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Um exercício de prospectiva territorial foi desenvolvido com a agricultura familiar no município de Paragominas, PA, conhecido como o primeiro “município verde”, para permiti-la melhor inserir-se no jogo político local. A prospectiva é definida como um método para explorar coletivamente o futuro por meio de cenários, que visa antecipar as evoluções desejáveis (ou não desejáveis). É também uma ferramenta para o diálogo, permitindo aos atores de um território confrontar suas visões, aprender, compartir uma visão comum e ser criativo sobre as estratégias futuras. Apresentam-se os princípios da metodologia conduzida em âmbito municipal e das comunidades, o contexto de acompanhamento dentro do qual ela foi inserida (e fundamental para criar legitimidade e laços de confiança) e os resultados concretos, inclusive um plano de ação integrado no plano plurianual (PPA) municipal. Destacamos, em particular, o efeito do trabalho sobre a ação coletiva e a mudança de atitude e de postura, elementos que condicionam em grande parte o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Dessa forma, trabalhar hipóteses que coloquem os agricultores como atores determinantes dos cenários se tornou uma das principais metas do exercício de prospectiva.

Chapter 25; National audience

Contexte : Au vu des enjeux environnementaux globaux, l'Amazonie brésilienne attire depuis des décennies des chercheurs du monde entier. Depuis plus de30 ans, différents réseaux bilatéraux se sont structurés entre chercheurs européens et brésiliens, se spécialisant sur des thèmes spécifiques: hydrologie, géophysique, écologie (Barlow et al.), 2010, utilisation des sols (Gardner et al., 2013), politiques publiques (Duarte et al., 2010).Rares sont les échanges entre ces réseaux. Faisant l'hypothèse que les politiques publiques ont besoin d'une vision plus intégrative pour appuyer un développement durable des sociétés amazoniennes (Bursztyn et al., 2004), le projet Odyssea propose de construire un observatoire des dynamiques environnements-sociétés en Amazonie, pour capitaliser et croiser les nombreux résultats obtenus par ces réseaux. Le principal enjeu que le projet aborde est l'adaptation aux changements environnementaux (Malhi et al., 2008), avec l'objectif de réduire la vulnérabilité des populations locales. Les chercheurs sont conscients que l''intégration des données de différents domaines (hydrologie, qualité de l'eau, stock de carbone, usages des sols, santé, pauvreté, bien-être, etc), devra se faire à partir des demandes des décideurs politiques, des institutions de développement et des populations locales, pour proposer un observatoire qui soit adapté aux attentes et nécessités (Lemoisson et Passouant, 2012). Un processus de mobilisation est prévu, dans 5 sites (Santarem, Amapa, Nordeste du Pará, Amazonas et région de la BR-163), pour que les institutions locales et les chercheurs du projet puissent construire progressivement un ensemble d'indicateurs, adapté aux enjeux spécifiques de chacun des sites. Problématique et originalité: Alors que le projet débute, les chercheurs se confrontent à un "paradoxe": comment s'appuyer sur les nombreuses et riches données et informations déjà existantes (ou en cours de collecte) sans ces données et informations ne prédéterminent trop la direction que prendra l'observatoire? Comment faire fi des trajectoires scientifiques passées pour être attentifs aux demandes actuelles et potentiellement nouvelles qu'auront les acteurs localement? Comme le projet s'intéresse à l'adaptation aux changements environnementaux et souhaite initier une forte interaction avec les acteurs locaux, l'adoption d'une posture de recherche qui permette l'adaptabilité et l'exploration est fondamentale. Objectif: Au travers d'une grille d'évaluation des défis de l'observatoire Odyssea, la communication veut partager les réflexions de notre collectif d'une centaine de chercheurs pour configurer l'observatoire et pour renforcer le dialogue avec les acteurs locaux (décideurs politiques, institutions de développement, populations locales). Méthode: Le projet commençant, nous ne proposons pas une évaluation ex post, mais la construction a priori d'une grille de lecture commune des défis du projet permettra a posteriori d'évaluer le succès et les limites de notre initiative. Pour la construire, nous nous appuyons sur les débats qui ont eu lieu lors du lancement du projet, sur les finalités de l'observatoire Odyssea, sur les risques que nous devons appréhender, et sur la manière de favoriser plus d'adaptabilité. La méthode s'assimile aux exercices de prospectives territoriales (Jouvenel, 2009) ou de construction de scénarios (Nitsch, 2002; Van Asselt et al., 2002; Patel et al., 2007), où la question "du comment stimuler la créativité tout en restant réaliste" est centrale. (Texte intégral)

