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This article presents a complex set of research activities related to the sorption analysis of the process of dyeing acrylic fibers with cationic dyes to clarify the complex events during the adsorption of dye molecules for fibers and their diffusion into the interior. Typical acrylic fibers were used for dyeing with cationic blue dye. The fiber samples were dyed in a constant bath, the initial dye concentration and dyeing time were varied. The results reveal that the degree of dye exhaustion on acrylic increases as the initial concentration of dye increases. A longer time carries a higher degree of exhaustion, the same happens with the amount of adsorbed dye per unit mass of the acrylic. Isothermal linear modeling of the dyeing process gives results according to which the Langmuir model best covers the experimental points, thus confirming the existence of monolayer dye adsorption, with a uniform distribution of adsorption heat and affinity over the homogeneous fiber surface. The Freundlich and Hill–de Boer isotherm models give somewhat weaker results for the interpretation of equilibrium acrylic dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigated different dyeing conditions for a cross bobbin acrylic cotton blend yarn, with the aim of identifying, through the bleaching of cotton fiber. Interference from the addition of softener regarding the tone difference across the bobbin, especially the inner end, was also studied. With these dyes, the concentration profiles of the basic dye and the reactive dye were determined and it was found that the dyeing of acrylic fibers is governed by pseudo-first order kinetics while dyeing cotton fibers fits well with pseudo-first and second order kinetics. For the dyeing of acrylic fibers, the direction of bath circulation did not affect the intensity of thread color. The best results for color intensity were obtained with mercerized yarn bobbins. There was a trend toward higher color intensity at the inner end of the bobbin when softener was added. This occurred due to the higher flow velocity inside the bobbin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two ester-containing cationic gemini surfactants (esterquat and betainester types) and one stable cationic gemini surfactant with the same spacer length between the two quaternary head groups were investigated as retarding agents in acrylic dyeing with a cationic dye. The effects of surfactant concentration, time, and temperature were studied on cationic dye adsorption onto acrylic fibers. The results indicated that the presence of ester bond in alkyl tails of cationic gemini surfactants has an important role on the retarding action of dyeing process and it reduces the blocking effect. The dye adsorption kinetic at various surfactant concentrations and temperatures was studied by using different empirical models. The cationic dye adsorption on acrylic fiber showed a very good correlation with the modified Cegarra-Puente empirical model. According to the obtained activation energy values, the dye diffusion into the fiber depends significantly on the chemical structure of the used gemini cationic surfactants and their concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Amplify knowledge about plasma-treated surface modifications with dyestuff molecule. [•] Acrylic fiber surface modification by corona plasma treatment. [•] Plasma main effects: ablation, plasma-migration, functionalization of the surface. [•] Study of the kinetics of the dyeing process of acrylic fiber under T g temperature. [•] Initial rate of dyeing and dyestuff exhaustion increased by plasma treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A number of dyed acrylic and acetate fibre samples were examined with plane polarized light on their dichroic behavior by optical light microscopy (OLM) and microspectrophotometry with plane polarized light (MSP-PPL). It was found that most of these low birefringent fibres possess weak dichroic effects that are very hard to observe with microscopy. However, using MSP-PPL, the linear dichroism could be measured. A comparison between the dichroic effects found for the same disperse dyes on triacetate (TrAc), diacetate (Ac), polyester (PES) and polyamide (PA) shows that the linear dichroism follows the order: PA>PES >>TrAc, Ac. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The correlation between chemical structures and coloration behaviors of universal dyes based on single and double naphthalene rings was investigated from the aspect of supra-chemistry. When applied to acrylic fibers, double naphthalene ring dye exhibits low exhaustion value due to the stereoscopic shielding effect on adjacent anionic dyeing sites imposed by the bulky dye molecules. The stereoscopic structure of dye molecules shows insignificant effect on exhaustion values to polyester. Double naphthalene ring dye has good exhaustion value to cotton, which can be explained in terms of good substantivity and low fraction of -SO3Na in molecules. When applied to wool and silk, dye molecules with good planarity aid the absorption of dye molecules to fiber and the consequent nucleophilic addition, giving rise to good exhaustion values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The dyeing of acrylic fabrics using C.I. Astrazon Basic Red 5BL 200% has been studied with both conventional and ultrasonic techniques. The effect of dye concentration, dye bath pH, ultrasonic power, dyeing time and temperature were studied and the resulting shades obtained by dyeing with both techniques were compared. Colour strength values obtained were found to be higher with ultrasonic than with conventional heating. