12 results
Search Results
2. A Historical Perspective of Scientific Advances in Paper Forming Hydrodynamics: 1950-2000.
- Author
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Zhao, Joe and Kerekes, Richard
- Subjects
- *
HYDRODYNAMICS , *PAPERMAKING , *PAPERMAKING machinery , *KINETIC energy , *THICKNESS measurement - Abstract
This paper reviews key advances in understanding the hydrodynamics of the forming section of papermaking during the years 1950 to 2000. Over this period papermaking advanced from rather slow-speed Fourdrinier machines to modern high-speed twin-wire formers. The advances are described in the context of technical problems faced at the time to increase machine speeds and improve paper properties. The scientific work and advances in machine design contributed greatly to the marvel of modern papermaking, which now includes machines 10 m wide operating at speeds over 100 km/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Effect of microfibrillated cellulose and fines on the drainage of kraft pulp suspension and paper strength.
- Author
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Taipale, Tero, Österberg, Monika, Nykänen, Antti, Ruokolainen, Janne, and Laine, Janne
- Subjects
MICROFIBRILS ,CELLULOSE ,PAPERMAKING ,POLYELECTROLYTES ,ADDITIVES ,PAPER ,STRENGTH of materials - Abstract
Different types of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and fines suspensions were produced, characterized, and then added to a papermaking pulp suspension. High and medium molar mass cationic polyelectrolytes were used as fixatives. The drainage behavior of the pulp suspensions with additives were evaluated against the strength properties of hand sheets made thereof. The effects of salt concentration, pH, fixative type, dosage and type of fibrillar material on drainage were examined. All the MFC and fines samples produced had clearly different properties due to their dissimilar production methods, and they also introduced specific responses on the measured drainage and paper strength. Generally, the addition of MFC decreased the drainage rate of pulp suspension and increased the strength of paper. However, it was shown that by optimum selection of materials and process conditions an enhancement of the strength properties could be achieved without simultaneously deteriorating the drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A Historical Perspective of Scientific Advances in Paper Forming Hydrodynamics: 1950-2000
- Author
-
Richard J. Kerekes and Joe R. Zhao
- Subjects
Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,business.product_category ,business.industry ,Papermaking ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,Mechanical engineering ,Bioengineering ,Context (language use) ,Machine design ,Manufacturing engineering ,Paper machine ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,Paper ,Fourdrinier forming ,Twin-wire forming ,Hydrodynamics ,Drainage ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
This paper reviews key advances in understanding the hydrodynamics of the forming section of papermaking during the years 1950 to 2000. Over this period papermaking advanced from rather slow-speed Fourdrinier machines to modern high-speed twin-wire formers. The advances are described in the context of technical problems faced at the time to increase machine speeds and improve paper properties. The scientific work and advances in machine design contributed greatly to the marvel of modern papermaking, which now includes machines 10 m wide operating at speeds over 100 km/h.
- Published
- 2017
5. In Situ Production and Application of Cellulose Nanofibers to Improve Recycled Paper Production
- Author
-
Angeles Blanco, Carlos Negro, M. Concepcion Monte, Ana Balea, Noemi Merayo, and Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Nanofibers ,Pharmaceutical Science ,02 engineering and technology ,mechanical properties ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Nanocellulose ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Discovery ,Recycling ,nanocellulose ,Materiales ,Pulp (paper) ,Paper production ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,visual_art ,recycled paper ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Molecular Medicine ,0210 nano-technology ,Oxidation-Reduction ,drainage ,Paper ,retention ,Materials science ,Raw material ,engineering.material ,Article ,12. Responsible consumption ,lcsh:QD241-441 ,Cyclic N-Oxides ,lcsh:Organic chemistry ,Tensile Strength ,010608 biotechnology ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Cellulose ,cellulose nanofibers ,circular economy ,Organic Chemistry ,Ingeniería química ,Industria del papel ,chemistry ,Nanofiber ,Newsprint ,engineering - Abstract
The recycled paper and board industry needs to improve the quality of their products to meet customer demands. The refining process and strength additives are commonly used to increase mechanical properties. Interfiber bonding can also be improved using cellulose nanofibers (CNF). A circular economy approach in the industrial implementation of CNF can be addressed through the in situ production of CNF using side cellulose streams of the process as raw material, avoiding transportation costs and reducing industrial wastes. Furthermore, CNF fit for use can be produced for specific industrial applications.This study evaluates the feasibility of using two types of recycled fibers, simulating the broke streams of two paper machines producing newsprint and liner for cartonboard, to produce in situ CNF for direct application on the original pulps, old newsprint (ONP), and old corrugated container (OCC), and to reinforce the final products. The CNF were obtained by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation and homogenization at 600 bar. Handsheets were prepared with disintegrated recycled pulp and different amounts of CNF using a conventional three-component retention system. Results show that 3 wt.% of CNF produced with 10 mmol of NaClO per gram of dry pulp improve tensile index of ONP ~30%. For OCC, the same treatment and CNF dose increase tensile index above 60%. In both cases, CNF cause a deterioration of drainage, but this effect is effectively counteracted by optimising the retention system.