Hot-spots de biodiversité, les plaines d'inondation amazoniennes comptent parmi les écosystèmes les plus riches et productifs au monde. La vie des organismes et des sociétés humaines y est rythmée par les cycles d'inondation. Or, les changements hydrographiques perçus ces dernières années déstabilisent les systèmes de production traditionnels. Couplés à une augmentation démographique, ces changements modifient la qualité de leau et les peuplements des micro-organismes aquatiques ainsi que la production agricole, d'élevage et de pêche. Nos analyses montrent en outre une présence renforcée des cyanobactéries dans les communautés planctoniques. Les crues fortes et prolongées poussent les éleveurs à ouvrir plus de pâturages ce qui conduit à une dégradation du milieu. La démarche prospective participative, basée sur la modélisation, devrait conduire les acteurs à acquérir une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes en cours et proposer des alternatives et des règlementations plus durables.

Decentralized governance can facilitate the participation of non-government actors in natural resource management. Yet efforts to increase participation can also enhance the power of existing elites. Here, we analyse the role of landowning elites in developing and operating a hybrid governance arrangement in response to the decentralization of anti-deforestation policy in the Brazilian Amazon. We employ a framework that permits examination of the role played by different actors, the rationale that promoted collaboration in the first place, and the distribution of power that shapes the still evolving governance arrangement. By engaging state and non-state actors in a hybrid governance partnership, the local landowning elite in Paragominas, a municipality in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, successfully achieved the specific goals set by federal policies to be removed from a high deforestation 'Red List'. Yet the local governors, together with the rural elite, transformed the crisis generated by inclusion in the Red List into an opportunity to shift the rural economy on a path towards more legalized large-scale agriculture. By aligning production and conservation objectives, the project attracted medium and large landowners, but also failed to prevent − or potentially exacerbated − the further marginalization of smallholders. Rural elites can effectively mobilize hybrid government arrangements in pursuit of their own interests while also producing wider benefits such as a more stimulated urban economy and strengthened environmental compliance. However, inclusion of more marginalized populations in this process remains a severe and largely unaddressed challenge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

International audience

The Amazonian floodplain is among the most productive and diversified ecosystems in the world. The moving littoral enables a rapid nutrient recycling, explaining the large productivity and biodiversity of the system. Attracted by such favourable conditions for agricultural activities and fishing, populations have settled in the floodplains and developed complementary activities to cope with important variations in their environment, between the flood season and the dry season. However, in the past decades, the rhythm of these floodplains has changed, obliging the actors to deal with great uncertainty. Based on several years of hydrological and biogeochemical studies to understand the reasons of these environmental changes, the “life scientists” of our team invited the “social scientists” with the following question: Can the results about the dynamics of these floodplains help local populations better anticipate the future fluctuations of the river and adapt their activities to be less vulnerable to such change? To address this, we first chose to turn the perspective around: what were the preoccupations and strategies of local populations and what did they expect from scientists? The challenge was to enable the perceptions and knowledge of local populations to dialogue with scientific knowledge. Based on a Companion Modelling approach, we engaged a participatory process to collectively discuss the current situation and possible future scenarios. Using a role-playing game as an interface for this dialogue, we have progressively built a model to integrate both the knowledge of the local actors regarding their practices and possible environmental impacts and the knowledge of the scientists on environmental dynamics. This has obliged researchers to learn to work together and simplify their knowledge, and requires finding common points of interest with local populations, translating “biodiversity” into concrete issues that have a meaning for local actors. (Texte intégral)

