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Dug well water can be a source of disease transmission if contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. Many people in Purworejo Regency still use dug wells as a source of drinking water. This secondary data study aims to determine the risk factors associated with total coliform counts in dug well water in the working area of the Purworejo District Health Office in 2022. Cross sectional research design and data analysis techniques chi square test with fisher alternative test. The population was 61 dug wells that had been carried out Environmental Health Inspections on Household Drinking Water Quality Study data and a sample of 53 dug wells. The research was conducted in August-October 2022. The results showed an association between the risk factors of well wall condition (p value = 0.041) and well cover (p value = 0.048) to the total number of dug well coliforms. It is recommended to the local community to improve the physical condition of dug wells, especially well walls and well covers so that contaminating substances from outside the well do not enter and contaminate dug well water.

Conserving rainwater at the household level is generally overlooked in many developing countries. Therefore, rooftop rainwater potential for kitchen gardening or aquifer recharge was explored using 30 years of weather data in the Rawal watershed, which is facing water table decline (> 1 m/year) due to urbanization and climate change. The results revealed that harvesting rainwater from rooftops of available household sizes (single to five-room) in the Rawal watershed area is capable of growing vegetables (onion, tomato, cucumber, and garlic) on 25 (1 Marla) to 1339 m2 (53 Marla) using storage tanks of suitable capacity (10 to 59 m3). Furthermore, by recharging the groundwater through the available rainwater of around 1.2 m per year can stop or reduce the current water table decline in the study area. Rainwater storage during the monsoon can increase productivity by reusing in dry periods while recharging aquifers can sustain flow from springs, dug wells, and tube wells in rural and urban areas. The new information and knowledge can be helpful for decision support in designing site-specific rooftop rainwater harvesting systems for kitchen gardening, which can be instrumental in improving food security and raising groundwater levels in both urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli has emerged as a serious and growing threat to public and environmental health and domestic wells have been fingered as a potential reservoir of resistant E. coli due to faecal contamination, and are ideal for microbial biofilm formation. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate biofilm production among 60 multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli recovered from domestic wells in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. All biofilm positive isolates were screened for seven associated (papC, iroN, biofilm, fimH, cna, fbna and bcsa) genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The diversity of the isolates was investigated using (GTG)5-PCR, and a dendrogram was drawn with interactive-tree-of-life software. Overall, 45 of 60 (75%) isolates produced biofilms, comprising strong (n=15; 25%), moderate (n=16; 26.7%), and weak (n=14; 23.3%) producers. Moreover, 35 (77.8%) isolates had at least one biofilm gene, 30 (66.7%) had multiple genes, and 5 (11.1%) had one. The biofilm gene (biofilm, fimH, bcsa, iroN) combination was identified in 10 (28.7%) of the 60 isolates. The isolates (n=14; 40%) with moderate biofilm production had the highest number of genes dominated by the biofilm gene (biofilm, fimH, bcsa) combination, while isolates (n=8; 22.9%) with weak production had the least number of genes and comprised mainly the fimH and cna gene combination. The biofilm formers showed 32 distinct fingerprints and were grouped into nine clades, with clade 6 having the most strains (31.6%). The occurrence of MDR biofilm-producing organisms in domestic wells constitutes a public health concern. There is a need to develop strategies to curb faecal contamination of wells to prevent outbreaks of untreatable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study indicates the quick response of a shallow aquifer to precipitation. The nitrate content in water from 20 wells was determined. The study showed a significant 1-m decrease in the water table in the studied wells at low precipitation levels (10 mm) in April (wells 13 and 16). In turn, the water table in the wells after the maximum rainfall in September (130 mm) increased by 0.5 m in well 19. The results of the chemical analysis of the water indicate that the permissible nitrate content was highly exceeded in wells 3, 17, and 18. The nitrate content in wells 1 and 2 was almost 50 mg/l, which is the permissible value for drinking water. The precipitation level did not influence the content of nitrates in the well water.