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were studied. X-ray and Scanning Electron Microscope SEM were carried out on dyed samples using both methods of dyeing to find out an explanation for the better dyeability of acrylic fabrics with (US) method. Dyeing kinetics of acrylic fabrics using C.I. Astrazon Basic Red 5BL 200% using conventional and ultrasonic conditions were compared. The time/dye-uptake isotherms are revealing the enhanced dye-uptake in the second phase of dyeing. The values of dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and standard affinity and ultrasonic efficiency have been calculated and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study that suggested a dynamic method of determining the variation of both refractive index and transverse sectional area of regular and/or irregular fibers at the dynamic cold drawing process. It determined the optical and geometrical properties of acrylic fibers with denier 2 and polypropylene fibers for the textile and dying industries. It used the one-dimension optical Fourier transform for the automatic analysis of microinterferograms.

The paper presents a class of new cationic dye derivatives from compact condensed system 2-aminothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine. These dyes were purified and analysed by physical–chemical methods (TLC, HPLC, vis, IR, NMR, melting point, elemental analysis) for the identification of their chemical structures. Also, the conditions of dyeing process and tinctorial tests for the cationic dyes were studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The essential question of the paper ‘Can the predicted sensitivity to random and/or proportional dye concentration errors assist in selecting the most repeatable recipes?’ was investigated using the laboratory dyeing of acrylic fabric with basic dyes. When the dye strength errors were not involved, the biggest scattering of the recipe colour in repeated dyeings was observed in the cases of light neutral target colours, where the predicted sensitivity to random concentration errors was also the highest. For a few low-saturated targets, eight recipes with different predicted sensitivities to random errors were treated. In six cases out of the seven treated, those recipes less sensitive to random concentration errors generally performed better than the more sensitive ones, but the correlation was rather weak. For those cases when the dye strength errors were included, experiments were also carried out with several different recipes for a neutral medium-lightness target colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti‐mite acrylic fiber is a new type of functional fiber which incorporates a small amount of anti‐mite agent. Basic dye can be used in the dyeing of the functional acrylic fiber. Compared with the dyeing properties of conventional fibers, the dyeing properties of the functional acrylic fiber have new characteristics such as different dyeing temperature, time, amount of leveling agent and pH level due to the rough surface and larger size of micro‐channels in the functional fiber structure that helps basic dye molecules to diffuse into the fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A regularity of the predicted sensitivities to random and proportional dye concentration errors in regard to the position of target colour has been observed for the case of dyeing acrylic with basic dyes The sensitivity of the recipe colour to random dye concentration errors is highest for light neutral target colours and is almost negligible for dark shade recipes Recipes for less saturated targets are slightly more sensitive than recipes for more saturated targets of equal lightness The span of the sensitivities to weighing error of the recipes matching a given target varies with the position of the target in colour space. By contrast, the sensitivity of recipes to dye strength error is the highest at medium to low lightness for neutral and near neutral target shades The span of sensitivities of the recipes for any such particular target is broad, with some having low sensitivity to strength errors. Recipes for the target colours at the 'lighter' part of the gamut border were the least sensitive to strength errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dyeing of acrylic fibre with Cl Basic Blue 47 has been investigated using an ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether as an auxiliary in order to perform the reverse micellar system in supercritical carbon dioxide media. The basic dye was satisfactorily solubilised in the interior of the reverse micelle in the system, and dyeability in the supercritical carbon dioxide media was excellent, even in the absence of a retardant and/or an acid. The optimum proton-rich condition for dyeing of acrylic fabric is performed in reverse micelle aggregates and the proton-rich water pool is suitable for dye uptake by the fibre even without the presence of additives. Changes in glass transition temperature of acrylic fibre in the carbon dioxide media also influence the dyeing behaviour of acrylic fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylic fabrics have been treated with sulphuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids and the treated fabrics dyed with a cationic dye at 80 °C for various times. The pretreatments were found to improve dyeability with this type of dye, and the fastness properties were also improved. The effect on nitrogen and carboxylic content, moisture regain, shrinkage, tensile strength and elongation have also been studied. Infrared spectra have been used to suggest the structural changes in the treated acrylic fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

17 male subjects are described with foot dermatitis in association with positive patch test reactions to the textile dye Basic Red 46. Chromatographic analysis of the socks of 2 affected patients confirmed the presence of Basic Red 46. Withdrawal of the acrylic blend socks suspected of having been dyed with Basic Red 46 resulted in the improvement of symptoms in 12 of 17 patients (70.6%). However, equivocal or negative patch test results to their own socks were frequently noted in those patients. A highly significant association between the presence of foot dermatitis and a positive Basic Red 46 patch test reaction was noted in 555 patients from a patch test clinic population ( P < 0.001). The prevalence of positive patch test reactions to Basic Red 46 was 1.2%. We suggest that patients with foot dermatitis be routinely patch tested for textile dyes. In particular, testing with Basic Red 46 should be considered in those with a history of use of dark-coloured acrylic and/or acrylic blend socks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The section of "Garment dyeing: Ready-to-wear Fashion from the Dyehouse" focuses on the scope of garment-dyeing. It was in the 1940s when the nylon, polyester fibres, and acrylic fibres were introduced and methods of batch-dyeing articles made from these new fibres were developed. It is reported that one of the reasons for the widespread use of garment dyeing was the ability to leave decisions on the choice of colour until the last minute. Also, the resurgence in the 1980s in garment-dyeing has been caused by the fashion requirement for faded and creased cottons.

Synthetic thickeners have the innate ability to flow under shear, producing superior quality prints with truer, more brilliant color development, sharper outlines, and smoother, more even appearance. Unfortunately, conventional synthetics are difficult to compound into print pastes when used in fiber reactive dye printing because of extreme sensitivity to ions present in dyes. Also, they do not perform well in the afterwashing step, leaving a white precipitate on the fabric which can affect hand and appearance of the print. A polymer based on a proprietary modified polyacrylic acid has been designed to have low ion sensitivity and to wash off completely. The polymer enables the mill to reduce urea consumption by about half, lowering BOD; makes into a usable stock paste in minutes, thus improving operating efficiency; and does not interfere with the dye-fiber fixation reaction. Dye savings of 30% or greater are common at equal paste consumption rates to produce equal shades. Overall, this technology offers the printing mill a way to enhance the appearance of their product, lower total raw material costs, improve operating efficiency, reduce the amount of dyes lost to wastewater, and lower wastewater BOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levelness in package dyeing can be described quantitatively and an unlevelness parameter defined using simple model systems. Factors which determine levelness in industrial dyeing procedures are discussed including the role of the fiber surface in dyeing acrylic fibers, the leveling ability of disperse dyes for polyester and the importance of liquor flow and its uniformity when dyeing cellulosic fibers. If these factors are considered as well as control of exhaustion or fixation, levelness can be improved or dyeing time reduced. Further optimization with the use of simple computer programs allows for improved dyeing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye rate uniformity is sensitive to and a direct measure of the uniformity of fiber energy history. Achieving acceptable dye rate uniformity is essentially a problem of balancing fiber energy history with the total energy