Proposed session: Understanding challenges and opportunities facing a transition to more sustainable land-use systems in the Eastern Amazon Current trajectories of rural development across much of the tropics are not sustainable. Forests continue to be cleared at a rate of c. 50,000 km2 p.a. and much of the remaining forests are severely degraded from the effects of fragmentation, over-exploitation, fire and climate change. In many areas where forests have been cleared for agriculture, land remains under-utilized and poorly managed. Low agricultural yields and degrading soils contribute towards a failure to meet increasing market demands for commodities within areas already cleared for agriculture, as well making often limited contributions to improvements in well being for many rural people. A transformation to more sustainable development trajectories in tropical agricultural frontiers depends partly on our ability to identify, understand and reconcile apparent conflicts and tradeoffs between human development and environmental objectives, including the maintenance of biodiversity and ecological life-support processes. Research to date on conservation-development trade-offs in production landscapes has focussed largely on local (farm) scale responses of biodiversity to different levels of intensification and yields. We have a poorer understanding of how changes in production affect the provision of key ecosystem services, equity of outcomes, and how these relationships may differ between local and landscape scales, encompassing the full agricultural-forest mosaic. We present data from a large-scale, interdisciplinary assessment by the Sustainable Amazon Network of land-use sustainability in the Brazilian Amazon to ask: How do patterns of ecological and socio-economic condition co-vary across gradients of increasing land-use intensification at multiple scales, and what might be the implications of such trade-offs for environmental conservation and long-term human development opportunities? The RAS initiative has a number of advantages for addressing this question. This includes the collection of co-located ecological and socioeconomic data at local, landscape and regional scales, and a strong engagement with many actors and non-research institutions., We use RAS data on ecological (terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, above-ground carbon stocks, soil nutrient status and in-stream habitat integrity) and socioeconomic (agricultural productivity and profit, labour and producer well-being) indicators from more than 400 sites and rural properties in 36 catchments across to two regions. At the local scale, this is based on levels of above-ground vegetation, from undisturbed primary forest through to degraded and secondary forest and different production systems. At the landscape scale, the level of human impacts is determined by the extent of deforestation that involves a gradient from 6 to 100% of remaining forest cover in each study region, reflecting different periods of recent agricultural colonisation and distances from the deforestation frontier. Results from this comparative analysis reveal high levels of variability in social and ecological condition within landscapes dominated by small and large properties. This same heterogeneity reveals significant scope to improve conservation and socioeconomic objectives through changes in the management of both agricultural and forested lands, including the adoption of alternative approaches to achieving environmental compliance, options for increased agricultural productivity and ecosystem service markets. (Texte integral)

This paper presents an ongoing project funded by the FRB (Foundation for Research on Biodiversity) that aimed at understanding the changes of a biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon floodplain under climatic change. One of the objectives is to explore how global warming induce changes in human activities and conversely, how changes in human activities may have impact on the local ecosystem. The Amazonian floodplain of our study (Lago Grande of Curuai, in Santarem) is among the most productive and diversified ecosystems in the world. The moving littoral in the aquatic terrestrial transitional zone prevents from stagnation and enables a rapid organic matter and nutrients recycling, thereby explaining the large productivity of the system. Attracted by such favourable conditions for agricultural activities and fishing, populations have settled in the floodplains and have learned to cope with important variations in their environment, between the flood season and the dry season. They have adapted their livelihoods to these variations, by developing complementary activities between seasons. However, the rhythm of these floodplains seems to have changed in the past decades, obliging the actors to deal with great uncertainty. These changes occur across different spatial scales, from the whole Amazonian basin to the local lake, making it very difficult to understand locally why they are happening. This pluri-disciplinary project attempts to understand the reasons of these changes, through hydrological and biochemical models, as well as their impact on aquatic biodiversity (plankton and fish). Can the results about the dynamics of these floodplains help local populations better anticipate the future fluctuations of the river and adapt their activities to be less vulnerable to such change? Our challenge is to develop a process that will enable to confront the scientific models with the perceptions of local populations. Based on a Companion Modelling approach, which will combine the different types of knowledge, we aim to collectively discuss possible future scenarios. By adopting a perspective of social psychology, we wish to understand what motivates adaptation and how local populations can learn collectively, by building a common understanding of a situation. The first steps of our fieldwork reveal that changes in water levels have influenced the evolution of local activities, obliging breeders to bring their cattle inland earlier during the year and to open pastures in the forest. However, the main changes identified by local population are linked to the pressure of recent large-scale economic activities (such as industrial fisheries, large agricultural production, mining and hydro energy) that have direct consequences on land use and natural resources in the basin. This brings different perspectives on adaptation: although local populations can't do much against global warming but cope, they seem to confront these changes actively. However, regarding the large-scale economic activities, they seem to feel much more vulnerable to their effects. They feel more capable in adapting to climate change than to such anthropogenic pressures, revealing that motivation to adapt may not be so much linked to the inevitability as to the possibility of self-determining their future. (Texte integral)