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli has emerged as a serious and growing threat to public and environmental health and domestic wells have been fingered as a potential reservoir of resistant E. coli due to faecal contamination, and are ideal for microbial biofilm formation. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate biofilm production among 60 multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli recovered from domestic wells in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. All biofilm positive isolates were screened for seven associated (papC, iroN, biofilm, fimH, cna, fbna and bcsa) genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The diversity of the isolates was investigated using (GTG)5-PCR, and a dendrogram was drawn with interactive-tree-of-life software. Overall, 45 of 60 (75%) isolates produced biofilms, comprising strong (n=15; 25%), moderate (n=16; 26.7%), and weak (n=14; 23.3%) producers. Moreover, 35 (77.8%) isolates had at least one biofilm gene, 30 (66.7%) had multiple genes, and 5 (11.1%) had one. The biofilm gene (biofilm, fimH, bcsa, iroN) combination was identified in 10 (28.7%) of the 60 isolates. The isolates (n=14; 40%) with moderate biofilm production had the highest number of genes dominated by the biofilm gene (biofilm, fimH, bcsa) combination, while isolates (n=8; 22.9%) with weak production had the least number of genes and comprised mainly the fimH and cna gene combination. The biofilm formers showed 32 distinct fingerprints and were grouped into nine clades, with clade 6 having the most strains (31.6%). The occurrence of MDR biofilm-producing organisms in domestic wells constitutes a public health concern. There is a need to develop strategies to curb faecal contamination of wells to prevent outbreaks of untreatable diseases.

The present study indicates the quick response of a shallow aquifer to precipitation. The nitrate content in water from 20 wells was determined. The study showed a significant 1-m decrease in the water table in the studied wells at low precipitation levels (10 mm) in April (wells 13 and 16). In turn, the water table in the wells after the maximum rainfall in September (130 mm) increased by 0.5 m in well 19. The results of the chemical analysis of the water indicate that the permissible nitrate content was highly exceeded in wells 3, 17, and 18. The nitrate content in wells 1 and 2 was almost 50 mg/l, which is the permissible value for drinking water. The precipitation level did not influence the content of nitrates in the well water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to determine the microplastics abundance of dug wells around Tamangapa Landfills in Makassar area. Method: The research method used is quantitative research with a descriptive. The number of samples is 8 dug wells with the criteria of 4 dug wells that are

This paper reports the study of groundwater quality assessment in Boluwaduro community, Ofatedo in Osun State. In addition, it utilized the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tool in MATLAB Software to simulate the water quality parameters/contaminants. Water samples were taken from 18 randomly selected dugwells and subjected to physico-chemicals and microbiological analysis. The mean concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, lead and iron are 20.12 mg/L, 0.78 mg/L, 0.159 mg/L and 0.35 mg/L respectively. Total plate counts range between 27 - 96 cfu/mL with growth in all the water samples. The ANN structure was trained in several rounds till satisfactory output was obtained with correlation value of R2 = 0.97. Simulation of the pH using ANN provides a good match at 10% increment of chloride, nitrate and iron and the pH value of the water sources increased with the corresponding increase in the concentrations of the parameters. The generated model for TDS gave a good prediction with total hardness and magnesium respectively. The concentrations of some metals in the wells are not safe for drinking; it could pose danger to users of the water sources. It is therefore recommended that the wells in the community should be subjected to routine monitoring and treatment of the contaminants should be enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigates the hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic factors that control groundwater quality in an Upper Precambrian sedimentary aquifer in the northwestern Burkina Faso. The raw data and statistical and geochemical modeling results were used to identify the sources of major ions in dug well, private borewell and tap water samples. Tap waters were classified as Ca–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–HCO3 types, reflecting the weathering of the local dolomitic limestones and silicate minerals. Dug well waters, with a direct contact with various sources of contamination, were classified as Ca–Na–K–HCO3 type. Two factors that explain 94% of the total variance suggested that water–rock interaction was the most important factor controlling the groundwater chemistry. Factor 1 had high loadings on pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 −, SO4 2− and TDS. These variables were also strongly correlated indicating their common geogenic sources. Based on the HCO3 −/(HCO3 − + SO4 2−) ratios (0.8–0.99), carbonic acid weathering appeared to control Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 − and SO4 2− acquisition in the groundwater. With relatively lower Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations, the majority of dug well and borewell waters were soft to moderately hard, whereas tap waters were considered very hard. Thus, the dug well and, to a lesser extent, borewell waters are likely to have a low buffering capacity. Factor 2 had high loadings on Na+, NO3 − and Cl−. The strong correlation between Na+ and NO3 − and Cl− implied that factor 2 represented the anthropogenic contribution to the groundwater chemistry. In contrast, K+ had moderate loadings on factors 1 and 2, consistent with its geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The study demonstrated that waters from dug wells and borewells were bacteriologically unsafe for human consumption, and their low buffering capacity may favor mobility of potentially toxic heavy metals in the aquifer. Not only very hard tap waters have aesthetic inconvenient, but their consumption may also pose health problems.