- Published
- 2019
6. Septage Management Pilots and Capacity Building in Indonesia : Synthesis Report
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
COMMUNICATIONS ,SLUDGE DRYING BEDS ,STABILIZATION ,RIVERS ,COMBINED SEWERAGE ,WATER UTILITY ,INFORMATION ,DRAINAGE ,SEPTIC TANKS ,WASTE ,COMMUNICATION ,DATABASES ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS ,OXIDATION ,OXYGEN ,OXYGEN DEMAND ,CUSTOMER BASE ,SPARE PARTS ,URBAN HOUSEHOLDS ,IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES ,URBAN SEWERAGE ,OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,WATER ,MONITORING ,LEACHATE ,FILTERS ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,COMPUTERS ,SEWERAGE ,SITES ,CONSTRUCTION ,TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS ,LICENSES ,SEDIMENTATION TANKS ,MECHANICAL AERATION ,BUSINESS ,MANHOLES ,INSTITUTIONS ,SEWERAGE SYSTEMS ,E-MAIL ,PILOT TESTING ,DESLUDGING ,FINANCIAL SYSTEMS ,LOW VOLUME ,COMPUTER ,SOLID WASTE ,SLUDGE DEWATERING ,WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ,PIPES ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,PROFIT ,LEAD ,DATA ANALYSIS ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,MOBILE PHONES ,GARBAGE ,SLUDGE TREATMENT ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,INSTITUTION ,STABILIZATION PONDS ,SLUDGE ,PATHOGENS ,DOMESTIC WASTEWATER ,BUDGET ALLOCATION ,BILLING ,METERS ,DATA ENTRY ,LABORATORY EQUIPMENT ,SANITATION SYSTEMS ,GREYWATER ,PERFORMANCE ,COMPOSTING ,SCREENING ,COPYRIGHT ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION PROGRAMS ,FAX ,TRAINING MATERIALS ,PAPER ,PHONES ,TOILET FACILITIES ,CUSTOMER SATISFACTION ,DATA NETWORK ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,TELEPHONE ,DATA ,GROUNDWATER ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT ,SEWERS ,INNOVATION ,WASTEWATER AGENCIES ,SANITATION FACILITIES ,GRIT REMOVAL ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ,INFORMATION COMMUNICATION ,SLUDGE REMOVAL ,BARCODE ,ELECTRICITY ,UNIVERSAL ACCESS ,VACUUM TRUCKS ,ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ,GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENT ,WATER METERS ,HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY ,CUSTOMERS ,COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ,SANITATION SERVICES ,NETWORK ,SEDIMENTATION ,RESULT ,SANITATION REGULATIONS ,TARIFFS ,LIME ,SLUDGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS ,SANITATION QUALITY ,CONSULTANT ,TARGET ,EQUIPMENT ,CUSTOMER RELATIONS ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,CONSULTANTS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,BUSINESS MODELS ,WASTEWATER ,DATABASE ,URBAN WATER ,ORGANIC LOAD ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,MATERIALS ,POND ,WATER BILLING ,SCREENS ,WASTEWATER DISCHARGE ,DITCHES ,IMHOFF TANKS ,TIPPING FEES ,TECHNOLOGY ,SLUDGE DRYING ,MATERIAL ,SETTLING TANKS ,CUSTOMER ,AERATION ,WASTES ,RESULTS ,WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS ,WATER SUPPLY ,OXIDATION DITCHES ,TANKS ,SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,PONDS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,QUERIES ,ICT ,NATIONAL TRAINING ,INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ,URBAN SANITATION ,MINING ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,DRYING BEDS ,PUMPS - Abstract
This report is a synthesis of the technical assistance (TA) and recommendations, carried out by the World Bank water and sanitation program (WSP) since September 2014. To achieve the target of 100 percent improved sanitation, there is a national drive to improve fecal sludge management (FSM). This TA recognizes that to achieve the goals it is necessary to support the development of national FSM policies, regulations, and guidelines, while also improving capacity at the local level by supporting the implementation of improved FSM models in target cities. The objective of the TA was to provide government with tested advice on how to scale up improved septage management nationwide through: (i) improvement of septage management in three cities through the application of new management models (local level); and (ii) assistance to national government in training and capacity building and the formulation of policies and regulations to improve septage management at scale (national level). This report is structured as follows: chapter one is the executive summary; chapter two gives the background to sanitation in Indonesia and to fecal sludge management in particular; chapter three provides an overview of the TA approach; chapter four gives details of the implementation of the TA; chapter five summarizes the lessons learned; and chapter six outlines the recommendations and next steps.