Proposed session: Understanding challenges and opportunities facing a transition to more sustainable land-use systems in the Eastern Amazon Fostering transitions towards more sustainable systems of land-use is one of the most significant scientific and political challenges of the 21st century. The introduction of new laws and development of new regulatory and institutional frameworks can be critical in making such transitions possible. Yet acceptance of any new regulation is often met with significant resistance, with past behaviour and social norms resulting in poor acceptance and internalization by relevant stakeholders, and hence low levels of compliance. Major policy efforts have been made by the Brazilian government in the past ten years to bring about a transition in the Amazon away from a process of land occupation and development that is dependent upon deforestation. In the last decade the federal government has initiated a much stronger program of enforcement to improve compliance, including through new satellite monitoring tools, increased field visits and fines, and restrictions on private landowners to access commodity markets and credit. Together these measures have contributed to a reduction in deforestation of c.80% in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2013. Here we present a critical appraisal of the extent to which environmental regulations can trigger desirable change and show that there are many barriers which still need to be overcome to foster lasting transitions to more socially and ecologically resilient land management systems. Successful compliance depends not only on carefully designed policy measures but also on the ability and motivations of individual landowners and farmers to change. We address this issue using a unique dataset collected by the Sustainable Amazon Network in two municipalities in the Eastern Amazon, Paragominas and Santarem, each characterised by a distinct history of changes in local environmental governance. By characterising environmental compliance achieved by different types of farmers and the ways in which recent policy changes have affected them, we identify significant heterogeneity in responses and potential barriers associated with compliance levels for different types of Amazonian farmers, from large-scale mechanised soybean plantations to small-scale subsistence farmers. In particular we show that large-scale farmers are generally compliant with minimal legal requirements but often fall short of adherence to all current regulations, whilst small-scale farmers often appear to have been marginalized and isolated from the political and regulatory processes related to recent changes in environmental legislation. In analysing barriers to compliance we distinguish differences in awareness to rules, motivations to follow rules, the capacity to comply with them, and the opportunities and support offered through new and evolving institutions. Although farmers often declare they would be willing to change, awareness of rules or new practices is low and institutions to support effective change are often lacking. Our findings of barriers to environmental compliance facing different Amazonian farmers can help facilitate discussions among stakeholders at different governance levels and identify limitations of existing policy instruments and processes. (Texte integral)

Annual rates of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon declined by 77.5% between 2004 and 2011. Yet, the future of the Amazon forest is still uncertain and there remains an urgent need for environmental policies to be improved and strengthened in order to achieve conservation goals and sustainable development in the region. Recent successes have been partially attributed to a combination of several innovative government policies. One such flagship policy was the publication in 2008 by the federal government of a Red List of 36 municipalities with highest rated of deforestation. The list mandated named municipalities to implement stricter deforestation monitoring, and made access to credit conditional on compliance with environmental legislation and legalization of land titles. Both measures caused significant disturbance to local economies. The first municipality to exit the Red List was Paragominas in 2010 through the development of the Green Municipality initiative. Paragominas went from being the main timber-producing centre of Brazil in the late 1980s with a notorious reputation for deforestation and violence, to becoming a national success story for municipal-level anti-deforestation policies. Landowners and political leaders of Paragominas joined forces with NGOs to build a pact for zero deforestation and improve environmental compliance among landowners. With the success of its initial goals, Paragominas became the model for a state-level policy that is currently working to upscale the experience to other municipalities across Pará. Hybrid and multi-level governance processes both clearly played a critical role in combating deforestation in the case of Paragominas. However, the success of such processes depends on local initiatives and it is still unclear how they can contribute to the development and adoption of effective sustainability policies in the wider Amazon region. One of the factors that deserves more attention when analyzing successful cases of adaptive governance is the state of local resources at the time of the change, as well as the pre-existing capacity of the system to make a transition. Studies on the transition of socio-ecological systems elsewhere show that analyzing the trajectory of the system is essential to understand its capacity to reorganize after a disturbance. Here, we reflect on the reorganization of governance arrangements and collective action in Paragominas after the disturbance caused by command-and-control policies that followed the issuing of the Red List. Through the lens of the adaptive cycle framework, we assess the preexisting characteristics of the system to enable this shift. By analyzing the municipality's trajectory, we identify external and internal elements (including focused intervention by nonstate actors and emergence of local champions) that played important roles both in triggering change and providing actors with the potential for flexibility and innovation in developing new governance structures. We question whether this model of environmental decentralization can be effective in other municipalities across the state of Pará and the Brazilian Amazon, as well as its medium- and long-term success. (Texte integral)

Although the Brazilian Federal regulation approach against deforestation has been effective with large landowners, it has little touched smallholders and may have aggravated their poverty conditions. In this context, REDD+ is seen by many institutions as a useful tool to promote conservation by small farmers, as it could encourage a transition towards alternatives livelihoods, which would reduce deforestation. In the context of a REDD+ pilot project in São Felix do Xingu, we aimed at analysing the perceptions of deforestation by small farmers and what would bring them to stop. We concluded that an investment-based scheme might be more effective than a use-restricting payment, given that support in the form of technical assistance is essential for most of them. More specifically three groups are identified: the environmentalists, the innovators and the objectors. They each have very different needs to reduce deforestation, questioning the relevance of one-fits-it-all solutions even for an investment scheme. A REDD+ project would have to adapt to this diversity by offering various forms of support. This has implications both for the equity within a REDD+ project and the control of conditionality.

