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INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that includes central obesity, hypertension, elevated fasting glucose, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglyceride (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III [NCEP ATP III]). It is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Regardless of the existing controversies in diagnosis and definition, the metabolic syndrome is still considered to be a useful diagnostic tool in primary care prevention. A very few studies have been done in this topic in Gujarat, most of the data are from western population. So, no useful data is available regarding association of various parameters of metabolic syndrome particularly in our setup and area. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study clinical profile of metabolic syndrome and its individual components in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. We also want to compare the distribution of metabolic syndrome by using the different criteria (ATP-III and IDF), compare the association of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to compare the distribution of metabolic syndrome with hyperglycaemia and establishing its strong association with Type 2 DM by comparing them with non-diabetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we include the patients with T2DM with age >20 years and should be on treatment. We exclude the patient with T2DM age < 20 years, pregnant women, patient on long term steroid therapy, patient with severe complications, moribund patients and patient refusal. We took Waist Circumference Measurements, Blood Pressure Measurement and biochemical tests. DISCUSSION: Present study highlights the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in two different group, diabetic and non-diabetic. It is evident from the study that diabetic patients have higher prevalence of Mets than normal people. It is also concluded that hypertension, hyperlipidemia and central obesity are also closely related with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: In this study, we have completed our data in our hospital with limited number of patients. When we are calculating the prevalence, larger sample size is recommended. So, we can apply the same for generalized population. Same like diabetic patients, we can also compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients by dividing the study population into both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid dysfunction is a disorder of the thyroid gland which manifests either as hyper - or hypothyroidism and is reflected in the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is the commonest endocrine disorder and leading cause of morbidity worldwide. These two most common endocrine disorders encountered in clinical practice have been shown to mutually influence each other, and association between both the conditions has long been reported. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: 100 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were examined for thyroid dysfunction. A detailed history was taken regarding presenting symptoms, duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and clinical course of disease. A family history was taken with special reference to type 2 diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities. BMI was calculated to diagnose obesity. A thorough clinical examination was done. Ophthalmic examination was done to diagnose retinopathy and cataract. Detailed blood investigations were done including serum TSH, free T3 and free T4. Results: Males were more affected with diabetes than females and occurrence of thyroid dysfunction was found more common in females with Type 2 DM in our study. Hypothyroidism was most common type of thyroid dysfunction with affected age group was 51-60 years. DM and thyroid dysfunction were more common in overweight patients. Thyroid dysfunction in type 2 DM was seen more commonly with higher levels of HBA1C. Dyslipidemia was more in patients of diabetes with thyroid dysfunction. Patients taking insulin had more incidence of hypothyroidism than patients on OHA. Diabetes related microvascular complications increase the risk for thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction prevalence is very high in patients with diabetes. Patients with diabetes having microvascular complications are more affected with thyroid diseases. Dyslipidemia is also common in DM with thyroid diseases. So thyroid function test must be done on regular basis in each and every patient of DM 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is growing evidence that high homocysteine level contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. High hohmocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, although there are few studies that show no increase in risk, and there is still debate as to the strength and validity of the association. This study has been undertaken to correlate the serum homocysteine level in patients of cerebrovascular accident. Materials and methods: This study comprised of 100 patients of cerebrovascular accident admitted with acute onset of neurological deficit which are radiologically diagnosed. The diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident was made on the basis of history and clinical examination. We did CBC with ESR, renal function test, liver function test, serum homocysteine level, RBS, Fasting lipid profile, vitamin B12, urine routine analysis, HIV, CT scan Brain/MRI Brain, ECG, 2D ECHO, Carotid Doppler if required, ANA / RA factor and any specific investigation if indicated. Results: Highest no of patients were in 5th and 6th decades of life with highest mean serum homocysteine level. Males were more affected with CVA than females and the mean serum homocysteine level was also higher in males. Urban population has higher homocysteine level than rural. Most common presenting symptom of CVA in the present study was hemiplegia. Convulsion was more associated with hemorrhagic CVA rather than ischemic CVA. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for CVA. The mean homocysteine was higher in vegetarian population. Out of 72 patients having raised S. homocysteine level, 38 patients had vitamin B12 deficiency. Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for CVA. Urban lifestyle is associated with higher incidence of CVA and higher homocysteine level. Homocysteine estimation should be included as a routine laboratory test for persons with cerebrovascular risk factors. Plasma vitamin B12 concentration is inversely associated with s. homocysteine concentration. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia with vitamin B12 supplements will reduce homocysteine level and ultimately reduce risk of CVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]