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Postpartum infection of the uterus by pathogenic bacteria is exacerbated due to a lack of sufficient epidemiological studies and evidence-based therapeutics. Therefore, this study was planned to find the prevalence, risk factors, and drug-resistance profile of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from bovine endometritis and to evaluate the antibacterial potential of sodium alginate-based antibiotics and nanoparticles. The study revealed 34.21% S. aureus and 31.57% E. coli, whereas most of the assumed risk factors presented significant association in this study. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against fusidic acid (60%) and cefoxitin (50%), while the highest resistance in E. coli was found against fusidic acid (60%), gentamicin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and cefoxitin (50%). Tylosin coupled with MgO nanoparticles stabilized in sodium alginate gel (Tylo + MgO + gel) presented significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, showing 13.88 ± 4.51 µg/mL after 24 h incubation. On the other hand, gel-based preparations showed MIC as 31.25 ± 0 µg/mL (Tylo + gel + MgO) and 26.04 ± 9.02 µg/mL (Tylo + Gel) against S. aureus. Generally, the MICs of non-gel-based preparations were significantly higher against bacteria except ampicillin against S. aureus in this study. The toxicity analysis of MgO nanoparticles presented 20–80% mortality of snails against a wider range of 0.01 mg/mL–10 mg/mL. The histopathological parameters concluded MgO nanoparticles safe to use on off targets. The current study thus concludes the rise in antimicrobial resistance while the gel-based products appearing as effective antimicrobials with sufficient safety margins for off-targets. The study thus invites further investigation for the development of suitable and affordable modified therapeutics for better health and production of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymicrobial mastitis is now becoming very common in dairy animals, resulting in exaggerated resistance to multiple antibiotics. The current study was executed to find drug responses in individual and mixed Culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial potential of tungsten oxide nanoparticles. These isolates (alone and in mixed culture) were further processed for their responses to antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. On the other hand, tungsten oxide WO3 (W) nanoparticles coupled with antibiotics (ampicillin, A, and oxytetracycline, O) were prepared through the chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible techniques. The preparations consisting of nanoparticles alone (W) and coupled with ampicillin (WA) and oxytetracycline (WO) were tested against individual and mixed Culture through the well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The findings of the current study showed the highest resistance in E. coli was against penicillin (60%) and ampicillin (50%), while amikacin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline were the most effective antibiotics. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against penicillin (50%), oxytetracycline (40%), and ciprofloxacin (40%), while, except for ampicillin, the sensitive strains of S. aureus were in the range of 40–60% against the rest of antibiotics. The highest zones of inhibition (ZOI) against mixed Culture were shown by imipenem and ampicillin, whereas the highest percentage decrease in ZOI was noted in cases of ciprofloxacin (−240%) and gentamicin (−119.4%) in comparison to individual Culture of S. aureus and E. coli. It was noteworthy that the increase in ZOI was not more than 38% against mixed Culture as compared to the individual Culture. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics compared to nanoparticles alone for individual and mixed-culture bacteria, while MICs in the case of mixed Culture remained consistently high throughout the trial. This study therefore concluded that diverse drug resistance was present in both individual and mixed-culture bacteria, whereas the application of tungsten oxide nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics proved to be an effective candidate in reversing the drug resistance in bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the assessment of the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples and the revealing anti-mastitis potential of phytocompounds of Ziziphus jujube and Acacia nilotica through molecular docking analysis. The mastitis milk samples were collected from various dairy farms for the isolation of the bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) and their response to antibiotics. Ethanolic extracts of both plants were prepared. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated, and they were processed for phytochemical analysis after which, molecular docking analysis with pathogenic proteins of the bacteria was carried out. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were performed to reach the conclusions of this study. The findings of the study revealed a higher drug resistance (≥40%) of E. coli against ampicillin, amikacin, and vancomycin, while S. aureus exhibited the highest resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin. The ethanolic extracts of the Ziziphus jujube and Acacia nilotica plants produced a ZOI between 18 and 23 mm against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC–MS) was used to explore 15 phytocompounds from Ziziphus jujube and 18 phytocompounds from Acacia nilotica. The molecular docking analysis of 2cyclopenten−1-one,3,4,4 trimethyl and Bis (2ethylhexyl) phthalate of Ziziphus jujube showed a binding affinity of −4.8 kcal/mol and −5.3 kcal/mol and −5.9 kcal/mol and −7.1 kcal/mol against the DNA Gyrase and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 proteins of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The suberic acid monomethyl ester of Acacia nilotica showed a binding affinity of −5.9 kcal/mol and −5 kcal/mol against the outer membrane protein A and Topoisomerase IV protein of E. coli and −5.1 kcal/mol and −5.8 kcal/mol against the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and Enterotoxin B proteins of S. aureus. Similarly, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol di-iso-butyrate showed a binding affinity of −6.5 kcal/mol and −5.3 kcal/mol against the outer membrane protein A and Topoisomerase IV of E. coli and −5.2 kcal/mol and −5.9 kcal/mol against the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and Enterotoxin B proteins of S. aureus, respectively. The study concluded that there was an increasing trend for the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus and E. coli, while the Ziziphus jujube and Acacia nilotica plant extracts expressed significant affinity to tackle this resistance; hence, this calls for the development of novel evidence-based therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of mastitis and its treatment varies based on type and number of pathogens involved. The studies on therapeutics are thus needed for mixed culture in addition to single bacterial etiology. The current study was aimed to find prevalence and drug susceptibility of single and mixed culture of E. coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae against non-beta lactam antibiotics. Total n=200 milk samples from dairy animals were collected and processed for subclinical mastitis and subsequently put to isolation of selected bacteria. A total of n=6 non-beta lactam antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and gentamicin) were tested against E. coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae alone, double, triple and tetra combinations using disc diffusion method. Highest prevalence of single bacterial mastitis was observed in case of E. coli while for mixed infection both E. coli plus S. aureus stood at the top. The mixed culture of S. aureus with others in double combination showed higher zones than that of the single against clindamycin. Similarly, E. coli in double and triple combination showed higher sensitivity responses against levofloxacin. Vancomycin showed least efficacy against most of the double, triple and tetra combinations compared to that of single bacteria. Gentamicin on the other hand remained comparatively effective against single and mixed cultures of bacteria. The study thus concluded highly unpredictable responses of bacteria when tested in combination compared to the one used alone which invites further trials to be conducted on underlying complex mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated three types of total six preparations against multidrug resistant E. coli i) three antibiotic coated ZnO nanoparticles (gentamicin coated nanoparticle-GNp; chloramphenicol coated nanoparticles-CNp; and both gentamicin & chloramphenicol coated nanoparticle-GCNp), ii) ZnO nanoparticle alone-Np, and iii) two antibiotics used in single (Gentamicin-G; and Chloramphenicol-C). A total of n = 200 sub-clinically positive mastitic milk samples of bovine origin were processed for isolation of MDR E. coli using microbiological and clinical laboratory & standard institute's protocols. ZnO Nps were prepared from zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn (CH 3 COO) 2. 2H 2 O), polyethylene glycol (C 2n H 4n+2 O n+1), and urea (CH₄N₂O) by standard chemical protocol. Nps were characterized by XRD and STEM analyses while coating of antibiotics on Nps was confirmed by UV–Visible spectrophotometric analysis. Analysis of variance and student t- test were applied at 5% probability using SPSS version 22 statistical software for inferences on obtained data. There was significantly (p < 0.05) lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and highest zone of inhibitions (ZOIs) in case of GCNp (10.42 ± 4.51 μg/mL & 22.00 ± 1.00 mm) followed by GNp (20.79 ± 8.95 μg/mL & 20.00 ± 1.00 mm) and then CNp (25.96 ± 8.95 μg/mL & 12.33 ± 0.57 mm). Percentage increase in ZOI were expressed as 135.8, 78.43, and 312.76% by GCNp when compared with that of G, C, and Np, respectively. GNp and CNp coated preparations exhibited 114.36 and 275.73% increase in ZOI than to that of G and C, respectively. Similar trend was found in percentage reduction of MICs of preparations. Highest filamentation, indicator of bacterial damage, of E. coli was noted at MIC of GCNp followed by GNp and CNp. The study concluded antibiotic coated ZnO nanoparticles significant candidates modulating antibiotic resistance in MDR E. coli. • Multidrug resistant E. coli is becoming superbug • Nanoparticles are alternative antibacterial candidates. • Antibiotics coating on Zinc Oxide nanoparticle modulated resistance of MDR E. coli. • Coated preparation were significant antibacterial candidates than to their single use. • Filamentation was higher at lowest concentration of antibiotic coated nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials containing tungsten (TNMs), characterized by diverse nanostructures had been extensively used in biomedical sector. Despite numerous reports focusing on TNM applications in specific biomedical areas, there is a noticeable absence of comprehensive studies that focused on detailed characterization of nanomaterials along with their biological applications. The present work described the structural, morphological, and antimicrobial properties of tungsten oxide (WO 3) nanoparticles coated by antibiotics (nanobiotics), and their application on single and mixed bacterial culture. The nanobiotics included in this study were WO 3 coated with ampicillin (W+A), WO 3 coated with penicillin (P+W), and WO 3 coated with ciprofloxacin (C+W). Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Rrman spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to characterize synthesized nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration of C+W nanobiotic against S. aureus , E. coli , and mixed culture (S. aureus + E. coli) was lower than that of P+W and A+W. The impact of incubation period showed significant differences for each of nanobiotic against S. aureus , E. coli , and mixed culture. However, there were also non-significant differences among incubation periods for antibacterial activity of nanobiotics. It was pertinent to note that percentage variation in susceptibility of S. aureus with respect to mixed culture remained higher as compared to E. coli, indicating it stronger candidate imposing resistance. This paper thus suggested the strategy of coating of antibiotics with with WO 3 nanoparticles as an ideal combination for resistance modulation against single and mixed culture bacteria. [Display omitted] • Tungsten oxide nanoparticles successfully coupled with antibiotics. • Nanoparticles coupled antibiotics revealed appealing characteristics. • Ciprofloxacin coupling proved to be significant antibacterial compared to others. • S. aureus showed highest sensitivity compared to E. coli & mixed culture infection. • E. coli showed higher resistance than to S. aureus in mixed culture infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-intensive dairy systems are prevailing in tropical and subtropical countries that need to be probed for public health concern pathogens. The current study was designed to map trends in prevalence of dairy-originated E. coli, associated risk factors, and altering in-vitro drug susceptibility patterns. A total of n=200 subclinical mastitis milk samples were intended to be collected using purposive sampling method from semi-intensive dairy systems for which n=764 dairy animals (n=440 buffaloes, n=324 cattle) were screened. Standard biochemical and microbiological methods coupled with polymerase chain reaction (23sRNA) were applied to identify E. coli from subclinical milk samples. The study, overall, found a 26.18% (200/764) prevalence of subclinical mastitis and 13.50% (27/200) E. coli from subclinical samples. Among assumed risk factors, lack of use of teat dip (OR=8.26, C.I. = 2.73-24.91), higher age groups (OR=17.87, C.I. = 4.42-72.16), parity number >3 (OR=3.68, C.I. = 1.59-8.49), underweight animals (OR=2.89, C.I. = 1.11-7.53), and mid-lactation (OR=14.94, C.I. = 3.04-73.24) were dominant potential risk factors for E. coli infection. Antibiogram showed 42.86 and 21.43% of E. coli isolates resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate and oxytetracycline, respectively. It was noted that more than 40% (42.86, 60.87, 57.89, 66.86, and 67.86%) of E. coli fall in intermediate susceptible cadre against 62.5% of tested antibiotics. In conclusion, increasing percentages of E. coli, higher number of potential risk factors, and antibiotic susceptibility inclining towards resistance demands stern compliance in anticipated time to avoid any grave situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing gets difficult due to antibiotic resistance and requires prolong therapy. Current study was planned to check antibacterial potential of raw turmeric, nano-turmeric, and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against multiple drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli isolated from animal wounds. Wound samples (n=150) were collected from different animals. Isolation and confirmation of S. aureus and E. coli was done by microbiological techniques and biochemical tests. Confirmed isolates were subjected to number of antibiotics for MDR S. aureus and E. coli. Drug modulation of MDR isolates were done by NT, RT, and NSAIDs in combination with antibiotics using well diffusion method. The data were analyzed by non-probability testing at 5% probability using SPSS statistical computer program. Study found 20.7 and 28.7% of MDR E. coli and S. aureus from animal wounds, respectively. MDR S. aureus were found 27.40, 33.30, and 100% sensitive while MDR E. coli were found 12.50, 62.50, and 75.00% against oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxozole, respectively. Nano curcumin showed higher antibacterial activity against MDR S. aureus and E. coli in comparison with raw curcumin. NSAIDs in combination with antibiotic also showed synergistic effect in inhibition of bacterial growth. Among the assumed risk factors external parasites, body condition and antibiotic use showed significant association. The study found higher prevalence of MDR S. aureus and E. coli from wounds with significant association of assumed risk factors, along with promising antibacterial effects of nano curcumin, raw curcumin, and NSAIDs in combination with antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]