A Red List of Deforestation was published by Brazil's federal government in 2008, listing 36 municipalities with the highest rates of deforestation in the Amazon as a policy measure to prioritize efforts to combat deforestation. Here, we examine the reaction of a municipality to the decentralization policy represented by the Red List. We analyze the case of Paragominas, a municipality in the state of Pará, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Since being removed from the Red List in April 2010 Paragominas has swapped infamy for fame, and has become widely renowned in Brazilian policy discourse and the public media as a successful example of controlling deforestation. In this study, we analyze the development of the Green Municipality or Município Verde (MV) project, a novel governance arrangement that brought together municipal, state, and federal government as well as local farmers Unions and Associations, and regionally active nongovernmental organizations. We identify key actors and institutions involved in the process, and try to better understand the preexisting conditions that set the groundwork for the MV initiative. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of this policy in controlling deforestation and achieving environmental compliance within different social groups.

Ce livre fait suite au Symposium "Innovation and Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Food" (ISDA) organisé par l'UMR Innovation à Montpellier (2010-06-28 - 2010-07-01); National audience; L'agriculture est aujourd'hui interpellée par la société, qui exige bien plus qu'une simple production alimentaire : aliments de qualité, services environnementaux, insertion de populations marginalisées, revitalisation des territoires ruraux, habitabilité des milieux urbains, développement de productions énergétiques… Cette ouverture des futurs agricoles incite les acteurs ruraux à expérimenter de nouveaux systèmes de production et valorisation, faisant ainsi preuve de créativité et d'obstination pour exister face aux modèles de développement dominants. Parallèlement, ces modèles dominants fondés sur la production de masse à moindre coût continuent à s'étendre, avec les promesses d'un futur basé sur les technologies vertes. Ces évolutions posent des questions. Quel type de développement durable les sociétés veulent-elles ? Comment choisir les innovations qui leur permettront d'y parvenir ? Quels rôles peuvent jouer la recherche et les politiques publiques pour favoriser l'émergence de ces innovations ? Au-delà de l'analyse des options techniques, cet ouvrage s'intéresse aux innovations sociales et institutionnelles. Il démontre que l'innovation est le résultat d'une confrontation entre des visions portées par des acteurs aux intérêts parfois divergents. Il n'y a pas de chemin unique vers un développement durable, il faut à la fois encourager l'émergence et la coexistence de différents modes d'agriculture et de systèmes alimentaires. Le succès ne dépendra pas uniquement de notre capacité à repenser les modèles existants mais également de notre volonté à nous engager dans un processus d'apprentissage dont nous sortirons forcément transformés.

Ce livre fait suite au Symposium "Innovation and Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Food" (ISDA) organisé par l'UMR Innovation à Montpellier (2010-06-28 - 2010-07-01); National audience

National audience; La notion de développement semble oblitérer, aujourd'hui, toute réflexion originale sur le futur du monde en mettant en avant les moyens (la croissance, la production de biens et de plus en plus la connaissance) et en oubliant les finalités qui pourraient être tout simplement l'idée de bonheur associé à la justice. Le projet de développement est devenu le principal mode de réflexion et d'action. Selon les initiateurs et les situations, le projet peut être un carcan, un outil du penser conforme et correct ou un outil de réflexion prospective pour répondre aux défis de l'innovation que pose le développement durable. La communication, à partir d'une analyse théorique (concept de modèle et projet), appliquée à deux expériences, une en France et une au Brésil, défend une conception du projet "questionnement", proche de la démarche scientifique. Les conclusions soulignent l'importance du renforcement de compétences dans des processus pédagogiques ouverts permettant des échanges de connaissances et de savoir-faire de l'ensemble des acteurs.

Le développement territorial durable requiert des innovations aussi bien techniques, que sociales et institutionnelles. Favoriser ces innovations est l'objectif des récentes démarches d'ingénierie territoriale qui adaptent les processus d'innovation développés en entreprise. Dans cet article, la pertinence de cette orientation est discutée en s'appuyant sur les enseignements d'une recherche-action, menée dans un territoire " fragilisé " : l' " Alto Sertão du Piauí et du Pernambouco ", dans le Nordeste brésilien. À partir de différents éléments des théories de l'innovation, nous analysons les résultats de cette expérimentation et nous en tirons quelques enseignements en termes de politiques publiques. Nous montrons notamment l'importance de la construction des compétences locales et du renforcement de la capacité d'innovation. Un autre point souligné est l'enjeu de l'institutionnalisation des dispositifs de gouvernance territoriale..

