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Although negative ties may cause stress and harm well-being, they are also considered fundamental in close and ongoing relationships. This study distinguishes positive, negative, and – when characterized by both valences – ambivalent ties. Analyzing almost 10,000 personal networks from the Swiss CH-X study shows that: (1) ambivalence among family members is more prevalent than among non-family members, (2) ambivalent family dyads or triads are not negatively associated with well-being, and (3) certain balanced family triads are associated with higher well-being and an unbalanced non-family triad is associated with lower well-being. These results suggest that conflicts are not necessarily detrimental to young adults' well-being. • Ambivalence among family members is more prevalent than among non-family members. • Ambivalent family dyads or triads are not associated with lower well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Motifs represent local subgraphs that are overrepresented in networks. Several disciplines document multiple instances in which motifs appear in graphs and provide insight into the structure and processes of these networks. In the current paper, we focus on social networks and examine the prevalence of dyad, triad, and symmetric tetrad motifs among 24 networks that represent six types of social interactions: friendship, legislative co-sponsorship, Twitter messages, advice seeking, email communication, and terrorist collusion. Given that the correct control distribution for detecting motifs is a matter of continuous debate, we propose a novel approach that compares the local patterns of observed networks to random graphs simulated from exponential random graph models. Our proposed technique can produce conditional distributions that control for multiple, lower-level structural patterns simultaneously. We find evidence for five motifs using our approach, including the reciprocated dyad, three triads, and one symmetric tetrad. Results highlight the importance of mutuality, hierarchy, and clustering across multiple social interactions, and provide evidence of “structural signatures” within different genres of graph. Similarities also emerge between our findings and those in other disciplines, such as the preponderance of transitive triads.

Escalating non-communicable disease multimorbidity rates among older adults is an emerging public health concern in India, but the literature sparsely addresses the epidemiology of multimorbidity. We explore levels, patterns, combinations and predictors of multimorbidity among older adults using information on 59,764 individuals, aged 45 years and older, from the first wave of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), 2017-2018. We computed multimorbidity score for sixteen non-communicable diseases to identify frequently occurring morbidity patterns (dyads and triads) and assess the relationship between multimorbidity and selected background characteristics. Near third of the older adult population is affected by multimorbidity, with hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes and skin diseases being the most common. Policymakers should seek strategies to increase early detection and prevention of chronic diseases, delay the age at onset of disease for those who are not affected and improve management for those affected with multiple disease conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how organizations collaborate with multiple partners, such as when they develop innovative and complex product platforms like smartphones, servers, and MRI machines that rely on technologies developed by organizations in three or more sectors. Research on multipartner alliances often treats them as a collection of independent dyads, neglecting the possibility of third-party influence and interference in dyads that can inhibit innovation. Using a multiple-case, inductive study of six groups, each composed of three organizations engaged in technology and product development in the computer industry, I examine the collaborative forms and processes that organizations use to innovate with multiple partners in groups. Groups that used the collaborative forms of independent parallel dyads or single unified triads generated mistrust and conflict that stemmed from expectations about third-party participation and overlapping roles and thus had low innovation performance and weaker ties. Other groups avoided these problems by using a dynamic collaboration process that I call “group cycling,” in which managers viewed their triad as a small group, decomposed innovative activities into a series of interlinked dyads between different pairs of partners, and managed third-party interests across time. By temporarily restricting participation to pairs, managers chose which ideas, technologies, and resources to incorporate from third parties into single dyads and ensured that the outputs of multiple dyads were combined into a broader innovative whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye gaze plays an important role in communication but understanding of its actual function or functions and the methods used to elucidate this have varied considerably. This systematized review was undertaken to summarize both the proposed functions of eye gaze in conversations of healthy adults and the methodological approaches employed. The eligibility criteria were restricted to a healthy adult population and excluded studies that manipulated eye gaze behavior. A total of 29 articles—quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods were returned, with a wide range of methodological designs. The main areas of variability related to number of conversants, their familiarity and status, conversation topic, data collection tools—video and eye tracking—and definitions of eye gaze. The findings confirm that eye gaze facilitates turn yielding, plays a role in speech monitoring, prevents and repairs conversation breakdowns and facilitates intentional and unintentional speech interruptions. These findings were remarkably consistent given the variability in methods across the 29 articles. However, in relation to turn initiation, the results were less consistent, requiring further investigation. This review provides a starting point for future studies to make informed decisions about study methods for examining eye gaze and selecting variables of interest.

