.75048N, 106.22158E, 1483m asl, moss growing on rocks. Miss Jing Xue and Panpan Xian collected the moss samples in early summer of 2016. Type repository: Xiaochen Li’s tardigrade collection, Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences of Shaanxi Normal University, China. Description of holotype: Small body size, body length 198µm (Table 1). Body colour orange. Eyespots black, granular, solid. Cuticular sculpture consists of dots, striae between dots not visible under Light Microscopy. Dots in central part of the plates larger than those near margin (Fig. 1c, e). The diameter of the largest dot is about 1µm. Stylet supports present, pharyngeal tube present, pharyngeal bulb roundish, placoid present. Rostral end of head plate facetted (Fig. 1a). Cephalic papillae (secondary clavae) dome-shaped, primary clavae water drop-shaped (Fig. 2b, d). Cuticular plates with very marked margins. Three undivided median plates present, paired segmental plates without smooth band, pseudosegmental plate unpaired with a smooth caudal margin. Terminal plate without notches, not facetted. Lateral intersegmental platelets present on lateral side of all median plates, two on each side of each median plate, 12 in total. Ventral cuticular granulation present with a dense patch between legs I, II and III. Ventral dots arranged in a reticular patched design (Fig. 1). Dots present on basal part of legs, dots on legs much smaller than dots on dorsal plates. Spine on all legs absent, papillae present on leg 4 (Fig. 1d). Dentate collar absent on leg 4, small spur present on internal claws of all legs, spurs located near the base of claws, and pointed downward (Fig. 1f). Eggs. unknown. For detailed measurements of the holotype and ranges of the paratypes see Table 1 and Supplementary Materials. Etymology: This species is dedicated to Prof. Haibin Xia, Dean of College of Life Sciences of Shaanxi Normal University, for his contributions to the development of our college. Differential diagnosis: The genus Pseudechiniscus was divided into two groups: the victor group with trunk cirri or spines B, C, D and E, the suillus / conifer group without trunk cirri or spines B, C, D and E (Kristensen 1987). This genus has since been revised and the victor group was moved into a new genus, Acanthechiniscus (Vecchi et al. 2016). The revised Pseudechiniscus genus contains 39 species/subspecies (Degma et al. 2007, 2017). Lateral appendices (filaments, spines or papillae) except cirri A and projections (lobes, spines, teeth or triangular projections) on posterior margin of pseudosegmental plate are important characters for distinguishing species of the Pseudechiniscus. Lateral appendices and projections on posterior margin of pseudosegmental plate are absent in the following 10 species: Pseudechiniscus beasleyi Li et al., 2007, Pseudechiniscus chengi Xue et al., 2017, Pseudechiniscus clavatus Mihelčič, 1955, Pseudechiniscus dicrani Mihelčič, 1938, Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen, 1951, Pseudechiniscus jiroveci Bartoš, 1963, Pseudechiniscus juanitae de Barros, 1939, Pseudechiniscus megacephalus Mihelčič, 1951, Pseudechiniscus suillus (Ehrenberg, 1853) and Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov.. Pseudechiniscus xiai sp. nov. differs from: Pseudechiniscus beasleyi by unpaired pseudosegmental plate and lacking notches on terminal plate (Li et al. 2007). Pseudechiniscus chengi by unpaired pseudosegmental plate, lacking notches on the terminal plate, and median plate 3 always present (Xue et al. 2017). Pseudechiniscus clavatus mainly by smaller and conical clava (Mihelčič 1955). Pseudechiniscus dicrani mainly by curved posterior margin of pseudosegmental plate (Mihelčič 1938, Ramazzotti & Maucci 1983). Pseudechiniscus facettalis by always having an unpaired pseudosegmental plate, and terminal plate unfacetted and without notches (Petersen 1951). Pseudechiniscus jiroveci by unpaired pseudosegmental plate, lacking notches on the terminal plate and median plates 2 and 3 always present (Bartoš 1963). Pseudechiniscus juanitae by lacking notches on terminal plate and by having spurs on the internal claws (de Barros 1939). Pseudechiniscus megacephalus mainly by dome-shaped cephalic papilla instead of a mushroom-shaped papilla (Mihelčič 1951). Pseudechiniscus suillus by lacking notches on terminal plate, having lateral intersegmental plates on the side of the median plates, unpaired pseudosegmental plate, and cuticular sculpture on ventral side of body in a reticular patched design (Ehrenberg 1853).

Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. (Table 2, Figs. 4–7) Material examined. Holotype (slide number: xnc02001) and four paratypes (slide numbers: xnc02002, xnc02005, xnc02011, and xnc02013). Type locality. Same as Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. Type depository. Same as Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. Diagnosis. Colour brown. Eye spots present. Cephalic papilla dome-shaped. Cirrus A short. Frontal plate faceted. Median plates undivided. Third median plate present, but sometimes weakly developed or not visible. Pseudosegmental plate with longitudinal median fold, the posterior margin of the pseudosegmental plate without any projection. Terminal plate with well-developed incisions. All plates and upper part of all legs with cuticular sculpture composed of round dots differing in size. Striae absent between dots. Lateral intersegmental plates absent. Ventral side of the body without plate. Papilla present on legs IV. Dentate collar absent on legs IV. Very small spur present on the internal claws on all legs. Description. Body colour brown. Eyes present. Head tapered and long at the rostral end, body slender (Fig. 4 a). Apart from head appendages, only lateral appendages cirri A present. Cirrus A short. Primary clava is a papilla. The cephalic papilla dome-shaped, short and thick, well developed (Fig. 4 b). Stylets present, stylet supports absent (or not visible after slide preparation), buccal tube long and narrow, pharyngeal bulb round (Fig. 5 b). Head plate with W-shaped fold, two short longitudinal ridges connected to the angles of the W-shaped fold respectively. Anterior part of the scapular plate with a short longitudinal middle ridge, posterior part of scapular plate transversely divided into four parts. Dorsal plates contain first undivided median plate, first paired plates, second undivided median plate, second paired plates, pseudosegmental plate and the terminal plate, third median plate present (holotype and xnc02005) (Fig. 4 a), but sometimes weakly developed or not visible (xnc02002, xnc02011 and xnc02013) (Fig. 5 a), if present, rhombic and undivided. Pseudosegmental plate with a longitudinal median fold. Lobes, spines, or any other projections on posterior margin of the pseudosegmental plate absent. Terminal plate with two well developed incisions on each side. Lateral intersegmental plates absent. All dorsal plates have a dense and regular ornamentation comprised of dots, dot round-shaped and differing in size, dots on the paired plates larger than the ones on unpaired plates (Figs. 4 a, 6). Diameter of the largest dot up to 0.86 μm. Ventral side of body without plates. All legs without spines. Fourth pair of legs without dentate collar but with a small papilla (Fig. 7 a). The upper part of all legs covered with plates and ornamentation composed of dots similar to those on dorsal plates (Fig. 7 a), but smaller. A very thin spur pointed backward the claw base is present on internal claws of all legs (Figs. 4 b, 7b). Etymology. This species is dedicated to Prof. Guangxu Cheng, President of Shaanxi Normal University, for his contributions to the development of our university. Structure xnc02001 xnc02002 xnc02005 xnc02011 xnc02013 female female female female female Differential diagnosis. Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. is similar to Pseudechiniscus bartkei Węglarska 1962 (North Viet Nam), Pseudechiniscus gullii (Pilato & Lisi 2006) (Southern Mexico), Pseudechiniscus novaezeelandiae novaezeelandiae (Richters 1908) (New Zealand), Pseudechiniscus quadrilobatus Iharos 1969 (Viet Nam), Pseudechiniscus santomensis Fontoura et al. 2010 (Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe), Pseudechiniscus spinerectus Pilato et al. 2001 (Ecuador), and Pseudechiniscus yunnanensis Wang 2009 (Yunnan, China), in having a similar cuticular sculpture on the dorsal plates. The new species differs from the above species mainly by lacking the striae between cuticular granules. In addition, Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. differs from P. bartkei in lacking the bilobed process on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate; and from P. gullii in lacking the triangular lobe on the posterior margin of the pseudosegmental plate, and in having spur on the internal claws on all legs. The new species differs from P. n. novaezeelandiae by the undivided median plates 1 and 2, and in lacking spines on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate; and from P. quadrilobatus in lacking the uplifted lobes on the posterior margin of the dorsal plates, and pseudosegmental plate along the median line. Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. it differs from P. santomensis in lacking the tiny projections on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate, and by undivided pseudosegmental plate; and differs from P. spinerectus in lacking the triangular spines on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate. The new species differs from P yunnanensis in lacking the triangular spines on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate, and in having notches on the terminal plate.

Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. (Table 1, Figs. 1–3) Type material. Holotype: Female, slide number: xnc02006. Type locality. 35.36043N, 106.31239E (35°21′37.55″ N, 106°18′44.60″E), 1,986m asl, the Liupanshan National Forest Park, Jingyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Paratypes: slide number: xnc03003, xnc03005, xnc03006, xnc03009. Type repository. Li’s tardigrade collection, Molecular Ecology, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences of Shaanxi Normal University, China. Diagnosis. Apart from the head appendages including cirrus internus, cephalic papillae and cirrus externus, only lateral cirrus A with clava present; dorsal plates and lateral plates with double sculpture including large bright roundish granule-like dots and small dark roundish dots; median plates 1 and 2 divided transversely into four parts, median plate 3 divided transversely into three parts; two lateral plates on each side of all median plates, 12 in total; paired plates with a transverse smooth band; terminal plate with two longitudinal ridges which divided the terminal plate into three parts, terminal plate without notches; ventral side of body without plates or platelets; papilla not visible and dentate collar absent on legs IV; small spurs present on internal claws on all legs. Description. Colour orange. Eye spots absent or not visible after slide preparation. Apart from head appendages, including cirrus internus, cirrus externus and cephalic papillae (secondary clava), only lateral cirrus A with clava (primary clava) are present; cephalic papillae drop-shaped; stylet supports not visible, pharyngeal bulb roundish; dorsal plates comprise of head plate, scapular plate, first median plate, first paired plates, second median plate, second paired plates, third median plate, and terminal plate; all median plates divided transversely, median plate 1 and median plate 2 divided into four parts, while median plate 3 divided into three parts, the normal parts of all median plates are the same as Bryodelphax species, however all median plates are followed with two intersegmental plates, two lateral plates present on each side of all median plates, 12 in total, two paired plates with a transverse smooth band, terminal plate with two longitudinal ridges which divide terminal plate into three parts, terminal plate without incisions; all plates, including dorsal plates and lateral plates, with “double sculpture”, including large bright roundish pores and small dark roundish dots that are pillars within the cuticle, pores are scarce and distributed loosely whereas dark dots are arranged regularly and densely (Figs. 1 a, 2); ventral side without plate or platelets (Fig. 1 b). Spine on legs I and papilla on legs IV not visible under light microscope. Dentate collar absent on legs IV. Internal claws on all legs with small spur, external claws spurless (Fig. 3 a), the upper part of all legs were covered with plate with sculpture of small dots (Fig. 3 b). Eggs unknown. For measurements see Table 1. Remarks. Please see Michalczyk & Kaczmarek 2006 or Kaczmarek et al. 2012 for more information on the anatomy of ‘double sculpturing’. Whether the spine on legs I and papilla on legs IV are indeed absent, has to be confirmed by SEM observations in the future. Structure xnc02006 xnc03003 xnc03005 xnc03006 xnc03009 female female female female female Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality. Differential diagnosis. The monotypic genus Bryochoerus contained only the nominate species Bryochoerus intermedius. There are three subspecies in B. intermedius. They are B. i. intermedius (Murray, 1910), B. i. hawaiicus (Thulin, 1928) and B. i. laevis (Marcus, 1936) (Kristensen 1987; Ramazzotti & Maucci 1983). Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. differs from Bryochoerus intermedius intermedius in having orange colour instead of colourless, or yellowish, or else greenish-yellow as in B. i. intermedius; a different cuticular sculpture; presence of lateral plates; lacking papilla and dentate collar on legs IV; and presence of spurs on the internal claws of all legs. The new species differs from B. i. hawaiicus in having different cuticular sculpture; presence of lateral plates; and presence of spurs on the internal claws of all legs. Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. differs from B. i. laevis in having a different cuticular sculpture; presence of lateral plates in a different shape; a facetted terminal plate; lacking spine on the first pair of legs; and lacking papilla and dentate collar on legs IV.

Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. (Table 1, Figs. 1���3) Type material. Holotype: Female, slide number: xnc02006. Type locality. 35.36043N, 106.31239E (35��21���37.55��� N, 106��18���44.60���E), 1,986m asl, the Liupanshan National Forest Park, Jingyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Paratypes: slide number: xnc03003, xnc03005, xnc03006, xnc03009. Type repository. Li���s tardigrade collection, Molecular Ecology, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences of Shaanxi Normal University, China. Diagnosis. Apart from the head appendages including cirrus internus, cephalic papillae and cirrus externus, only lateral cirrus A with clava present; dorsal plates and lateral plates with double sculpture including large bright roundish granule-like dots and small dark roundish dots; median plates 1 and 2 divided transversely into four parts, median plate 3 divided transversely into three parts; two lateral plates on each side of all median plates, 12 in total; paired plates with a transverse smooth band; terminal plate with two longitudinal ridges which divided the terminal plate into three parts, terminal plate without notches; ventral side of body without plates or platelets; papilla not visible and dentate collar absent on legs IV; small spurs present on internal claws on all legs. Description. Colour orange. Eye spots absent or not visible after slide preparation. Apart from head appendages, including cirrus internus, cirrus externus and cephalic papillae (secondary clava), only lateral cirrus A with clava (primary clava) are present; cephalic papillae drop-shaped; stylet supports not visible, pharyngeal bulb roundish; dorsal plates comprise of head plate, scapular plate, first median plate, first paired plates, second median plate, second paired plates, third median plate, and terminal plate; all median plates divided transversely, median plate 1 and median plate 2 divided into four parts, while median plate 3 divided into three parts, the normal parts of all median plates are the same as Bryodelphax species, however all median plates are followed with two intersegmental plates, two lateral plates present on each side of all median plates, 12 in total, two paired plates with a transverse smooth band, terminal plate with two longitudinal ridges which divide terminal plate into three parts, terminal plate without incisions; all plates, including dorsal plates and lateral plates, with ���double sculpture���, including large bright roundish pores and small dark roundish dots that are pillars within the cuticle, pores are scarce and distributed loosely whereas dark dots are arranged regularly and densely (Figs. 1 a, 2); ventral side without plate or platelets (Fig. 1 b). Spine on legs I and papilla on legs IV not visible under light microscope. Dentate collar absent on legs IV. Internal claws on all legs with small spur, external claws spurless (Fig. 3 a), the upper part of all legs were covered with plate with sculpture of small dots (Fig. 3 b). Eggs unknown. For measurements see Table 1. Remarks. Please see Michalczyk & Kaczmarek 2006 or Kaczmarek et al. 2012 for more information on the anatomy of ���double sculpturing���. Whether the spine on legs I and papilla on legs IV are indeed absent, has to be confirmed by SEM observations in the future. Structure xnc02006 xnc03003 xnc03005 xnc03006 xnc03009 female female female female female Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality. Differential diagnosis. The monotypic genus Bryochoerus contained only the nominate species Bryochoerus intermedius. There are three subspecies in B. intermedius. They are B. i. intermedius (Murray, 1910), B. i. hawaiicus (Thulin, 1928) and B. i. laevis (Marcus, 1936) (Kristensen 1987; Ramazzotti & Maucci 1983). Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. differs from Bryochoerus intermedius intermedius in having orange colour instead of colourless, or yellowish, or else greenish-yellow as in B. i. intermedius; a different cuticular sculpture; presence of lateral plates; lacking papilla and dentate collar on legs IV; and presence of spurs on the internal claws of all legs. The new species differs from B. i. hawaiicus in having different cuticular sculpture; presence of lateral plates; and presence of spurs on the internal claws of all legs. Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. differs from B. i. laevis in having a different cuticular sculpture; presence of lateral plates in a different shape; a facetted terminal plate; lacking spine on the first pair of legs; and lacking papilla and dentate collar on legs IV., Published as part of Xue, Jing, Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Xian, Panpan & Chen, Huiqing, 2017, Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. and Pseudechiniscus chengi. sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from China, pp. 324-334 in Zootaxa 4291 (2) on pages 325-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/829627, {"references":["Michalczyk, L. & Kaczmarek, L. (2006) Revision of the Echiniscus bigranulatus group with a description of a new species Echiniscus madonnae (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 1154, 1 - 26.","Kaczmarek, L., Zawierucha, K., Smykla, J. & Michalczyk, L. (2012) Tardigrada of the Revdalen (Spitsbergen) with the descriptions of two new species: Bryodelphax parvuspolaris (Heterotardigrada) and Isohypsibius coulsoni (Eutardigrada). Polar Biology, 35, 1013 - 1026.","Murray, J. (1910) Part V Tardigrada. In: British Antarctic Expedition 1907 -, under the command of Sir E. H. Shackleton, C. F. O. Reports on the scientific investigations. Fol. 1. Biology. William Heinemann Publisher, London, pp. 83 - 187.","Thulin, G. (1928) Uber die phylogenie und das system der tardigraden. Hereditas, 11, 207 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1601 - 5223.1928. tb 02488. x","Marcus, E. (1936) Tardigrada. In: Schulze, F. E., Kukenthal, W. & Heider, K. (Eds.), Das Tierreich. Fol. 66. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin und Leipzig, pp. 1 - 340.","Kristensen, R. M. (1987) Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. In: Bertolani, R. (Ed.), Biology of tardigrades. Selected symposia and monographs U. Z. I. Fol. 1. Mucchi, Modena, pp. 261 - 335.","Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. 3 rd ed. Memorie dell'Isituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1 - 1012. [CW Beasley, English translation]"]}

Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. (Table 2, Figs. 4���7) Material examined. Holotype (slide number: xnc02001) and four paratypes (slide numbers: xnc02002, xnc02005, xnc02011, and xnc02013). Type locality. Same as Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. Type depository. Same as Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. Diagnosis. Colour brown. Eye spots present. Cephalic papilla dome-shaped. Cirrus A short. Frontal plate faceted. Median plates undivided. Third median plate present, but sometimes weakly developed or not visible. Pseudosegmental plate with longitudinal median fold, the posterior margin of the pseudosegmental plate without any projection. Terminal plate with well-developed incisions. All plates and upper part of all legs with cuticular sculpture composed of round dots differing in size. Striae absent between dots. Lateral intersegmental plates absent. Ventral side of the body without plate. Papilla present on legs IV. Dentate collar absent on legs IV. Very small spur present on the internal claws on all legs. Description. Body colour brown. Eyes present. Head tapered and long at the rostral end, body slender (Fig. 4 a). Apart from head appendages, only lateral appendages cirri A present. Cirrus A short. Primary clava is a papilla. The cephalic papilla dome-shaped, short and thick, well developed (Fig. 4 b). Stylets present, stylet supports absent (or not visible after slide preparation), buccal tube long and narrow, pharyngeal bulb round (Fig. 5 b). Head plate with W-shaped fold, two short longitudinal ridges connected to the angles of the W-shaped fold respectively. Anterior part of the scapular plate with a short longitudinal middle ridge, posterior part of scapular plate transversely divided into four parts. Dorsal plates contain first undivided median plate, first paired plates, second undivided median plate, second paired plates, pseudosegmental plate and the terminal plate, third median plate present (holotype and xnc02005) (Fig. 4 a), but sometimes weakly developed or not visible (xnc02002, xnc02011 and xnc02013) (Fig. 5 a), if present, rhombic and undivided. Pseudosegmental plate with a longitudinal median fold. Lobes, spines, or any other projections on posterior margin of the pseudosegmental plate absent. Terminal plate with two well developed incisions on each side. Lateral intersegmental plates absent. All dorsal plates have a dense and regular ornamentation comprised of dots, dot round-shaped and differing in size, dots on the paired plates larger than the ones on unpaired plates (Figs. 4 a, 6). Diameter of the largest dot up to 0.86 ��m. Ventral side of body without plates. All legs without spines. Fourth pair of legs without dentate collar but with a small papilla (Fig. 7 a). The upper part of all legs covered with plates and ornamentation composed of dots similar to those on dorsal plates (Fig. 7 a), but smaller. A very thin spur pointed backward the claw base is present on internal claws of all legs (Figs. 4 b, 7b). Etymology. This species is dedicated to Prof. Guangxu Cheng, President of Shaanxi Normal University, for his contributions to the development of our university. Structure xnc02001 xnc02002 xnc02005 xnc02011 xnc02013 female female female female female Differential diagnosis. Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. is similar to Pseudechiniscus bartkei Węglarska 1962 (North Viet Nam), Pseudechiniscus gullii (Pilato & Lisi 2006) (Southern Mexico), Pseudechiniscus novaezeelandiae novaezeelandiae (Richters 1908) (New Zealand), Pseudechiniscus quadrilobatus Iharos 1969 (Viet Nam), Pseudechiniscus santomensis Fontoura et al. 2010 (Democratic Republic of S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe), Pseudechiniscus spinerectus Pilato et al. 2001 (Ecuador), and Pseudechiniscus yunnanensis Wang 2009 (Yunnan, China), in having a similar cuticular sculpture on the dorsal plates. The new species differs from the above species mainly by lacking the striae between cuticular granules. In addition, Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. differs from P. bartkei in lacking the bilobed process on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate; and from P. gullii in lacking the triangular lobe on the posterior margin of the pseudosegmental plate, and in having spur on the internal claws on all legs. The new species differs from P. n. novaezeelandiae by the undivided median plates 1 and 2, and in lacking spines on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate; and from P. quadrilobatus in lacking the uplifted lobes on the posterior margin of the dorsal plates, and pseudosegmental plate along the median line. Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. it differs from P. santomensis in lacking the tiny projections on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate, and by undivided pseudosegmental plate; and differs from P. spinerectus in lacking the triangular spines on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate. The new species differs from P yunnanensis in lacking the triangular spines on the caudal margin of the pseudosegmental plate, and in having notches on the terminal plate., Published as part of Xue, Jing, Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Xian, Panpan & Chen, Huiqing, 2017, Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. and Pseudechiniscus chengi. sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from China, pp. 324-334 in Zootaxa 4291 (2) on pages 328-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/829627, {"references":["Weglarska, B. (1962) Die Tardigraden Vietnams. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, XXVI (4), 300 - 307.","Pilato, G. & Lisi, O. (2006) Notes on some tardigrades from southern Mexico with description of three new species. Zootaxa, 1236, 53 - 68.","Richters, F. (1908) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Moosfauna Australiens und der Inseln des Pacifischen Oceans. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, Jena, 26, 196 - 213.","Iharos, G. (1969) Einige Angaben zur Tardigraden-Fauna Vietnams. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 9 (2), 273 - 277.","Fontoura, P., Pilato, G. & Lisi, O. (2010) First record of Tardigrada from Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea, Western Equatorial Africa) and description of Pseudechiniscus santomensis sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zootaxa, 2564, 31 - 42.","Pilato, G., Binda, M. G., Napolitano, A. & Moncada, E. (2001) Notes on South American tardigrades with the description of two new species: Pseudechiniscus spinerectus and Macrobiotus danielae. Tropical Zoology, 14, 223 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2001.10531154","Wang, L. (2009) Tardigrades from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (China) with description of two new species in the genera Mixibius (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) and Pseudechiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Journal of Natural History, 43 (41), 2553 - 2570."]}