- Published
- 2016
7. Support to National Capacity Development : Framework for Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Bangladesh
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC INFORMATION ,DRAINAGE ,PERFORMANCE INCENTIVES ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,SANITATION PRACTICES ,SAFE WATER SUPPLY ,BASIC WATER SUPPLY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,MAINTENANCE OF WATER ,ACCESS TO DATA ,POPULATION WITHOUT ACCESS ,USE OF WATER ,WATER SOURCES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,WATER ,POLICY MAKERS ,FILTERS ,POPULATION ,SEWERAGE ,SEWERAGE AUTHORITIES ,SANITATION POLICY ,MINISTRY OF INFORMATION ,WOMEN ,USAGE OF WATER ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,HAND PUMPS ,SANITATION COVERAGE ,LATRINES ,WATER SOURCE ,LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT CAPACITY ,WATER POINTS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,ADOPTION ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,WELLS ,WATER MANAGEMENT ,AQUIFER ,STUDENTS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,SERVICE QUALITY ,LEAD ,SANITATION ,QUALITY OF WATER ,AFFORDABLE WATER ,PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY ,SURFACE WATER ,SALINE INTRUSION ,SANITATION SECTOR ,PROGRESS ,SANITATION INVESTMENTS ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL ,DISABILITY ,DRINKING WATER ,BEHAVIOR CHANGE ,LACK OF CAPACITY ,AQUIFERS ,SCREENING ,GOVERNMENT OFFICES ,PAPER ,WATER SECTOR ,OPEN DEFECATION ,WATER HARVESTING ,SAND FILTERS ,DILUTION ,SANITATION FACILITIES ,GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ,QUALITY WATER ,EXTENSION WORKERS ,PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ,QUALITY OF SERVICE ,CITIZENS ,SANITATION SERVICES ,DROUGHT ,SAFE WATER ,IRON ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,DISSEMINATION ,LOW INCOME COMMUNITIES ,POLICY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,NATIONAL CAPACITY ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,BACTERIA ,CITIZEN ,SAFE DRINKING WATER ,IRON REMOVAL ,HOUSEHOLDS ,ARSENIC ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,SUSTAINABLE SERVICES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT CAPACITY BUILDING ,TRAINING ,SERVICE PROVISION ,MATERIALS ,PROVISION OF WATER ,POND ,WATER TABLE ,FACT SHEETS ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,LEGAL STATUS ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,SYSTEMS ,WATER LOGGING ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,KNOWLEDGE ,QUALITY EDUCATION ,COMMUNITY GROUPS ,UNIONS ,JOURNALISTS ,WORKSHOPS ,HAND PUMP ,WATER SUPPLY ,DECISION MAKERS ,FACT SHEET ,SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,PLANTATIONS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,WATER RESOURCES ,PUBLICATIONS ,PROVISION OF SERVICES ,LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS ,PUMPS - Abstract
The objective of this World Bank technical assistance has been to support the Government of Bangladesh’s (GoB) national capacity development framework for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) in Bangladesh, focusing on demand-responsive peer-to-peer or horizontal learning processes and improve horizontal accountability communication and monitoring systems to track progress in the sector. This technical assistance is in line with the World Bank country assistance strategy (CAS) which seeks to support the GoB target of ensuring safe drinking water and sanitation for all. It has contributed to strengthening the long-term capacity of the government, in particular the union Parishad (UP) which is responsible for ensuring water and sanitation services for all in Bangladesh.
