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To identify the effect of normal breathlessness sensation elicited during intense intermittent exercise at exhaustion on limitation of exercise maintenance (Ex), the contribution of the flow-resistive unloading effect of normoxic helium-oxygen breathing on the breathlessness sensation to the change in the Ex was examined. Seven men repeatedly performed 12-s exercise at 160% maximal aerobic power output followed by passive recovery for 18-s under normal (CON) and unloaded (UL) breathing conditions until exhaustion. In UL, Ex was enhanced [mean (SD) 127.2 (11.8)% CON] concomitantly with reduction in averaged peak inhaled mouth pressure (PPmi) of recorded breathing cycles that reflected approximate true inspiratory muscle force output. At the iso-time point of CON exhaustion, the reduction in PPmi to [75.7(10.2)% CON] in UL was concomitant with the reductions in the rating of perceived breathlessness (RPB) [87.5 (13.1)% CON] and in the slope of time course for RPB (RPB/2-min period) [82.1 (17.2)% CON]. It was also concomitant with increases in ventilation and total oxygen consumption. However, the augmented oxygen consumption did not result in lowering of subjects' metabolic stress that was indicated by accumulations of blood lactate and plasma ammonia and uric acid. Nevertheless, the reductions in the RPB and RPB/2-min period, which reflected the breathlessness intensity, were correlated to the CON Ex enhancement in UL (RPB r=-0.57, RPB/2-min period r=-0.83; P<0.05). These findings implied that the normal noxious breathlessness sensation elicited during intense intermittent exercise at exhaustion might contribute to the limitation of subjects' exercise maintenance.

To identify the reserve of an individual's tolerance of the sensation of breathlessness and metabolic stress in maintaining intense intermittent exercise at exhaustion under conditions of normal breathing, the contribution of the effect of modest inspiratory load on these two responses to the change in the exercise sustainability (Ex(sus)) were examined. Seven men repeatedly performed 12 s exercise at 160% maximal aerobic power output followed by passive recovery for 18 s under normal and ventilatory muscle loaded (VML) breathing conditions until exhaustion. In the VML trial, ventilatory muscle work at exhaustion was double that of the normal control. The control Ex(sus) was reduced [mean (SEM)] [31.7 (6.6)%] while the slope of the time course for the rating of the perceived magnitude of breathing effort (RPMBE/Time), which reflected the intensity of breathlessness, was increased [164.8 (32.2)%] from control and the RPMBE at exhaustion was higher than corresponding control value [144.4 (21.8)%]. Moreover, increases in plasma ammonia and uric acid concentrations, which indicated metabolic stress, were increased [168.1 (28.0)% and 251.7 (57.4)%, respectively], with no change in total oxygen uptake from control when the control exercise was repeated with an identical duration of VML exercise. It was found that the reduction in Ex(sus) in the VML trial was correlated to the increase in their sensations of the intensity of breathlessness (RPMBE/Time: r=0.81; RPMBE at exhaustion: r=0.97, P<0.05). The reduction in Ex(sus), however, was not correlated to the increase in metabolite concentrations. These findings implied that there was no substantial reserve of tolerance of the sensation of breathlessness relative to that of metabolic stress in subjects maintaining intense intermittent exercise at exhaustion under normal conditions of breathing.

The article presents a study which examined the effects of acute and chronic inspiratory muscle loading on an exercise program designed to increase tolerance towards high-intensity running. Information on the exercise intervals of test subjects is presented. Results suggest that chronic and acute inspiratory muscle loading can be beneficial as a training strategy to increase tolerance to high-intensity running.