Wang, Lizhi (2009): Tardigrades from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (China) with description of two new species in the genera Mixibius (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) and Pseudechiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Journal of Natural History 43 (41-42): 2553-2570, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903221547, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903221547

Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen, 1951 Material examined. Five specimens were collected from the Huangguoshu Fall, three specimens from Langdeshang Village. Remarks. This species was reported as a new record for China from Yunnan Province (Yang, 2002). It is the first report of this species from Guizhou Province., Published as part of Wang, Hanping, Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2007, Tardigrades from Guizhou Province (China) with description of a new species of genus Doryphoribius (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 59-67 in Zootaxa 1626 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179303, {"references":["Yang, T. (2002) The tardigrades from some mosses of Lijiang county, Yunnan Province (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae; Eutardigrada: Parachela: Macrobiotidae, Hypsibiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 27 (1), 53 - 64."]}

Cornechiniscus lobatus (Ramazzotti, 1943) Material examined. 37 specimens were collected from the Huangguoshu Fall, 10 specimens from Langdeshang Village. Remarks. This species was reported as a new record for China from Guangdong Province (Barto��, 1963). It is the first report of this species from Guizhou Province., Published as part of Wang, Hanping, Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2007, Tardigrades from Guizhou Province (China) with description of a new species of genus Doryphoribius (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 59-67 in Zootaxa 1626 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179303, {"references":["Bartos, E. (1963) Die Tardigraden der chinesischen und javanischen Mossproben. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke, Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, 27, 108 - 114."]}

Echiniscus clevelandi Beasley, 1999 Material examined. Nine specimens were collected from the Huangguoshu Fall, five specimens from Langdeshang Village. Remarks. This species was reported as new to science from Yunnan Province (Beasley, 1999). It is the first report of this species from Guizhou Province., Published as part of Wang, Hanping, Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2007, Tardigrades from Guizhou Province (China) with description of a new species of genus Doryphoribius (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 59-67 in Zootaxa 1626 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179303, {"references":["Beasley, C. W. (1999) A new species of Echiniscus (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae) from northern Yunnan Province, China. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 238, 135 - 138."]}

Pseudechiniscus suillus Ehrenberg, 1853 Material examined. Six specimens were collected from the Huangguoshu Fall, three specimens from Langdeshang Village. Remarks. This species was reported as a new record for China from Beijing Municipality, Hebei Province and Guangdong Province (Rahm, 1936-1937 a, b; 1937). It is the first report of this species from Guizhou Province., Published as part of Wang, Hanping, Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2007, Tardigrades from Guizhou Province (China) with description of a new species of genus Doryphoribius (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 59-67 in Zootaxa 1626 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179303

Echiniscus perviridis Ramazzotti, 1959 Material examined. One specimen was collected from the Huangguoshu Fall. Remarks. This species is a new record for China., Published as part of Wang, Hanping, Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2007, Tardigrades from Guizhou Province (China) with description of a new species of genus Doryphoribius (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 59-67 in Zootaxa 1626 on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179303

Echiniscus wendti Richters, 1903 Material examined. Four specimens were collected from the Huangguoshu Fall. Remarks. This species was reported as a new record for China from Inner Mongolia (Rahm, 1936- 1937 b). It is the first report of this species from Guizhou Province., Published as part of Wang, Hanping, Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2007, Tardigrades from Guizhou Province (China) with description of a new species of genus Doryphoribius (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 59-67 in Zootaxa 1626 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179303

Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying, Su, Lina (2005): A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China. Zootaxa 1093 (1): 25-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1093.1.2

