9 results on '"Hakkarainen, Pekka"'
Search Results
2. Understanding global patterns of domestic cannabis cultivation
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Barratt, Monica J., Bouchard, Martin, Decorte, Tom, Asmussen Frank, Vibeke, Hakkarainen, Pekka, Lenton, Simon, Malm, Aili, Nguyen, Holly, and Potter, Gary R.
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- 2012
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3. Violence as a part of the drug scene.
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Hautala, Sanna, Hakkarainen, Pekka, Kuussaari, Kristiina, Kataja, Kati, and Kailanto, Sanna
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DRUGS of abuse , *VIOLENCE , *PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY , *INTIMATE partner violence , *VIOLENCE prevention - Abstract
Our study explores the violence that occurs in the drug scene from the perspective of those who use illicit drugs in Finland. We conducted 56 theme interviews with people with experience using multiple substances and studied how they produced agency related to violent acts. We were interested in the kinds of meanings they gave to violence and how these meanings varied according to different positions: (1) experiencing violence (victim), (2) committing violence and (3) witnessing violence. We found that in the drug scene, these positions were not fixed but overlapping and intertwined. Violence was usually projected onto the psychopharmacological properties of the substances or rationalized as being necessary for survival. The relations to and positions of violence differed considerably between men and women. Whereas in men's interviews violence was often anchored to masculine power and questions of honour, in women's accounts it was often related to intimate partner violence. However, irrespective of the individual's position and gender, violence appeared to be a damaging experience that weakened his or her self-esteem. This vulnerability is encountered when people wish to quit the drug scene and its internal normative rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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4. Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity.
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Hakkarainen, Pekka, Kiianmaa, Kalervo, Kuoppasalmi, Kimmo, and Tigerstedt, Christoffer
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SUBSTANCE abuse prevention , *HISTORY of associations, institutions, etc. , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *ALCOHOLISM , *GAMBLING , *GOAL (Psychology) , *HEALTH planning , *MEDICAL research , *TOBACCO , *SOCIETIES - Abstract
ABSTRACT The Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction started operations on 1 January 2009, when the National Institute of Public Health (KTL) and the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES) were merged. The newly formed institute, called the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), operates under the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The scope of the research and preventive work conducted in the Department covers alcohol, drugs, tobacco and gambling issues. The two main tasks of the Department are (i) to research, produce and disseminate information on alcohol and drugs, substance use, addictions and their social and health-related effects and (ii) to develop prevention and good practices with a view to counteracting the onset and development of alcohol and drug problems and the damaging effects of smoking and other addictions. The number of staff hovers at approximately 60 people. The Department is organized into three units, one specialized in social sciences (the Alcohol and Drug Research Unit), another in laboratory analytics (the Alcohol and Drug Analytics Unit) and the third primarily in preventive work (the Addiction Prevention Unit). These units incorporate a rich variety and long traditions of both research and preventive work. The mixture of different disciplines creates good opportunities for interdisciplinary research projects and collaboration within the Department. Also, the fact that in the same administrative context there are both researchers and people specialized in preventive work opens up interesting possibilities for combining efforts from these two branches. Nationally, the Department is a key player in all its fields of interest. It engages in a great deal of cooperation both nationally and internationally, and among its strengths are the high-quality, regularly collected long-term data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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5. Measuring the cannabis market in Finland--A consumption-based estimate.
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Hakkarainen, Pekka, Kainulainen, Heini, and Perälä, Jussi
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CANNABIS (Genus) , *DRUGS , *SMOKABLE plants , *CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *DRUG abuse - Abstract
According to a frequently voiced opinion drug seizures represent 5 to 10 percent of drug traded in the market. In this article we estimate the size of the Finnish cannabis trade by calculating the number of users and the amount of the substance consumed in a year. We divide the subjects into five different groups based on the annual frequency of use: experimenters (1-4 days), modest occasional users (5-12 days), frequent occasional users (13-51 days), weekly users (52-181 days) and, finally, daily users (182-365 days). The highest number of users was found in the group of modest occasional users, while daily users were accountable for the greatest share of total consumption. According to our calculations the amount of seized cannabis corresponds to 10-23 percent of the total amount on the market which means that authorities operate more effectively than what is generally believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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6. Opinions and attitudes towards drugs and drug policy in Finland 2002.
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Hakkarainen, Pekka and Metso, Leena
- Abstract
The article describes the opinions and attitudes of people in Finland towards drugs and drug policy and compares the main differences against socio-demographic factors. The data come from a postal questionnaire survey carried out by Statistics Finland in autumn 2002 with a representative sample (n = 4,053) of Finnish people aged 15-69. The response rate was 63%. Population surveys aimed at monitoring attitudes and opinions on drug-related issues have been conducted in Finland since the early 1990s. Some of the items in the 2002 questionnaire were the same as in the corresponding surveys in 1992, 1996 and 1998, which allows us to make comparisons over time. The results show that people in Finland are concerned about the growth of drug problems and that they have become more so over time. The concern is greatest among people living in rural areas, even though they come face to face with drug problems less often than people in urban areas. The media and public debate have a major impact on people's opinions. Views on the health risks associated with drugs vary sharply with age. About half of the respondents under 35 took the view that experimenting with cannabis carried little or no risk, whereas older people took a much more critical stance. One-fifth of the respondents under 25 also thought that the risks involved in experimenting with ecstasy were insignificant. Even the younger age groups, though, thought that regular use of these drugs did involve risks. Opinions towards heroin use were critical in all age groups. It seems that public opinion and attitudes towards drugs have become increasingly differentiated. The proportion of people who consider regular smoking a minor health risk, has sharply declined. Attitudes towards the risks of weekly drinking to intoxication have also become somewhat stricter. Attitudes towards cannabis use, on the other hand, are somewhat more permissive than earlier. In contrast to the situation in Britain, for instance, where all... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
7. Juha Partanen (1936-2013).
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Tigerstedt, Christoffer and Hakkarainen, Pekka
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AUTHORS , *COLLEGE teachers , *DRINKING behavior , *ALCOHOL drinking , *BEHAVIORAL research , *RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
An obituary for statistician, mathematician and sociologist Juha Partanen is presented.