- Published
- 2015
8. Support to Government of India for Implementation of National Urban Sanitation Policy
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
SANITATION INITIATIVES ,DRAINAGE ,SEPTIC TANKS ,WASTE ,COMMUNITY TOILET ,DRAINS ,SANITATION POLICIES ,BOD ,POLLUTION CONTROL ,OXYGEN ,EFFLUENT DISCHARGE ,OXYGEN DEMAND ,DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER ,URBAN HOUSEHOLDS ,WATER SOURCES ,WATER ,PUBLIC SANITATION FACILITIES ,SEWERAGE NETWORKS ,DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE ,SANITARY INSTALLATIONS ,DISPOSAL SYSTEM ,EMISSIONS ,SEWERAGE ,SLUM DWELLER ,SANITATION INDICATORS ,SANITATION POLICY ,SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES ,WATER RESOURCE ,SEWAGE ,SANITATION FACILITY ,PUBLIC TOILETS ,LATRINES ,SEWERAGE NETWORK ,WATER SOURCE ,FERTILIZERS ,PITS ,WATER TARIFFS ,SEWERAGE SYSTEMS ,USERS ,TREATED WASTEWATER ,SOLID WASTE ,WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ,AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION ,LEAD ,SANITATION IN CITIES ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,CONNECTIONS ,SANITATION SECTOR ,TREATMENT PLANT ,ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY ,SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS ,SANITATION SOLUTIONS ,SLUDGE ,BASIC SANITATION ,WASTEWATER COLLECTION ,ENERGY RECOVERY ,METERS ,PUMPING STATIONS ,WATER SUPPLIES ,URBAN LOCAL ,DRINKING WATER ,SANITATION SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC SANITATION ,LARGE CITIES ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION PROGRAMS ,SEPTIC TANK SLUDGE ,URBAN WASTEWATER ,HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ,PAPER ,TOILET FACILITIES ,SERVICE CONNECTION ,DEMAND FOR WATER ,GROUNDWATER ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT ,SEWERS ,CROP GROWTH ,SANITATION FACILITIES ,ACCESS TO SANITATION ,NUTRIENTS ,HOUSE CONNECTIONS ,ELECTRICITY ,INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS ,SANITATION MANAGEMENT ,IRRIGATION ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ,SANITATION SERVICES ,NETWORK ,DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ,SERVICE CONNECTIONS ,SANITATION ACCESS ,TARIFFS ,TOILETS ,SEWAGE TREATMENT ,PIT LATRINES ,TOILET BLOCK ,COMMUNITY SANITATION ,SCAVENGING ,INDUSTRIAL WATER ,URBAN CENTERS ,DESALINATION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,HYGIENE ,SEWER SYSTEMS ,TREATMENT FACILITIES ,BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND ,WASTEWATER ,RECYCLING ,SANITATION INTERVENTIONS ,URBAN WATER ,EXCRETA ,HUMAN EXCRETA ,UNTREATED SEWAGE ,PLUMBING ,CONNECTION ,UTILITIES ,WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE ,DIARRHEAL DISEASE ,LATRINE ,SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT ,IRRIGATION WATER ,SURFACE WATERS ,URBAN WATER SUPPLY ,QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER ,SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS ,SEPTIC TANK ,WASTES ,COMMUNITY TOILETS ,SAFE DISPOSAL ,WATER QUALITY ,WATER SUPPLY ,TARIFF SETTING ,SANITATION PROGRAM ,WASTEWATER RECYCLING ,MSW ,TANKS ,SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ,WATER RESOURCES ,FILTRATION ,QUALITY OF WASTEWATER ,URBAN AREAS ,SANITATION SERVICE ,MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER ,URBAN SANITATION ,TOILET - Abstract
This synthesis report details the process, outputs and intermediate outcomes of the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) Technical Assistance (TA) to Support Government of India for implementation of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (P131963). The objective of this TA was to (i) strengthen urban sanitation services and target the urban poor by development of strategies for regulation, funds allocation, improved accountability mechanisms and implementation of inclusive sanitation policies at national level and in at least five states, with two of these low-income states (LIS). This was to be supplemented with (ii) enabling design and use of improved performance monitoring systems by Government of India, 3 states and 300 urban local bodies by 2015, and (iii) strengthen capacity of local urban government institutions to provide improved – inclusive and sustainable – sanitation services for all. This TA provides the building blocks for sustainable sanitation improvements which are being adopted and implemented as part of another TA (P131967) in Madhya Pradesh and Tripura to pilot and operationalize City Sanitation Plans (CSPs) towards outcome oriented sector improvements. The areas addressed in this TA include the following specific goals of the NUSP: open defecation free cities, and integrated city-wide sanitation. The TA provided assistance to central government and the states in putting in place various elements identified as necessary for sector improvement, including planning, provisioning and monitoring processes. The TA also identified the need for the cities to see opportunities for financial recovery of investments through reuse and recycle strategies, to strengthen the incentive for investment in sanitation improvements.