input during fabric preparation and dyeing. The fiber surface generally is at a higher energy level and is inherently less uniform than the fiber core; i.e., the surface has a higher and more variable dyeing transition temperature (TD). Hence, the surface—the outer 3-5% of the fiber radius—is a variable energy "barrier" which must be overcome or made more uniform to achieve acceptable fabric dye rate uniformity. Based on this hypothesis, fabric preparation and dyeing procedures were devised for nylon which help to control the uniformity of the fiber surface when dyeing with rate sensitive dyes. A key part of this procedure is pretreatment of the fiber surface with an anionic surfactant. Commercially practical technology has been developed which is being used routinely and which provides dramatic improvements in dye rate uniformity with many nylon 66 yarns and with textured nylon knits. This technology also has been translated successfully to polyester and acrylics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the presence of chlorine in potable water supplies used for dyeing on shade reproducibility in dyeing of basic, direct and fiber reactive dyes on the appropriate substrates of acrylic and cotton fibers was studied. Shade changes in both depth and hue are given for various levels of chlorine (0 to 5 ppm). Commonly used reducing agents were tested in both stoichiometric and normal trade amounts and measured for their effectiveness in neutralizing the chlorine. Finally the effect of the reducing agents on dye shade when chlorine is not present was studied. Small amounts of chlorine can cause serious degradation of dyes and significantly impair shade matching, especially in pastel and light shades. A change of hue can occur in single shades as well as a change of cast in compound shades. Chlorine attacks some dyes in all three dye classes studied. The problem can be avoided by careful dye selection where the shade permits, and by inclusion of a reducing agent when chlorine sensitive dyes are used. Sodium thiosulfate is the safest reducing agent, since a slight excess should not affect dyes. Sodium bisulfite in excess can cause another form of dye degradation. Chlorine amounts coming into a typical dyehouse can vary from 0 to 7 ppm and can also vary on a daily or almost hourly basis. If thiosulfate has a sufficient safety factor that it can be used in excess as a preventive measure, then continuous monitoring of chlorine is not necessary. Precautions to neutralize chlorine should be taken in lab shade matching, drug room mixing and in production dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A newly developed aqueous one-bath method for dyeing Dacron/Orlon blends at 250F (121C) eliminates the need for carriers and reduces the dyeing time. The method also offers advantages in labor and energy costs, and simplifies waste disposal. In related work it has been shown that 75/25 Dacron/Orlon blends can he dyed readily by the Thermosol process to dark union shades using disperse dyes only. Solid shades and heathers can be obtained merely by changing the dyeing temperature. Work is in progress to develop a commercial process based on these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blends of spun polyester with such fibers as acrylic, wool, rayon and cotton are currently popular for children's, women's and men's apparel. In the past, the cotton in polyester/cotton blends has been dyed with vat, sulfur, naphthol, fiber reactive and direct dyes. Over the past few years, the cotton portion of polyester/cotton blends has generally been batch dyed primarily with fiber reactive dyes and to a smaller extent with direct dyes. However, with the increasing costs of fiber reactive dyes and the longer dyeing cycles required, direct dyes in many cases offer suitable substitutes. The batch dyeing of spun polyester/cotton is discussed with emphasis on the utilization of direct dyes for the cotton fiber. Areas that are discussed include one-bath application of disperse and direct dyes, high temperature dyeing, dye selection, aftertreatments and dyeing procedures. It is possible to dye polyester/cotton with stable direct dyes in a high temperature one-bath process in cycle times of less than three hours. The selection of the proper direct dyes and the use of the dye fixing agents and/or resin finishing permits dyers to obtain various shades on cotton very economically, at the same time meeting standards for apparel end-uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic retarders utilized in the dyeing of acrylic fibers have been considered to act as colorless dyes by blocking dyesites and hence moderating the rate of dye uptake during the critical initial stages of the dyeing of acrylic fibers. By studying the rate of exhaustion of selected retarders concurrently with the rate of exhaustion of several cationic dyes, a novel classification scheme for the behavior of retarders has been arrived at. Utilization of the herein defined CR value for retarders allows intelligent choice of retarder prior to dyeing