1. Large warming and salinification of the Mediterranean outflow due to changes in its composition
- Author
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Millot, Claude, Candela, Julio, Fuda, Jean-Luc, and Tber, Youssef
- Subjects
Salinity ,Earth sciences - Abstract
To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.017 Byline: Claude Millot (a), Julio Candela (b), Jean-Luc Fuda (c), Youssef Tber (d) Keywords: Long-term changes; Mediterranean outflow Abstract: The Mediterranean Sea transforms surface Atlantic Water (AW) into a set of cooler and saltier typical Mediterranean Waters (tMWs) that are formed in different subbasins within the sea and thus have distinct hydrological characteristics. Depending on the mixing conditions along their route and on their relative amounts, the tMWs are more or less differentiated at any given place, and some mix together up to forming new water masses. We emphasise the fact that any of these Mediterranean Waters (MWs) must outflow from the sea, even if more or less identifiable and/or in a more or less continuous way. Historical data from the 1960s-1980s showed that the densest MW outflowing through the Strait of Gibraltar at Camarinal Sill South (CSS) was a relatively cool and fresh tMW formed in the western basin, namely the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW). At these times, the sole other tMW identified in the strait was the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW); no mention was made there of, in particular, the two densest tMWs formed in the eastern basin (in the Aegean and the Adriatic) that are now named Eastern Overflow Water (EOW) when they reach the Channel of Sicily (where they cannot be differentiated). A fortiori, no mention was made of the Tyrrhenian Dense Water (TDW) that results from the mixing of EOW with waters resident in the western basin (in particular WMDW) when it cascades down to [approximately equal to]2000m from the channel of Sicily. New measurements (essentially temperature and salinity time series) collected at CSS since the mid-1990s indicate that the densest MWs outflowing through the strait have been continuously changing; temperature and salinity there have been increasing, being actually (early 2000s) much warmer ([approximately equal to]0.3[degrees]C) and saltier (0.06) than [approximately equal to]20 years ago. These changes are one order of magnitude larger than the decadal trends shown for WMDW in particular. We thus demonstrate that, in the early 2000s, (i) the densest MW outflowing at Gibraltar is TDW and (ii) TDW is mainly composed of EOW (the percentage of MWs from the western basin, in particular WMDW, is lower): the densest part of the outflow is thus 'more eastern than western'. This Mediterranean Sea Transient (a shift from the western basin to the eastern one) could be linked to the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (a shift from the Adriatic subbasin to the Aegean one). Whatever the case, we demonstrate that the proper functioning of the Mediterranean Sea leads to a variability in its outflow's composition that can have consequences for the mid-depth water characteristics in the North-Atlantic much more dramatic than previously thought. Author Affiliation: (a) Laboratoire d'Oceanographie et de Biogeochimie, Antenne LOB-COM-CNRS, BP 330, F 83507 La Seyne/mer, France (b) Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Mexico (c) Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille (COM), Marseille, France (d) Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine Royale du Maroc (SHOMAR), Casablanca, Maroc Article History: Received 28 June 2005; Revised 21 December 2005; Accepted 27 December 2005
- Published
- 2006