La mise en oeuvre de la décentralisation dans les politiques publiques au Brésil nécessite des besoins en outils et dispositifs de gouvernance territoriale mais aussi de nouvelles compétences des acteurs locaux pour s'inscrire dans ces nouveaux dispositifs. Notre communication se propose d'étudier la capacité des acteurs formés à l'UniCampo à mobiliser les connaissances acquises au profit du développement territorial. On s'appuiera plus particulièrement sur l'analyse : (i) des itinéraires des étudiants de l'UniCampo amenés à s'inscrire dans les dispositifs de gouvernance élargis et à s'impliquer dans des interactions fortement composites ; (ii) des modes d'insertion collective de ces acteurs dans l'environnement institutionnel local en termes de construction de légitimité et de capacité d'action au sein des forums existants, au travers de la création de nouvelles institutions locales générées par l'expérience de l'UniCampo (valeurs communes, associations des anciens). Ces deux axes permettent d'analyser les processus d'apprentissage nécessaires pour s'inscrire "efficacement " dans les dispositifs de gouvernance par la mobilisation de capital humain, capital social et capital institutionnel. En distinguant ces formes de capital, on peut mieux analyser leurs particularités de construction et leurs différents rôles dans le développement territorial, tout en abordant les interactions entre elles. En conclusion on montrera comment la mise en place d'une méthodologie de recherche-action bouleverse les modes d'insertion de élèves.

Literature often presents information as a key element of learning processes to enable innovation in development projects. Different learning theories formalize such processes, in which information is part of a dynamic cycle: actors construct new knowledge and develop competencies to then better use available information within ideal learning organizations or learning communities. But in practice, what are the factors which encourage such learning and innovative processes, in which information truly fosters innovation? Universidade Camponesa - UniCampo, aimed to develop the capacities of community leaders in a territory of the semi-arid region of Brazil. Information in such territories raises some particular issues. Often, social and economical information is the monopoly of traditional elites, who still politically dominate these regions. Adequate agronomic information, while available for productive zones, is non-existent for the selected region. Moreover, local knowledge retained by the local communities is often disdained by the banks and technical advisory services who impose their views. At UniCampo, a consultation of various stakeholder groups was held to discuss development models and suggest new ways for sharing information. Information adapted to the context was produced through research and experimentation, simultaneously reinforcing the actors' knowledge and skills. Thus empowered, the community leaders started asking to be informed about the development policies in the territory. Despite several limitations, the overall assessment of this experience shows that by enhancing the links between information systems, capacity building and governance systems, actors can learn to better mobilize and produce information and thus suggest innovative ways for the sustainable development of their territory.