- Published
- 2015
9. Teknik med Nelli och Nalle : Teknik i vardagen med konkreta bygg- och konstruktionsuppdrag
- Author
-
Berglund, Maria
- Subjects
pedagogical issues ,sax ,paper ,papper ,cykel ,avlopp ,light bulb ,glödlampa ,scissors ,educational programming ,bicycle ,pedagogiskplanering ,drainage ,pedagogiska frågor ,reflexer ,reflexes - Abstract
Syftet med detta utvecklingsarbete var att utveckla en lärarahandledning som stöd i teknik riktat till pedagoger i förskolan. Den skullle ge barnen en möjlighet till att skapa ett intresse för teknik. Lärarhandledningen riktar sig till pedagoger som arbetar med barn i åldrarna 3-6 och innehåller frågor om tekniken i vardagen som kan ställas av två mjukbjörnar, Nelli och Nalle. Utifrån dessa frågor så framställdes konkreta bygg- och konstruktionsuppdrag till varje enskild fråga. I handledningen så beskrivs det på vilket sätt pedagogerna kan arbeta med frågorna. Handledningen har utvärderats av fyra förskollärare och fick mycket positiv respons. The aim of this development work was to develop a teacher´s guide to assist in technology aimed at educators in preschool. It would give the kids an opportunity to create an interest in the technology. Teacher´s Guide is aimed at educators that works with children ages 3-6 and includes questions about the technology of every day life that can be aked of two softbears, Nelli and Nalle. From these questions then prepared an constuction and constuction tasks to each individual question. The Guide describes the way in which teahers can work with technology in every day life. The tutorial has been evalueted in four preschool theacher´s and got a very positive respons.
- Published
- 2014
10. Handbook on Scaling Up Solid and Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas
- Author
-
World Bank and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
- Subjects
SOLID WASTES ,FECES ,STABILIZATION ,DRAINAGE ,WASTE ,DRAINS ,POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT ,WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS ,PLASTICS ,WASTE WATER ,DISPOSAL OF WASTE ,WASTE GENERATION ,WATER ,URINE ,WASTE RECYCLING ,MUNICIPAL WASTE ,COMPOST ,SEWERAGE ,SITES ,DUMPS ,CONSTRUCTION ,TOXIC WASTE ,SITE ,SOLID WASTE COMPOSTING ,RADIOACTIVE WASTE ,SANITATION COVERAGE ,ORGANIC MATTER ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ,BIOGAS PLANT ,PLASTIC ,BIOGAS ,WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES ,VERMICOMPOSTING ,GREASE ,TREATED WASTEWATER ,SOLID WASTE ,BATHROOMS ,RURAL SANITATION ,WASTE PAPER ,PIPES ,SOLID WASTE RECYCLING ,LEAD ,HOUSEHOLD WASTE ,SANITATION ,BONES ,GARBAGE ,VEGETABLE WASTE ,AGRICULTURAL WASTE ,SANITATION SECTOR ,DRAINAGE CHANNEL ,PATHOGENS ,HUMAN WASTE ,DISPOSAL ,COMPOSTING ,BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ,BIODEGRADABLE MATERIAL ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,PVC ,ANIMAL WASTE ,PAPER ,HOSPITAL WASTE ,BIODEGRADABLE WASTE ,ORGANIC WASTE ,DEMOLITION WASTE ,HUMAN WASTE MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION FACILITIES ,WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ,IRRIGATION ,CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING ,TOILETS ,HUMAN FECAL MATTER ,WASTE HANDLING ,COMMUNITY SANITATION ,COMMERCIAL WASTE ,SULLAGE ,LIQUID WASTE ,WASTEWATER ,RECYCLING ,EXCRETA ,HUMAN EXCRETA ,GLASS ,POND ,HEAT ,TANK ,DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ,WASTE • SEGREGATION ,ODORS ,COMPOSTING PROCESS ,LOCATION ,LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT ,MANURE ,WASTES ,WATER SUPPLY ,WORMS ,RECYCLABLE WASTE ,SANITATION PROGRAM ,GARDENS ,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ,GARDEN WASTE ,EXPLOSIVES ,PERCOLATE ,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT ,FILTRATION ,WASTE DISPOSAL - Abstract
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) launched by Government of India has been the cornerstone of a decentralized, incentive based approach to achieve rural sanitation objectives. The scheme has developed strategic components to ensure coverage of sanitation facilities through financial and programmatic support for households, and for institutional and community sanitation. Construction of toilets needs to be complemented with mechanisms of waste handling to ensure a safe and hygienic environment in the rural areas. Safe disposal of solid and liquid waste is a major step on the sanitation ladder where communities have begun to successfully tackle. Government at present has specific provision for solid and liquid waste management (SLWM) as an important component under TSC. The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has been continuously updating technical notes on rural sanitation to reinforce the quality of interventions. The Hand Book on scaling up solid and liquid waste management in rural areas gives a very useful insight on the planning, construction, operation and maintenance of SLWM units in a sustainable way. The effort has been to make a comprehensive document that is user friendly for planning and executing agencies.
