Search

Background: Because of the unknown situation of antibiotic resistance pattern in the main hospital in Ilam, Iran, we aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogenic bacteria obtained from referred patients to Imam Khomaini Hospital, Ilam, Iran. So, 114 bacteria were collected during 9-month period and evaluated for their antibiotic resistance patterns., Results: Our results demonstrated that Escherichia coli as the dominant responsible for urinary tract infection. Our results demonstrated that 61.4 % (n = 70) of isolates were positive for E.coli, while lowest prevalence was observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. The results also showed that 6.4% (n = 7) were metallo beta lactamase (MBL) producers. Our findings showed only 4 gram positive bacteria were obtained from patients with urinary tract infections including one methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 2 vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE)., Conclusion: In conclusion, we strongly recommended to perform a perfect study among all hospitals in Iran to evaluate the situation of antibiotic resistance and make a real panel to control this issue., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important pathogens worldwide and compared to other staphylococcal species that are associated with higher mortality rate. A total of 500 Staphylococcus spp. was collected from selected hospitals in Ilam, Kermanshah, Khorram Abad and Hamadan cities and, via phenotypic and genotypic methods, was assessed to find MRSA. The presence or absence of prevalent antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes was evaluated among MRSA isolates, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and then the SCCmec typing of these isolates was assayed by multiplex PCR. A total of 372 (74.4%) Stapylococcus spp. isolates were identified as S. aureus, among which 200 (53.8%) possessed the mecA gene and were distinguished as MRSA. All of MRSA isolates contained blaZ gene. The frequency of ermA and ermC genes among erythromycin-resistant MRSA isolates was 21.6% and 66.7%, respectively. The frequency of the virulence genes eta, hla and sea among MRSA isolates was 10%, 80.5% and 100%, respectively. SCCmec type IV accounted for 30.6% of the MRSA isolates and SCCmec type III, SCCmec type II and SCCmec type I accounted for 30%, 22% and 17.5% of the isolates, respectively. The antibiotic resistance genes and the virulence genes of blaZ, hla, sea, eta and ermC had high frequencies among the MRSA isolates. This study showed that the antibiotic resistance genes had higher frequencies among SCCmec types I and IV, which confirms the previous reports in this field.

Background: Extensive use of antibiotics and biocide in treatment of patients and cleaning of surfaces and medical equipment has led to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The current research goals to determine the antiseptics Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value in Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus) isolates from some major hospitals in Iran and to detect qacA/B, norA , smr and blaZ genes., Methods: Two hundred isolates of S. aureus including 100 MRSA and 100 MSSA clinical isolates were collected from 4 hospitals in the west of Iran during period 2012 to 2013. Detection of disinfectant resistant genes (qac A/B, smr and norA), antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA and blaZ) and SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates was performed by PCR., Results: MIC of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in 70% of MRSA and 30% of MSSA strains was 8-16 µg/ml. High level of MIC of citrimide (>2 µg/ml) in MRSA and MSSA isolates was 20% and 5% , respectively. MIC of benzalkonium chloride (BC) in 80% of MRSA and 83% of MSSA isolates was less than 2 µg/ml; only 9% of MRSA had MIC higher than 2 µg/ml. Frequency of antiseptic and antibiotic resistance genes norA, blaZ and qacA/B in MRSA isolates were 83%, 98% and 9%, respectively; while this value for MSSA isolates were 62%, 8% and 0%, respectively. The smr gene was not detected in both MRSA and MSSA isolates. In all biocides high MIC were observed in SCCmec type III and IVc. High frequency of qacA/B gene was found in SCCmec type III,Vc and IVb, which were 66.6% ,22% and 11.1% respectively., Conclusion: We found SCCmec types III, Vc was related to high MIC of biocide in MRSA isolates.

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen of public health importance. The prevalence of MRSA and its antimicrobial resistance pattern, as well as SCCmec and spa types, remain unclear both in the community and in the hospitals of the western region of Iran., Methods: One hundred MRSA isolates were collected from different hospitals in the west of Iran during 2010-2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to 15 antimicrobial agents was carried out by disk agar diffusion (DAD) method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were evaluated by a broth microdilution method. The Etest was used for the detection of highly gentamicin-resistant MRSA. A combination of single and multiplex PCR was used for the detection of different resistance genes, including beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs), and macrolide-lincosamine, and for SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates. Genotyping of MRSA isolates was performed via spa typing., Results: All tested isolates were susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and vancomycin, but were resistant to penicillin (100%), erythromycin (50%), clindamycin (27%), and gentamicin (18%). MIC50 and MIC90 was 256 μg/ml among gentamicin-resistant MRSA. The most prevalent AME genes among aminoglycoside-resistant isolates were aac(6')-1e-aph(2")-1a (77.8%), aph(3')-IIIa (38.9%), and ant(4')-1a (27.8%). Nearly all tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant MRSA had ermA and/or ermC but not ermB. Five SCCmec types and subtypes, 13 spa types, and four BURP groups (A-D) were identified. SCCmec types III (45%) and IVc (24%), spa type t701 (30%), and new spa type t12311 (15%) were the most prevalent among MRSA isolates., Conclusions: This study showed the emergence of MRSA with SCCmec type III and with spa types t12311, t10740, t1234, t1991, and t2651 with different phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in the west of Iran. We found different SCCmec and spa types distributed among nosocomial and non-nosocomial MRSA in the west of Iran., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)