Alors que la participation de la société civile aux politiques publiques devient l’objet de nombreuses études, la capacité réelle des acteurs à prendre part à ces processus est rarement abordée. A partir d’une expérience de formation originale, une Université Paysanne qui s’est déroulée dans le Nordeste du Brésil de 2003 à 2006, cette thèse propose de mener une réflexion sur la manière d’accompagner des acteurs pour qu’ils s’insèrent dans la gouvernance territoriale. Notre hypothèse centrale est que pour avoir un impact sur le développement territorial, un processus d’accompagnement doit se préoccuper de renforcer à la fois le capital humain, le capital social et le capital institutionnel des acteurs impliqués. Pour évaluer cette diversité d’apprentissages, nous avons été amenés à développer une méthodologie spécifique, combinant entretiens, diagramme d’évaluation des compétences, cartes cognitives des réseaux d’insertion et jeu de cartes des représentations du développement agricole. Ces différentes méthodes nous ont permis de mesurer de manière précise certains apprentissages réalisés. Les résultats ont été mis en perspective grâce à un suivi pendant près de deux ans des activités des étudiants et notamment des actions conduites par leur association. Nous montrons que les principes guidant la formation ont débouché sur une réelle co-construction de connaissances adaptées au territoire. Par ailleurs, les relations de proximité développées pendant la formation ont permis la constitution d’un réseau territorial d’acteurs variés partageant une vision commune pour le développement de leur territoire. Cependant, bien que l’association des étudiants ait émergé comme un acteur important du développement territorial, il serait nécessaire de réfléchir dans de futures formations à la manière de mieux renforcer le capital institutionnel des étudiants, notamment en développant les partenariats avec d’autres organisations du territoire., Although the participation of civil society in public policies has been frequently studied, the true capacity of actors to become involved in these processes has seldom been analyzed. Based on an original training experience, a Peasant University organized in the Nordeste of Brazil from 2003 to 2006, this thesis proposes to reflect upon the ways to help actors take part in governance processes. Our central hypothesis is that to have an impact on territorial development, a training process must develop simultaneously the actors’ human capital, social capital and institutional capital. To evaluate learning diversity, we built a specific methodology, combining interviews, diagrams to evaluate competencies, cognitive charts of the actors’ networks, and a card game dealing with the representations of agricultural development. A broader perspective on these results was made possible thanks to two years spent observing the students’ activities, particularly the actions carried out by their association. These various methods enabled us to measure certain aspects of what the students had earned. We show that the principles guiding the training led to a true knowledge co-construction, adapted to the territory. In addition, proximity relationships forged during the Peasant University allowed territorial networks to emerge, linking various actors sharing a common vision for the development of their territory. However, although the students’ association has become an important actor in territorial development, it would be necessary for future training programs to find better ways of reinforcing the students’ institutional capital, especially by developing partnerships with other organizations., Enquanto a participação da sociedade civil nas políticas públicas torna-se o objeto de numerosos estudos, a capacidade real dos atores de participar destes processos é raramente abordada. A partir de uma experiência de formação original, uma Universidade Camponesa que se desenrolou no Nordeste do Brasil de 2003 a 2006, esta tese propõe efetuar uma reflexão sobre a maneira de acompanhar atores para inserir-lhes na governança territorial. A nossa hipótese central é que para ter um impacto no desenvolvimento territorial, um processo de acompanhamento deve se preocupar em reforçar ao mesmo tempo o capital humano, o capital social e o capital institucional dos atores implicados. Para avaliar esta diversidade de aprendizagens, desenvolvemos uma metodologia específica, combinando entrevistas, diagrama de avaliação das competências, mapas cognitivos das redes de inserção e um jogo de cartas sobre as representações do desenvolvimento agrícola. Estes diferentes métodos nos permitiram medir de maneira precisa as aprendizagens realizadas. Uma perspectiva mais larga sobre esses resultados foi trazida graças a um acompanhamento durante quase dois anos das atividades dos alunos e assim como as ações conduzidas pela sua associação. Mostramos que os princípios que guiam a formação permitiram uma real co-construção de conhecimentos adaptados ao território. Além disso, as relações de proximidade desenvolvidas durante a formação permitiram a constituição de uma rede territorial de atores variados que compartilham uma visão comum para o desenvolvimento do seu território. Contudo, embora a associação dos alunos emergisse como um ator importante do desenvolvimento territorial, seria necessário refletir sobre futuras formações de maneira à melhor reforçar o capital institucional dos alunos, sobretudo desenvolvendo as parcerias com outras organizações do território.

Plus que jamais, l'agriculture se trouve confrontée à de redoutables enjeux: l'augmentation de la population, la sécurité alimentaire, la compétition pour l'usage des terres qui est accentuée par la production de bioénergies, la raréfaction de l'eau, la réduction de la biodiversité... L'adaptation de l'agriculture aux changements climatiques devient de plus en plus critique. Enfin, le contexte économique également évolue de manière erratique à l'exemple de ces derniers temps. Face à ces enjeux, trois principaux défis peuvent être relevés en plaçant l'innovation comme le fondement du progrès : le défi des connaissances de base, le défi de l'approche intégrée et le défi de la transdisciplinarité. Tout d'abord, afin de diversifier les cultures pour faire face à l'instabilité des systèmes agricoles, les bases génétiques des principales cultures doivent être élargies. Cela suppose aussi de développer les capacités de diagnostic et de connaître finement la diversité des ressources génétiques. Il faut de plus développer de façon urgente toute pratique pouvant préserver l'eau et les sols.Quant au défi de l'approche intégrée, il suppose de développer de nouveaux systèmes de culture alliant progressivement les pratiques agronomiques alternatives à celles utilisées aujourd'hui, avec un effort particulier pour la conception de pratiques agronomiques adaptées aux exploitations agricoles de petite taille et à la production diversifiée. Enfin, la complexité de ces enjeux souligne l'importance de l'implication de toutes les parties prenantes, le plus tôt possible, afin d'élaborer une vision commune et de définir des stratégies partagées par tous. Étant donné que les petites exploitations agricoles sont un enjeu stratégique pour le développement agricole mondial, des approches transdisciplinaires combinant les sciences biotechniques, l'économie et les sciences sociales sont essentielles. La mise en place de programmes internationaux, transdisciplinaires et ouverts impliquant les SNRA, les centres GCRAI et le secteur privé semble être incontournable. Partout les innovations sont nécessaires, de la plante jusqu'aux champs, de l'animal aux troupeaux, à leur ferme, des fermes aux régions. Elles concernent aussi bien la biotechnologie, que l'agronomie, l'organisation des agriculteurs et la politique macro-économique.