The current examination has been done as a fundamental advance to contemplate the general groundwater - surface water interaction along River Jhelum in Valley of Kashmir. Generally, water table occurs at relatively deeper levels in plateau lands and at shallower depths in low-lying areas. The precise sampling has been carried out throughout the River Jhelum and its tributaries in the months of January and February in Srinagar and other districts, with a view to understand the source of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, HCO3-, Cl, So2-4) in the groundwater of the territory under examination. About nineteen 4 representative wells (bore wells, dug wells, springs) were selected for a baseline study to comprehend the groundwater - surface interaction along River Jhelum and to assess the overall hydro-geochemical characteristics and suitability of groundwater for drinking and agricultural purposes. The predominant chemical character of groundwater and surface water as well as relative abundance of major ions has been evaluated on Piper Tri-linear diagram and three water groups were identified. The concentrations of major ions in the groundwater and surface water of the area under study are well within the maximum permissible limits as per the specifications of the World Health Organization for drinking purposes. The low sodium hazard and slightly high salinity along with safe to moderate category of water in terms of left over sodiumcarbonate (RSC) document the suitability of groundwater for agricultural purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study was to estimate the quality of shallow groundwater from wells which are the source of drinking water. The study included 8 wells located in the municipality of Gorzyce. The results are presented as medium concentrations of the analyzed components during one year of observation. The results confirm that poorly protected wells are characterized by poorer quality water. In most of the analyzed cases, the average concentration of pollution indexes (this applies particularly to iron and manganese concentration) exceed the limits established for drinking water.

The paper presents an assessment of the impact of sewage treatment plants with drainage system on the quality of groundwater in dug and deep wells in the Kwasówka village in the municipality of Drelów (Lublin Province). In the study area there is no sewerage system and water supply, and the local population benefits from dug or deep wells. The wastewater generated by households goes to septic tanks or sewage treatment plants with drainage system. The study of groundwater quality from wells was performed in 2013. The study was performed 4 series of studies, during which determined: total hardness, pH and conductivity of the electrolyte, as well as the content of NO3, NO2, NH4, Cl, SO4, Fe, Mn and bacteria from coliform and faecal coliform bacteria, mesophilic and psychrophilic. The research shows that water from deep wells are heavily contaminated with iron, and several wells dug reported exceeding the permissible concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, manganese and sulfates. Microbiological studies indicate a significant contamination of the well water analyzed domestic waste. You should immediately take action to improve the quality of the water used by residents of Kwasówka.