without having to resort to empirical methods which are often costly and lacking in accuracy. The overall activity of cationic retarders such as quaternary ammonium compounds bas been found to be dependent upon the structure of the alkyl or aryl side chains. The relationship between retarder structure and its activity or compatibility behavior is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-soluble polymeric cationic resins used as retarders (PCRs) have been shown to exhibit utility in achieving union dyeings with basic dyeabte Wintuk yarns. They largely overcome the well known deficiencies of conventional cationic and anionic dye retarders and do so at very low use levels. The economic advantages of union dyeing with PCRs has been demonstrated. A new mechanism for PCR retarded acrylic dyeing is proposed in which surface dyesites on the fiber are strongly blocked by the PCR and dyeing proceeds via a diffusion mechanism through a cationic surface barrier layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative affinities of cationic dyes for acrylic fibers were determined by an isotherm method. Values for the affinity of a few cationic dyes have been calculated by a simple equation compiled in tabular form. Dyes of high relative affinity permit quantitative bath exhaustion and good reproducibility of dyeings, but have the disadvantage of poor migration. Apart from the affinity, steric factors in the configuration of the dye molecules play a role in the migration properties so that those with low relative affinity need not automatically display good migration properties. The relation between affinity and combinability is explained. The relationship between the constitution of the dye and its affinity for the fiber is demonstrated by examples. Incorporation of an additional hydrophilic substituent decreases the affinity of a dye for acrylic fibers. Conversely, an increase in hydrophobic substituents, such as aryl groups, increases the affinity of dye for the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the vapor-phase transfer printing of polyester fabrics has been growing at an accelerating rate, this process has limited value for transfer printing acrylic fabrics. Disperse dyes used for polyester do not give deep, bright shades on acrylic fabrics; and the cationic dyes widely used for coloring acrylics and anionic modified polyesters do not sublime and cannot be used in a vapor-phase transfer process on these fabrics. This paper describes a method for so modifying cationic dyes that they can be used to give deep, bright shades with satisfactory fastness properties on acrylic and anionic modified polyester fabrics when applied by transfer printing. Many cationic dyes were modified, and several were found suitable for transfer printing on acrylic fabric, Of these, three were chosen for intensive study: C.I. Basic Yellow 11, C.I. Basic Blue 11 and C.I. Basic Violet 10. They were modified and formulated into inks which were screen printed Onto paper. A wide range of conditions for transfer printing was investigated. The deep, bright shades obtained on Orlon 75, and in later work on Dacron 92, provide a new dimension for styling of brilliant colors and designs. Within the practical range of time and temperature used for transfer, there was no severe yellowing of the fabrics. The very slight fabric stiffening that occurred in printing was easily removed during the normal handling of the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wintuk yarns can be composed of a single bicomponent fiber, blends of bicomponent fibers or blends of bicomponent fiber with Orion homofibers. The blends offer a broad range of aesthetics and performance in hand and machine knits. A problem is achieving level dyeing with these blends, which have widely different union dyeing characteristics. Careful regulation of dyeing conditions and/or the use of the proper chemical retarder make feasible the dyeing of solid shades with these blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of acrylic and modacrylic fibers is reviewed. Recent advances in polymer modification, fiber formation, dyeing and finishing are considered. Theories of acrylic fiber structure and changes during processing are examined and related to fiber properties. Present end-uses and possible trends are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the new analytical method for the determination detergent concentration in water by fabric dyeing. The section explores on simple method of analyzing detergent concentration in water which was introduced to upper-level high school students in Japan. It states that the method used an acrylic fabric in dye solutions containing different detergent concentrations. According to the report, the experiment allowed students to determine detergent concentration in water, to recognize that the role of the acrylic fabric is similar to an organic solvent by adsorbing the neutral compound, and to understand the chemical interactions between differently charged ions and between ions with the same charge.