- Published
- 2012
11. The value of temporary external lumbar CSF drainage in predicting the outcome of shunting on normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Author
-
R, Walchenbach, E, Geiger, R T W M, Thomeer, and J A L, Vanneste
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Paper ,Middle Aged ,Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt ,Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Costs and Cost Analysis ,Drainage ,Humans ,Female ,False Negative Reactions ,Aged ,Cerebrospinal Fluid ,Hydrocephalus - Abstract
It has been reported that temporary external lumbar CSF drainage (ELD) is a very accurate test for predicting the outcome after ventricular shunting in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). However, only a limited number of patients have been studied for assessing the predictive accuracy of ELD. Therefore, the value of ELD in predicting the outcome after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in patients with presumed NPH was assessed.All patients with presumed NPH were invited to participate in this study. Clinical assessment, MRI, and neuropsychological evaluation were followed by a lumbar CSF tap test consisting of removing 40 ml CSF. When this test resulted in marked clinical improvement of gait impairment, mental disturbances, or both, the patient was shunted without further tests. In patients with either questionable or no improvement after the CSF tap test, ELD was carried out. The value of ELD for predicting the outcome after shunting was calculated by correlating the results of ELD with that of ventriculoperitoneal shunting.Between January 1994 and December 2000, 49 presumed NPH patients from three institutes were included. Forty three had idiopathic, and the remaining six had secondary NPH. Forty eight patients were shunted; 39 had an ELD of whom 38 completed the test. After 2 months 35 of the 48 (73%) shunted patients had improved. The predictive value of a positive ELD was 87% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 62-98) and that of a negative ELD 36% (95% CI 17-59). In two patients serious test related complications (meningitis) occurred without residual deficit.The study suggests that although the predictive value of a positive ELD is high, that of a negative ELD is deceptively low because of the high rate of false negative results. The costs and invasiveness of the test and the possibility of serious test related complications further limits its usefulness in managing patients with presumed NPH.
- Published
- 2002
12. Enzymatic upgrade of old paperboard containers
- Author
-
Helena Pala, Manuel Mota, Francisco M. Gama, M.A.N.D.A. Lemos, and Universidade do Minho
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Paper ,Enzyme action ,business.product_category ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Cellulase ,Pulp ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,010608 biotechnology ,Pulp and paper ,Cellulose ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Paperboard ,Physical properties ,Science & Technology ,biology ,Chemistry ,Pulp (paper) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Carton ,Enzyme ,visual_art ,engineering ,biology.protein ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Drainage ,Valorisation ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Cellulose binding-domains ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The use of enzymes in secondary fiber (old paperboard containers) upgrading was investigated. The following aspects were analyzed: (i) the effect of several enzymes and (non-hydrolytic) cellulose-binding domains on the pulp and paper properties; (ii) factors influencing enzymatic treatment of secondary fiber: enzyme dosage and reaction time; and (iii) enzyme action on fractions with different fiber-length. In general, all the tested enzymatic preparations were able to improve the pulp drainability. In most cases this improvement was obtained at the expense of paper strength. The use of cellulose-binding domains allowed for the simultaneous increase in drainability and strength properties.
- Published
- 2001
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