This study seeks to understand factors that guide the decision-making process to adopt and implement the available arsenic-mitigation technologies in rural areas in the middle-Ganga Plain in India. A total of 340 households comprising 2500 people were surveyed. Socio-economic and demographic factors, water and sanitation status, time spent and distance travelled to collect water, arsenic awareness, willingness to pay (WTP) for arsenic-free water, people's trust in others and in institutions, social capital in communities, and preferences for sustainable arsenic-mitigation options were investigated. Arsenic treatment units (filters) and piped water supply systems were the most preferred sustainable arsenic-mitigation options in the surveyed villages. Less preferred arsenic-mitigation options include deep tube wells, dug wells, and rainwater harvesting systems. Binary logistic regression models for each arsenic-mitigation option were produced. Arsenic awareness, WTP, trust in agencies, trust in institutions and social capital were found to be the most significant factors for decision-making for preferring one arsenic-mitigation technology over the others. We recommend a mixed model of two arsenicmitigation options for the studied individuals, which could be a sustainable arsenic-mitigation option for them, considering their socio-economic and demographic conditions. Existing institutions should be strengthened, agencies empowered, and communities enlightened about arsenic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the processes that control dug well and borewell water chemistry in crystalline basement aquifers in semi-arid environment. Changes in SO 4 2 − and NO 3 − were observed in both dug well and borewell samples. Six dug wells and seven borewells had high NO 3 − concentrations relative to SO 4 2 − suggesting prevailing oxidizing redox conditions in these samples. The highest NO 3 − and SO 4 2 − concentrations were found in few borewells. These high concentrations could be attributed to low recharge rates and chemical weathering of sulfide minerals. The acidic conditions may have promoted As T adsorption in the majority of dug wells. The saturation indices and correlation coefficients showed that most dug wells and some borewells were supersaturated with respect to Fe-bearing minerals, implying that trace elements such as As T , Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were likely to coprecipitate with residual Fe minerals. The low mobility of As T in dug wells could be also explained by the limited carbonate mineral abundance in the weathered layer. By contrast, the elevated As T concentrations observed in the majority of borewells reflected an extended water–rock interaction that had led to deportonation of surface charges of the aquifer minerals, thereby inhibiting As T adsorption. The average concentration of Fe T and total coliform content of dug well samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking waters. Likewise, the average concentrations of Fe T , As T (~ 55% of samples) and Pb in borewells were higher than the WHO permissible limits. The study showed that the local groundwater resources are exposed to both anthropogenic and geogenic sources of pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecological Engineering / Inżynieria Ekologiczna is the property of Polish Society of Ecological Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in some communities (Iwo, Ikonifin and Ife-odan) of Southwest Nigeria was carried out. The physicochemical parameters determined include pH, temperature, redox potential (Eh), electrical conductivity and depth of wells. The concentration of heavy metals was determined using Bulk Scientific model of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Flame photometer was used to determine Na and K, while titration method was used to determine Mg and Ca. The obtained results indicate that the majority of the sampled wells were deep (>16 m) and the values of redox potentials (EH) recorded were mainly positive with the exception of a few. Most parameters were within the WHO-recommended limits in drinking water. DO was significantly higher at Ife-Odan with values of 4.96 ± 0.34 mgL, while wells from Ikonifin were significantly deeper than others. The PO and SOconcentrations were significantly high, both in Ife-Odan and Iwo, which was attributed to possible runoff from diffuse sources (wastes). The piper diagram showed that the dominant cations were Na and K, while the dominant anions were CO and HCO, suggesting that the major ions are from water-rock interactions. The concentration of lead (Pb) was found to be higher than the recommended WHO limit of 0.05 mgL in drinking water from most (80 %) of the samples. Significantly ( P < 0.05) high Pb concentration values were recorded from Ife-Odan (0.53 ± 0.04 mgL) and Ikonifin (0.6 ± 0.06 mgL). The cadmium (Cd) concentration was found to be slightly higher than 0.003 mgL, theWHO-recommended limit for all locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the Meruoca’s water supply and discusses the factors that have influenced thequantity and quality of groundwater. Four hydrogeological situations in the area were considered: alteration mantle andfractured crystalline rocks, whose structure is good to storage water; no fractured crystalline rocks, represented bygranites and volcanic rocks, that aren’t good to storage water. The Meruoca’s groundwater supply is achieved mainly bydug wells (87%), followed tube wells (9%) and natural sources (4%). Dug wells water levels were monitored during 3years and was verified that the water table changes from 1.0 m up to 6,0 m. Was observed that the water level in the dugwells has immediate response during the rain, attesting the condition of an unconfined aquifer. Nine samples werecollected to complete chemical analysis and eighteen (18) samples to partial analyses, including the nitrogenous seriescompounds (NH4, NO2 e NO3). The chemical results indicated Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl water type. The quality of water isgood to human supply, in most of the cases.

Copyright of Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental is the property of Revista Eletronica em Gestao, Educacao e Tecnologia Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%; 59% and 70%, 40% and 27%, and 78% and 26%. Sodium was major problem in dug wells and shallow pumps of district Thar and considerable percent in shallow pumps of Badin. Iron was major problem in all water bodies of district Badin ranging from 50% to 69% and to some extent in open waters of Thatta. Other parameters as pH, copper, manganese, zinc, and phosphorus were within standard permissible limits of World Health Organization. Some common diseases found in the study area were gastroenteritis, diarrhea and vomiting, kidney, and skin problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8 month investigation into the quality of water from open and rope-pump shallow wells in rural Cambodia was conducted. Wells were analysed for indicators of the health (arsenic, fluoride, manganese, nitrate, total coliforms, E. coli, male-specific coliphage) and aesthetic (iron, chloride, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardnesss, turbidity, pH) quality of the water, and referenced to the Cambodian Drinking Water Standard when available. The shallow aquifer was chemically less of a health risk than the deep aquifer; however, microbial contamination was considerable for both shallow well types with mean E. coli loads of 103 CFU/100mL and male-specific coliphage contamination of 102 PFU/eluate. Temporal variation in microbial contamination was significant ( p , 0.05), with overall loads decreasing during the dry season. The aesthetic quality of the water was poor for all samples, but worsened during the dry season. No significant difference was observed in the quality of water from open and rope-pump wells, despite their classification as unimproved and improved respectively by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. Contaminants present in both well types may readily be removed by simple water treatment, suggesting that household treatment may be more beneficial to rural Cambodian households than shallow aquifer source improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]