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- 2014
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8. Illicit drug use is increasing among non-medical users of prescription drugs-Results from population-based surveys 2002-2014.
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Karjalainen, Karoliina, Lintonen, Tomi, and Hakkarainen, Pekka
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DRUG abuse , *MEDICATION abuse , *PUBLIC health , *HEALTH surveys , *HEALTH risk assessment , *DRUG therapy , *ALCOHOL drinking , *DRUGS , *DRUGS of abuse , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
Background: Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is known to be associated with illicit drug use, but less is known about how illicit drug use has changed in NMUPD. We examined (1) the changes in illicit drug use among Finnish non-medical users of prescription drugs during the 2000s and (2) whether the trends of illicit drug use differ by non-medical use of prescription drugs in the general population.Methods: Data were derived from population-based (aged 15-69) Drug Surveys conducted in Finland in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. The response rates varied between 63% and 48%. NMUPD during the last year was measured (n=252). Past-year illicit drug use among non-medical users of prescription drugs and the reference population not reporting NMUPD (n=10,967) was compared. Logistic regression was used to estimate the p-values for trends.Results: Illicit drug use has increased notably among Finnish non-medical users of prescription drugs (from 21% to 70%, p for trend<0.001). This was not explained by the respondents' gender, age, employment status or alcohol use. Among the reference population, illicit drug use also increased statistically significantly, but much more moderately (from 2.5% to 5.4%). The difference between the trends was confirmed by an interaction test (p=0.022).Conclusions: NMUPD seems to be increasingly merging with illicit drug use. This indicates an increasing prevalence of polydrug use among non-medical users of prescription drugs, which may bring about more severe harms and worse health outcomes for users and more challenges in regard to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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9. The burgeoning recognition and accommodation of the social supply of drugs in international criminal justice systems: An eleven-nation comparative overview.
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Coomber, Ross, Moyle, Leah, Belackova, Vendula, Decorte, Tom, Hakkarainen, Pekka, Hathaway, Andrew, Laidler, Karen Joe, Lenton, Simon, Murphy, Sheigla, Scott, John, Stefunkova, Michaela, Van De Ven, Katinka, Vlaemynck, Marieke, and Werse, Bernd
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DRUG supply & demand , *DRUG overdose , *CRIMINAL justice system , *DRUGS & crime , *SELLING of drugs , *CANNABIS (Genus) , *PREVENTION , *CRIME & psychology , *DRUG laws , *CRIMINAL law , *RESEARCH , *SOCIAL participation , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *PSYCHOLOGY of drug abusers , *SOCIAL networks , *RESEARCH methodology , *EVALUATION research , *MEDICAL cooperation , *CRIMINOLOGY , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests - Abstract
Background: It is now commonly accepted that there exists a form of drug supply, that involves the non-commercial supply of drugs to friends and acquaintances for little or no profit, which is qualitatively different from profit motivated 'drug dealing proper'. 'Social supply', as it has become known, has a strong conceptual footprint in the United Kingdom, shaped by empirical research, policy discussion and its accommodation in legal frameworks. Though scholarship has emerged in a number of contexts outside the UK, the extent to which social supply has developed as an internationally recognised concept in criminal justice contexts is still unclear.Methods: Drawing on an established international social supply research network across eleven nations, this paper provides the first assessment of social supply as an internationally relevant concept. Data derives from individual and team research stemming from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, England and Wales, and the United States, supported by expert reflection on research evidence and analysis of sentencing and media reporting in each context. In situ social supply experts addressed a common set of questions regarding the nature of social supply for their particular context including: an overview of social supply research activity, reflection on the extent that differentiation is accommodated in drug supply sentencing frameworks; evaluating the extent to which social supply is recognised in legal discourse and in sentencing practices and more broadly by e.g. criminal justice professionals in the public sphere. A thematic analysis of these scripts was undertaken and emergent themes were developed. Whilst having an absence of local research, New Zealand is also included in the analysis as there exists a genuine discursive presence of social supply in the drug control and sentencing policy contexts in that country.Results: Findings suggest that while social supply has been found to exist as a real and distinct behaviour, its acceptance and application in criminal justice systems ranges from explicit through to implicit. In the absence of dedicated guiding frameworks, strong use is made of discretion and mitigating circumstances in attempts to acknowledge supply differentiation. In some jurisdictions, there is no accommodation of social supply, and while aggravating factors can be applied to differentiate more serious offences, social suppliers remain subject to arbitrary deterrent sentencing apparatus.Conclusion: Due to the shifting sands of politics, mood, or geographical disparity, reliance on judicial discretion and the use of mitigating circumstances to implement commensurate sentences for social suppliers is no longer sufficient. Further research is required to strengthen the conceptual presence of social supply in policy and practice as a behaviour that extends beyond cannabis and is relevant to users of all drugs. Research informed guidelines and/or specific sentencing provisions for social suppliers would provide fewer possibilities for inconsistency and promote more proportionate outcomes for this fast-growing group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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