Towards the goal of developing scalable, economical and effective antimicrobial textiles to reduce infection transmission, here we prepared color-variable photodynamic materials comprised of photosensitizer (PS)-loaded wool/acrylic (W/A) blends. Wool fibers in the W/A blended fabrics were loaded with the photosensitizer rose bengal (RB), and the acrylic fibers were dyed with a variety of traditional cationic dyes (cationic yellow, cationic blue and cationic red) to broaden their color range. Investigations on the colorimetric and photodynamic properties of a series of these materials were implemented through CIELab evaluation, as well as photooxidation and antibacterial studies. Generally, the photodynamic efficacy of these dual-dyed fabrics was impacted by both the choice, and how much of the traditional cationic dye was employed in the dyeing of the W/A fabrics. When compared with the PS-only singly-dyed material, RB-W/A, that showed a 99.97% (3.5 log units; p = 0.02) reduction of Staphylococcus aureus under visible light illumination (λ ≥ 420 nm, 60 min), the addition of cationic dyes led to a slight decrease in the photoinactivation ability of the dual-dyed fabrics, but was still able to achieve a 99.3% inactivation of S. aureus. Overall, our findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential applications of low cost and color variable RB-loaded W/A blended fabrics as effective self-disinfecting textiles against pathogen transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disperse dyes can be used on polyester and nylon over a full shade range. On acrylic fibers they are used primarily for pastel shades. The dyeing of polyester by a high temperature aqueous exhaust method is described as a generalized example of dyeing with disperse dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been significant growth in the package dyeing of acrylic yarns and blended yams for a number of end-uses. The advantages and philosophy of package dyeing techniques are discussed, and the technology of package formation, dye selection and application is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression and recovery properties were determined on a number of indoor-type carpets after exposure to simulated outdoor conditions in a Weather-Ometer for 620 hr. An increase in pile stiffness was observed in all the carpets in varying degrees. Resilience was unaffected by exposure. Wearability was unchanged with nylon and acrylic carpets, and decreased moderately with polyester and markedly with wool carpets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dyeing rate of acrylic and polyester tends to start at 100 °C, and carriers are also used frequently to enhance the rate. Herein, the acrylic, polyester and polyester/acrylic blend of woven fabrics were dyed at different temperatures and by keeping the additional parameters constant. The ultimate effect of dyes-uptake observed favourable regarding colour fastness properties. With the increase in temperature, the variation in shrinkage was highly predicted. A significant effect was analysed by increasing the temperature of the dye through the fibre. The colour fastness of the dyed samples was also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch, PVA and acrylic polymer are the main three sizes used in starching warp. PVA has the benefit of avoid permeation and film forming, but it is unfavorable to desizing process and causes pollution. Production of modified starch size and key technology for PVA substitution have the advantages of reducing the difficulty of desizing, wakening process conditions, shortening process time, and improving the first-class product rate of dyeing and printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced the dyeing performance for Outlast fiber ( acrylic fiber) with cationic dyes. By controling the dosage of different additires, it analyzed the color difference of fiber. The results showed that the levelling agent and electrolyte can affect the dye concentration, brightness and color shading in different degree when dyeing with cationic dyes to Outlast fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Crompton & Knowles Corp. (C&K) has acquired additional marketing and technology rights to Sevron dyes from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. According to the article, C&K has already acquired the U.S. and Canadian exclusive worldwide market and technology rights of du Pont's modified cationic dyes Sevron in January 1981. The agreement includes all market except in Mexico because the company has still to receive products from du Pont's subsidiary, Colorquium SA de CV. Meanwhile, David S. Alcorn, president of C&K's dyes and chemicals division, mentions that the demand for this type of dyes will continue to grow, since they are used to color acrylic, basic-dyeable polyester and basic-dyeable nylon fibers.

The article focuses on the several areas of transfer printing that involve fibers and dyes. It cites that transfer printing supplies high energy to the dye to diffuse into the polyester fiber after adsorption at the fiber surface. According to the article, cationic dyes are used more for the printing of acrylic fibers. It also states that special disperse dyes are created to allow dyeing of polyester/cotton blends with a single class of dyes. Moreover, it mentions that the dyebath is localized at the surface of the fiber in printing.