Pseudechiniscus papillosus sp. nov. (Fig. 3A–E, Table 1) Material examined: Holotype (Slide number MTB05080762), two paratypes (Slide number MTB05080761, MTB05080763) were collected from Mount Taibai at an altitude of 3,760 m a.s.l. (33°57.32’ N, 107°45.94’ E). The specimens are deposited at the College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, P. R. China. Diagnosis: Colour red. Cephalic appendages include internal buccal cirrus, very short and wide cephalic papilla, external buccal cirrus, cirrus A, and clava. Armor consists of single cephalic plate, scapular plate, first single median plate, first paired­plates, second single median plate, second paired­plates, third single median plate, pseudosegmental plate with two lobes on the posterior edge, and terminal plate with usual two notches; scapular plate divided transversely into an anterior part and a posterior part. All plates decorated with papilla­like projections; papilla­like projections absent on ventral side; lateral side near the base of legs also decorated with papilla­like projections, but much smaller than the ones on dorsal plates. Papilla present near the base of the fourth pair of legs. Spurs absent on all claws of each leg. Description of the holotype: Colour red. Eyespots not detected. Cephalic appendages include internal buccal cirrus, cephalic papilla very short and wide, external buccal cirrus, cirrus A, and clava. No other appendages present (Fig. 3A–B). Dorsal plates covered with papilla­like, uniformly distributed projections varying in size, diameter of 2.0– 2.6 m, height of 3.8–4.8 m (Fig. 3C). Cephalic plate faceted; armor consists of single cephalic plate, scapular plate, first single median plate, first paired­plates, second single median plate, second paired­plates, third single median plate (all median plates undivided), pseudosegmental plate subdivided along the mid­sagittal plane of the body, the pseudosegmental plate with two lobes on the posterior edge, the lobes triangle­shaped with one point directed backward, and terminal plate with the two usual notches; scapular plate transversely divided into an anterior part and posterior part; all plates decorated with many papilla­like projections varying in size (Fig. 3C), absent on ventral side. Legs normal length, a papilla (length 4.7 m) present on the external side of the fourth pair of legs near their bases. Lateral side near the base of legs covered with many papillalike projections much smaller than the ones on the dorsal plates. Claws normally curved distally, without spurs near the bases of the claws on each leg (Fig. 3D–E). Eggs unknown. Remarks: The paratypes are similar to the holotype as regards the qualitative characters. Etymology: This species is named after the papilla­like sculpture of the cuticle. Differential diagnosis: Kristensen (1987) distinguishes two groups in the genus Pseudechiniscus: the suillus or conifer group without cirri B–E, and the victor group with cirri or spines B–E. Pseudechiniscus papillosus sp. nov. belongs to the suillus / conifer group and differs from all known species of the genus Pseudechiniscus by the papilla­like projections on both dorsal plates and legs. Compared with other species of the suillus /conifer group, Pseudechiniscus papillosus sp. nov. is similar to P. spinerectus Pilato et al., 2001 in having divided scapular plate, but it differs from it in lacking ventral sculpture, in having different cuticular sculpture, in having undivided median plates, in having lobes instead of spines on the posterior edge of pseudosegmental plate, and in having no spurs on the fourth claws. This new species differs from Pseudechiniscus rammazzottii Maucci, 1952 in having different cuticular sculpture, in having undivided median plates and transversely divided scapular plate. This new species differs from P. asper Abe et al., 1998 in having different cuticular sculpture and in lacking segmental lateral plates on scapular plate and paired­plates., Published as part of Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying & Su, Lina, 2005, A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China, pp. 25-33 in Zootaxa 1093 (1) on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5051248, {"references":["Kristensen, R. M. (1987) Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. In: Bertolani, R. (ed.) Biology of Tardigrades. Selected Symposia and Monographs U. Z. I., 1, 261 - 335.","Pilato, G., Binda, M. G. & Moncada, E. (2001) Notes on South American tardigrades with the description of two new species: Pseudechiniscus spinerectus and Macrobiotus danielae. Tropical Zoology, 14, 223 - 231.","Maucci, W. (1952) Un nuova Pseudechiniscus del Carso Triestino (Tardigrada, Scutechiniscidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturale e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Milano, 91, 127 - 130.","Abe, W., Utsugi, K. & Takeda, M. (1998) Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, northern Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 111 (4), 843 - 848."]}

Pseudechiniscus asper Abe, Utsugi & Takeda, 1998 (Fig. 2C) Material examined: Four specimens were collected from Mount Taibai. Description: Small in size. Dorsal plates decorated with granulation. Scapular plate and segmental paired­plates I and II each with segmental lateral plates. Two transversely expanded lobes present on the posterior edge of pseudosegmental plate. Spurs present on the middle two claws. Remarks: The specimens from Mount Taibai differ from the holotype of this species from Japan by the shape of the lobes on pseudosegmental plate. The paired­lobes on pseudosegmental plate in our specimens are remarkably expanded transversely, and the posterior edges of the lobes are quite smooth without any pointed structure. However, the lobes on the pseudosegmental plate in the specimens from Japan are roundly triangular, tipped with papillate projection. The type locality of this species is Hokkaido, Japan (Abe et al., 1998). Mount Taibai is the second locality of this species since it was described., Published as part of Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying & Su, Lina, 2005, A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China, pp. 25-33 in Zootaxa 1093 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5051248, {"references":["Abe, W., Utsugi, K. & Takeda, M. (1998) Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, northern Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 111 (4), 843 - 848."]}