Cette communication propose une réflexion sur la manière dont des formations peuvent contribuer au développement territorial. Les deux formations que nous proposons d'analyser ont été conçues sur le même "modèle". Elles souhaitaient développer les capacités d'adaptation des populations locales, dans des logiques "d'empowerment". Respectant la charte d'Université Paysanne, ensemble de principes pédagogiques et éthiques inspirés de Paolo Freire, elles ont été toutes deux mises en place dans des territoires du semi-aride brésilien, en lien avec des politiques de développement territorial: l'une dans le Cariri dans l'Etat de la Paraiba (Projet Unicampo), l'autre dans le territoire du Alto Sertão Pernambouco et Piaui (Formations d'Agents de Développement Durable - ADS). Comme les contextes territoriaux et la manière de faire vivre les principes initiaux ont été différents, iI était intéressant de comparer les dynamiques spécifiques apparues afin de dégager des pistes de réflexion sur la contribution de formations au développement territorial. En nous appuyant sur une évaluation comparative, utilisant un diagramme multibranche, nous discutons des éléments qui déterminent la capacité de la formation à influencer les dynamiques territoriales: la diversité des acteurs, la problématisation et l'insertion de la formation dans le territoire.

Cette communication propose une réflexion sur la manière dont des formations peuvent contribuer à renforcer les capacités nécessaires dans le cadre d'un développement territorial. Ces capacités sont diverses, et renforcer simultanément le capital humain, social et institutionnel des acteurs constitue un véritable défi pour une formation. En nous appuyant sur deux expériences d'Université Paysanne, nous discuterons des éléments qui déterminent la capacité de la formation à influencer les dynamiques territoriales : la diversité des acteurs, la problématisation et l'insertion de la formation dans le territoire. Nous soulignerons en particulier l'importance de lier les dispositifs de formation aux dispositifs de gouvernance territoriale pour permettre aux acteurs d'exercer pleinement les nouvelles compétences acquises au bénéfice du développement territorial.

Alors que la participation d'acteurs aux politiques publiques devient l'objet de nombreuses études, l'accent est souvent mis sur la légitimité des acteurs, le type de structure de concertation, et les rapports sociaux en jeu (Bacqué et al., 2005) mais la capacité des acteurs à participer à ces processus est moins souvent abordée, alors qu'il s'agit d'un aspect fondamental de la gouvernance (Rey-Valette, 2006). Le Brésil, en décidant de développer des forums de développement durable dans des territoires pilotes, est confronté au défi de la participation (Perico et Ribero, 2005). Pour permettre la réelle insertion des acteurs à la gouvernance territoriale, il est nécessaire d'encourager leur "empowerment". Mais au-delà des mots, comment y arriver ? Des formations se sont mise en place, mais à une échelle locale. Une expérience, nommée Université Paysanne, a proposé un processus de formation au niveau d'un territoire, le Cariri de la Paraiba, dans le Nordeste du Brésil, avec l'objectif de permettre aux acteurs de développer leurs propres projets et de s'impliquer dans les politiques publiques.du territoire (Caniello et Tonneau, 2006). Nous nous appuierons sur cet exemple pour voir comment cette formation a permis aux acteurs de s' insérer dans la gouvernance de leur territoire. En nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique s'inspirant d'Argyris et Schon (1996), nous analyserons les différents apprentissages des acteurs, comment ces apprentissages modifient les rapports des acteurs au territoire, et les facteurs ayant déterminé ces apprentissages pendant la formation. Cette réflexion permet d'envisager une amélioration de la formation pour permettre de mieux accompagner les acteurs à s'insérer dans la gouvernance du territoire.

Le Cairi est une zone semi-aride au Nordeste du Brésil où l'agriculture est soumise aux risques climatiques et vit une grave crise de compétitivité de ses productions. Certains auteurs parlent d'économie sans production.

International audience; This special issue is based on some results of Multagri, a European research project. Multiplicity of conceptions and works on multifunctionality was the starting point of the project. Different research projects were already under way to try to clarify the concepts of multifunctionality, but none at the European level. The idea was to extend resarch to this level so as to have a larger base to compare conceptions from one country to another, from one discipline to another. In summary, Multagri evaluated the state-of-the-art of existing and ongoing research and formulated, on the basis of these, a future research agenda.