Eye gaze plays an important role in communication but understanding of its actual function or functions and the methods used to elucidate this have varied considerably. This systematized review was undertaken to summarize both the proposed functions of eye gaze in conversations of healthy adults and the methodological approaches employed. The eligibility criteria were restricted to a healthy adult population and excluded studies that manipulated eye gaze behavior. A total of 29 articles—quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods were returned, with a wide range of methodological designs. The main areas of variability related to number of conversants, their familiarity and status, conversation topic, data collection tools—video and eye tracking—and definitions of eye gaze. The findings confirm that eye gaze facilitates turn yielding, plays a role in speech monitoring, prevents and repairs conversation breakdowns and facilitates intentional and unintentional speech interruptions. These findings were remarkably consistent given the variability in methods across the 29 articles. However, in relation to turn initiation, the results were less consistent, requiring further investigation. This review provides a starting point for future studies to make informed decisions about study methods for examining eye gaze and selecting variables of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All 13C NMR signals of the poly(arylene) polymers, O‐1, S‐7, OS‐4, OOS‐3, OOOS‐2, SSO‐5, and SSSO‐6 (where O is a diphenyleneoxiphthalide unit and S is a diphenylenethiophthalide unit) in dyads and triads were assigned unequivocally with two‐dimensional NMR techniques (ge‐2D [1H–1H] COSY, ge‐2D [1H–13C] HSQC, and ge‐2D [1H–13C] HMBC), and for each atom, the increments of the shifts are determined. For structurally similar carbon atoms of the phthalide cycle and heteroaromatic fragments of the skeletal chain, additive signal splitting schemes in phthalide centered dyads and in diphenylene oxide and in diphenylene sulfide centered triads are considered, based on taking into account the contributions to their shielding of adjacent and distant substituents. It was shown that the nature of the splitting of the signals of each of the 20 carbon atoms in 3,3‐bisphenylphthalide fragments is determined by the type of carbon atom (tertiary or quaternary, even or odd), the type of heteroatoms in adjacent heteroaromatic fragments, their distance from the identified carbon nucleus, and their polyad symmetry. The results obtained in this article will greatly facilitate our further studies and, in particular, will allow us to study the microstructure of statistical copolymers based on the asymmetric OS monomer at the dyad and triad levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper answers the call for research addressing the structural and relational explanations of interorganizational projects (IOPs). It aims to contribute to extant knowledge by highlighting the relational structure of the interplay of competition and cooperation. Grounding the study in a relational structure, this paper analyzes two key properties of social networks, cohesion and centralization, and the properties of triadic relations. This study investigated the deployment of two wind farm IOPs in Brazil with the use of social network analysis supplemented by qualitative evidence. The results show that the interplay of competition and cooperation in IOPs is affected by their relational structure. The inefficiency of competitive relationships at the IOP implementation stage motivates the evolution of cooperation in a more cohesive and centralized relational structure. The results also show that a greater number of triads and a high degree of cohesion positively affect the interplay of competition and cooperation in the IOP context. These findings can guide researchers in addressing the theoretical and practical issues of the coopetition phenomenon in complex projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Women diagnosed with breast cancer younger than 45 years (young breast cancer survivors—YBCS) and their biological relatives face significant stressors. Although family support is an important coping resource, little is known about YBCS' and relatives' support and whether it is interdependent. The study described family support in YBCS and their biological relatives; identified demographic, clinical, and psychosocial predictors of support; and determined the interdependence of support in YBCS‐relatives family units. Methods: Data were collected from a random sample of YBCS and their first‐ or second‐degree female relatives. Actor‐partner interdependence models (APIM) explored predictors and interdependence of YBCS' and relatives' family support in dyads (YBCS and relative) and triads (YBCS and two relatives). Results: Among n = 310 YBCS and n = 431 first‐ or second‐degree relatives, family support was higher in triads compared to dyads. APIMs identified actor effects in dyads, and actor and partner effects in triads. Across all family units, YBCS' higher self‐efficacy was associated with higher YBCS support (actor effect) and relative support (partner effect); YBCS' prior diagnosis of depression was associated with lower YBCS and relative support (actor and partner effect); cost‐related lack of access to care was associated with lower support among YBCS (actor effect) and relatives (actor and partner effect). Conclusions: Family support was interdependent and was affected by self‐efficacy, depression, and access to care. Interventions should include YBCS and relatives, enhance self‐efficacy and access to care. Women diagnosed with breast cancer younger than 45 years old (young breast cancer survivors—YBCS) and their biological relatives face significant stressors. Data were collected from a random sample of YBCS, stratified by race, and their first‐ or second‐degree female relatives. Actor‐partner interdependence models explored predictors and interdependence of YBCS' and relatives' family support in dyads (YBCS‐one relative) and triads (YBCS‐two relatives). YBCS' and relatives' family support is interdependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thematic dyads (permanence - becoming, experience - formalism, complex - simple, reductionism - holism, continuous - discontinuous, structural hierarchy - unit) originate in our general faculty of imagination, and they represent ideas - power, ideas - myths, which meet a compelling choice, within the prevailing paradigm, between: matter - spirit, substance - form, analysis - synthesis, mechanical - organic, determination - chance, causality - finality. Themata means here "the well-established and widespread fundamental preconceptions that cannot be simply reduced to observation or analytical calculation, or derived from them" (G. Holton). This study aims to analyze the triadic themata and their fruitful application in the "hard sciences" as well as in the soft ones. In this respect, the dynamic model of the social self seems to be very similar to the one of the Holy Trinity, demonstrating a common "pattern of thought". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to elucidate the cytological mechanism of 2 n pollen formation in Chinese jujube, a cultivar named 'Linglingzao' (2 n = 2 x = 24) which produces relative more 2 n pollens naturally was employed for microsporogenesis analysis. Chromosomes paired in 12 bivalents at diakinesis and the first meiotic division was normal, whereas, the second division was characterized by frequent abnormal spindle orientation (parallel and tripolar spindles). Perpendicular, tripolar, and parallel spindles at metaphase II accounted for 72.93, 17.22, and 9.85% respectively. Perpendicular and tripolar spindles led to tetrads and triads formation respectively. Two types of parallel spindles were observed and a significant association correlation ( r = 0.84, P < 0.05) between parallel spindle II (fused spindles) and dyads was found which meant only fused spindles can form dyads, while parallel spindle I with a long distance between two sets of chromosomes seemed to lead tetrad formation. At tetrad stage, the observed frequencies of tetrads, triads and dyads were 80.99, 16.40, and 2.61% respectively. By the rule that each tetrad can form four n pollens, each triad can form one 2 n pollen and two n pollens, each dyad can form two 2 n pollens, the frequency of 2 n pollen estimated was 5.71%. Based on the pollen diameter difference between n and 2 n pollens, frequency of 2 n pollen observed was 6.15%. No significant difference was observed between frequency of 2 n pollen estimated and that of observed. The results indicated that, tripolar spindles and fused spindles at metaphase II followed by more triads and few dyads formation at tetrad stage were responsible for the production of 2 n pollen in Chinese jujube. 2 n gametes observed correspond to first division restitution. Research on the cytological mechanism of unreduced pollen will provide a platform for unreduced pollen induction and polyploidy breeding in Chinese jujube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is a solid waste product generated in the process of aluminum production. Tradescantia micronuclei (Trad-MN) and stamen hair mutation (Trad-SHM) bioassays are very useful tests to assess genotoxicity of environmental pollutants. In the present study, we intended to investigate the genotoxicity of this waste with Tradescantia bioassays using leachates of SPL simulating the natural leachability of SPL in soil. The formation of micronuclei (MN) was found to be concentration dependent. MN frequency enhanced significantly with SPL treatment. In addition, SPL also appeared to increase the percentage of dyads and triads. Trad-SHM assay showed that SPL increases pink mutation events as SPL concentration increases. These results demonstrated that SPL is a cytogenotoxic agent that affects different genetic end-points (induction of micronuclei and point mutations) even at low concentration (2% and 3%). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In genetic studies, the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) using case–parent triads has gained popularity attributable to its robustness to population admixture. Several extensions have been proposed to accommodate incomplete triads. Some strategies assume that parental genotypes are missing completely at random (MCAR) to insure an unbiased conclusion and some methods allow parental genotypes to be missing informatively, resulting in reduced power when the missing data pattern is indeed MCAR. However, these tests assumed that offspring genotypes were MCAR. Recently, Guo indicated that when offspring genotypes were missing informatively, an occurrence that can be considered as ascertainment bias, inflated type-I error and/or reduced power may occur using the TDT when incomplete triads are excluded. In an effort to avoid an erroneous conclusion, we propose a strategy called testing informative missingness (TIM) that compares conditional distributions of parental genotypes among complete triads and incomplete data with only one parent to examine the missing data pattern. Through computer simulations, TIM has decent power to detect informative missingness and is robust to population admixture. In addition, we illustrate TIM with an application to the Framingham Heart Study.European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 992–1001; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.38; published online 12 March 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an introduction in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including informal caregivers, caregivers of patients with heart failure and study in caregivers of stroke survivors.

In this research, we investigated the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of multicomponent hybrid materials formed by meso-tetraphenylporphyrin P (both as free base and ZnII complex), carrying in 2 or 2,12 β-pyrrolic position an electron donor ferrocene (Fc), and/or an electron acceptor fullerene (C60) moiety, connected to the porphyrin core via an ethynyl or an ethynylphenyl spacer. We measured the NLO response by the electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH) technique in CH2Cl2 solution with a 1907 nm incident wavelength, recording for all the investigated compounds unexpected negative values of μβ1907. Since density functional theory (DFT) calculations evidenced for P-Fc dyads almost null ground state dipole moments and very low values for P-C60 dyads and Fc-P-C60 triads, our EFISH results suggested a significant contribution to γEFISH of the purely electronic cubic term γ(−2ω; ω, ω, 0), which prevails on the quadratic dipolar orientational one μβ(−2ω; ω, ω)/5kT, as confirmed by computational evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies on the synthesis of porphyrin-quinone compounds and investigation of their photochemical properties are summarized. Effects of various factors (the redox potential, the distance between donor and acceptor moieties, their spatial orientation, the free energy of the reaction, and solvents) on the photoinduced electron transfer in these model systems are discussed. The dyad and triad model systems have been compared. The possibility of using these systems for modeling the primary steps of photosynthesis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]