Echiniscus taibaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 1A–B; Fig. 2A–C, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype (male) (Slide number MTB0508200), two paratypes (Slide number MTB0508201, female; MTB0508202, female) were collected from Mt. Taibai at 3,590 m a.s.l. (33°57.12' N, 107°45.77' E). The specimens are deposited at the College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, P. R. China. Description of the holotype (measurements are provided in Table 1). Colour red. Eyespots black. Cephalic appendages include internal buccal cirrus, cephalic papilla, external buccal cirrus, cirrus A, and clava; lateral and dorsal appendages consist of cirrus A, C, D, E, C d and D d. Armour consists of single cephalic plate, scapular plate, first single median plate, first paired­plates, second median plate, second paired­plates, and terminal plate; third median plate absent (Fig. 1A–B); sculpture absent on the anterior part of the second median plate; notches absent on terminal plate. Plates decorated with minute, closely spaced polygons and irregular pores (Fig. 2A), identical to cuticular sculpture of Echiniscus cheonyoungi Moon & Kim, 1994; sculpture on legs absent; dentate collar with 8–9 teeth. Papilla­like projection present on the lateral surface of the fourth pair of legs, spurs absent on all claws of each leg (Fig. 2B–C). Eggs unknown. Remarks. The paratypes are similar to the holotype with regards to the qualitative characters. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Mt. Taibai. Differential diagnosis. Echiniscus taibaiensis sp. nov. is similar to E. velaminis Murray in having a similar arrangement of lateral and dorsal appendages and in lacking the third median plate, but it differs from E. velaminis in lacking the spine inserted near the base of cirrus D and in having much shorter dorsal appendages C d and D d (E. taibaiensis sp. nov.: C d 9.2–12.5µm, D d 10.5–15.7µm; E. velaminis: C d 150µm, D d 110µm (based on drawing from Ramazzotti & Maucci, 1983)). E. velaminis also has notches in the terminal plate, which are lacking in E. taibaiensis sp. nov.. The new species is also similar to E. cheonyoungi Moon & Kim, but it differs from it by lacking both cirrus B and median plate 3. E. cheonyoungi also has "rather shallow" notches in the terminal plate while they are lacking in E. taibaiensis sp. nov.., Published as part of Wang, Lizhi & Li, Xiaochen, 2005, Echiniscus taibaiensis sp. nov. and a new record of Echiniscus bisetosus Heinis (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae) from China, pp. 39-45 in Zootaxa 1092 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1092.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5051200, {"references":["Moon, S. Y. & Kim, W. (1994) New species of Echiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea: Echiniscidae) from Corea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107 (3), 511 - 513.","Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dellIstituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 41, 1 - 1012."]}

Pseudechiniscus papillosus sp. nov. (Fig. 3A–E, Table 1) Material examined: Holotype (Slide number MTB05080762), two paratypes (Slide number MTB05080761, MTB05080763) were collected from Mount Taibai at an altitude of 3,760 m a.s.l. (33°57.32’ N, 107°45.94’ E). The specimens are deposited at the College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, P. R. China. Diagnosis: Colour red. Cephalic appendages include internal buccal cirrus, very short and wide cephalic papilla, external buccal cirrus, cirrus A, and clava. Armor consists of single cephalic plate, scapular plate, first single median plate, first paired­plates, second single median plate, second paired­plates, third single median plate, pseudosegmental plate with two lobes on the posterior edge, and terminal plate with usual two notches; scapular plate divided transversely into an anterior part and a posterior part. All plates decorated with papilla­like projections; papilla­like projections absent on ventral side; lateral side near the base of legs also decorated with papilla­like projections, but much smaller than the ones on dorsal plates. Papilla present near the base of the fourth pair of legs. Spurs absent on all claws of each leg. Description of the holotype: Colour red. Eyespots not detected. Cephalic appendages include internal buccal cirrus, cephalic papilla very short and wide, external buccal cirrus, cirrus A, and clava. No other appendages present (Fig. 3A–B). Dorsal plates covered with papilla­like, uniformly distributed projections varying in size, diameter of 2.0– 2.6 m, height of 3.8–4.8 m (Fig. 3C). Cephalic plate faceted; armor consists of single cephalic plate, scapular plate, first single median plate, first paired­plates, second single median plate, second paired­plates, third single median plate (all median plates undivided), pseudosegmental plate subdivided along the mid­sagittal plane of the body, the pseudosegmental plate with two lobes on the posterior edge, the lobes triangle­shaped with one point directed backward, and terminal plate with the two usual notches; scapular plate transversely divided into an anterior part and posterior part; all plates decorated with many papilla­like projections varying in size (Fig. 3C), absent on ventral side. Legs normal length, a papilla (length 4.7 m) present on the external side of the fourth pair of legs near their bases. Lateral side near the base of legs covered with many papillalike projections much smaller than the ones on the dorsal plates. Claws normally curved distally, without spurs near the bases of the claws on each leg (Fig. 3D–E). Eggs unknown. Remarks: The paratypes are similar to the holotype as regards the qualitative characters. Etymology: This species is named after the papilla­like sculpture of the cuticle. Differential diagnosis: Kristensen (1987) distinguishes two groups in the genus Pseudechiniscus: the suillus or conifer group without cirri B–E, and the victor group with cirri or spines B–E. Pseudechiniscus papillosus sp. nov. belongs to the suillus / conifer group and differs from all known species of the genus Pseudechiniscus by the papilla­like projections on both dorsal plates and legs. Compared with other species of the suillus /conifer group, Pseudechiniscus papillosus sp. nov. is similar to P. spinerectus Pilato et al., 2001 in having divided scapular plate, but it differs from it in lacking ventral sculpture, in having different cuticular sculpture, in having undivided median plates, in having lobes instead of spines on the posterior edge of pseudosegmental plate, and in having no spurs on the fourth claws. This new species differs from Pseudechiniscus rammazzottii Maucci, 1952 in having different cuticular sculpture, in having undivided median plates and transversely divided scapular plate. This new species differs from P. asper Abe et al., 1998 in having different cuticular sculpture and in lacking segmental lateral plates on scapular plate and paired­plates.

Echiniscus melanophthalmus Bartoš, 1936 (Fig. 1B) Material examined: Six specimens were collected from Mount Taibai. Description: Colour reddish­brown, eyespots present. Sculpture consists of closely spaced polygonal depressions. Median plate III absent; cephalic plate facetted and terminal plate with the two usual notches. Cirrus A, B, C and D, filaments C d and D d present; teeth C near cirrus C and teeth D near cirrus D present. Spurs present on the middle two claws on leg IV. Remarks: This species was observed in the Carpathians, in Romania and Istria (Ramazzotti & Maucci, 1983). It has never been reported from China before., Published as part of Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying & Su, Lina, 2005, A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China, pp. 25-33 in Zootaxa 1093 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5051248, {"references":["Bartos, E. (1936) Neue Tardigraden-Arten aus dem unterkarpatischen Russland. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 114, 45 - 48.","Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 41, 408 - 409."]}

Echinsicus trisetosus Cuénot, 1932 (Fig. 2B) Material examined: Five specimens were collected from Mount Taibai at 3,740 m a.s.l.. Description: Eyespots present. Cuticular sculpture similar to E. melanophthalmus. The paired­plates I and II often show a smooth transverse band, lacking sculpture; median plate III present with sculpture scarce. Cephalic appendages normal; lateral appendages include cirrus C and D, dorsolateral appendages include filament C d and spine D d. Dentate collar and papilla present on leg IV. Remarks: Our specimens differ from specimens from other localities by much longer D d. This species is cited for many localities in Europe, North America, and Turkey (Ramazzotti & Maucci, 1983), however it has never been reported from China before., Published as part of Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying & Su, Lina, 2005, A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China, pp. 25-33 in Zootaxa 1093 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5051248, {"references":["Cuenot, L. (1932) Tardigrades. In: Paul Lechevalier (Ed.), Faune de France, Paris, 24, 1 - 96.","Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 41, 408 - 409."]}

Echiniscus cheonyoungi Moon & Kim, 1994 (Fig. 1A) Material examined: Twenty specimens were collected from Mount Taibai at 3,760 m a.s.l.. Description: Body light yellow. Cuticular sculpture consists of minute, closely spaced polygons and irregular pores. Armor consists of cephalic plate, scapular plate, pairedplates I and II, undivided median I and III, divided median plate II, terminal plate with usual notches. Cephalic appendages include internal cirrus, external cirrus and cephalic papilla; lateral appendages include cirrus A, B, C, D and E; dorsal appendages include C d and D d. Papilla and dentate collar present on leg IV. Spurs absent on claws. Remarks: The type locality of this species is in South Korea. Mount Taibai is the second locality of this species since it was described (Moon & Kim, 1994). This species has never been reported from China., Published as part of Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying & Su, Lina, 2005, A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China, pp. 25-33 in Zootaxa 1093 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5051248, {"references":["Moon, S. Y. & Kim, W. (1994) New species of Echiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea: Echiniscidae) from Korea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107 (3), 511 - 513."]}

Pseudechiniscus asper Abe, Utsugi & Takeda, 1998 (Fig. 2C) Material examined: Four specimens were collected from Mount Taibai. Description: Small in size. Dorsal plates decorated with granulation. Scapular plate and segmental paired­plates I and II each with segmental lateral plates. Two transversely expanded lobes present on the posterior edge of pseudosegmental plate. Spurs present on the middle two claws. Remarks: The specimens from Mount Taibai differ from the holotype of this species from Japan by the shape of the lobes on pseudosegmental plate. The paired­lobes on pseudosegmental plate in our specimens are remarkably expanded transversely, and the posterior edges of the lobes are quite smooth without any pointed structure. However, the lobes on the pseudosegmental plate in the specimens from Japan are roundly triangular, tipped with papillate projection. The type locality of this species is Hokkaido, Japan (Abe et al., 1998). Mount Taibai is the second locality of this species since it was described.

Echiniscus nepalensis Dastych, 1975 (Fig. 2A) Material examined: Six specimens were collected from Mount Taibai at 3,720 m a.s.l. Description: Eyespots present. Cuticular sculpture consists of many small polygonal depressions distributed irregularly, varying in size. Median plate III absent. Remarks: Our specimens are different from the specimens from the Himalayas by the second median plate transversely divided into a smooth anterior part and a posterior part decorated with the usual sculpture. The type locality of this species is the Himalayas, Nepal (Dastych, 1975). It was also collected in some localities of New Zealand (Ramazzotti & Maucci, 1983). It has never been reported from China before., Published as part of Li, Xiaochen, Wang, Lizhi, Liu, Ying & Su, Lina, 2005, A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China, pp. 25-33 in Zootaxa 1093 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5051248, {"references":["Dastych, H. (1975) Some Tardigrada from the Himalayas (Nepal), with a description of Echiniscus (E.) nepalensis n. sp. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 32 (Suppl.), 61 - 68.","Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 41, 408 - 409."]}