13 results on '"Petróczi, Andrea"'
Search Results
2. The one-sayers model for the Extended Crosswise design.
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Cruyff, Maarten J L F, Sayed, Khadiga H A, Petróczi, Andrea, and Heijden, Peter G M van der
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RESPONSE styles (Examinations) ,RANDOMIZED response ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DEGREES of freedom ,ELITE athletes - Abstract
The Extended Crosswise design is a randomized response design characterized by a sensitive and an innocuous question and two sub-samples with complementary randomization probabilities of the innocuous question. The response categories are 'One' with two different answers and 'Two' with two answers that are the same. Due to the complementary randomization probabilities, 'One' is the incriminating response in one sub-sample, and 'Two' in the other. The use of two sub-samples generates a degree of freedom to test for response biases with a goodness-of-fit test, but this test is unable to detect bias resulting from self-protective respondents giving the non-incriminating response when the incriminating response was required. This raises the question what a significant goodness-of-fit test measures? In this paper, we hypothesize that respondents are largely unaware which response is associated with the sensitive characteristic, and intuitively perceive 'One' as the safer response. We present empirical evidence for one-saying in six surveys among a total of 4 , 242 elite athletes, and present estimates of doping use corrected for it. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses are conducted to test the hypothesis that respondents who complete the survey in a short time are more likely to answer randomly, and therefore are less likely to be one-sayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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Catalog
3. Hidden figures: Revisiting doping prevalence estimates previously reported for two major international sport events in the context of further empirical evidence and the extant literature
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Petróczi, Andrea, Cruyff, Maarten, de Hon, Olivier, Sagoe, Dominic, Saugy, Martial, Leerstoel Heijden, Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences, Leerstoel Heijden, and Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences more...
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elite sport ,RANDOMIZED-RESPONSE MODELS ,Physical Therapy ,Physiology ,prevalence ,CONSERVATION ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,doping ,FREQUENCY ,Tourism ,SAMPLE COUNT ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,DRUG ,NONCOMPLIANCE ,Science & Technology ,Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,PERFORMANCE ,performance enhancement ,prohibited substance ,ASKING SENSITIVE QUESTIONS ,ELITE SPORTS ,Randomised Response Technique ,Single Sample Count ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Anthropology ,HEALTH BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION ,Public Health ,athlete ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
BackgroundHigh levels of admitted doping use (43.6% and 57.1%) were reported for two international sport events in 2011. Because these are frequently referenced in evaluating aspects of anti-doping, having high level of confidence in these estimates is paramount.ObjectivesIn this study, we present new prevalence estimates from a concurrently administered method, the Single Sample Count (SSC), and critically review the two sets of estimates in the context of other doping prevalence estimates.MethodsThe survey featuring the SSC model was completed by 1,203 athletes at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics (WCA) (65.3% of all participating athletes) and 954 athletes at the 2011 Pan-Arab Games (PAG) (28.2% of all participating athletes). At WCA, athletes completed both UQM and SSC surveys in randomised order. At PAG, athletes were randomly allocated to one of the two surveys. Doping was defined as “having knowingly violated anti-doping regulations by using a prohibited substance or method.”ResultsEstimates with the SSC model for 12-month doping prevalence were 21.2% (95% CI: 9.69–32.7) at WCA and 10.6% (95% CI: 1.76–19.4) at PAG. Estimated herbal, mineral, and/or vitamin supplements use was 8.57% (95% CI: 1.3–16.11) at PAG. Reliability of the estimates were confirmed with re-sampling method (n = 1,000, 80% of the sample). Survey non-compliance (31.90%, 95%CI: 26.28–37.52; p < 0.0001) was detected in the WCA data but occurred to a lesser degree at PAG (9.85%, 95% CI: 4.01–15.69, p = 0.0144 and 11.43%, 95% CI: 5.31–11.55, p = 0.0196, for doping and nutritional supplement use, respectively). A large discrepancy between those previously reported from the UQM and the prevalence rate estimated by the SSC model for the same population is evident.ConclusionCaution in interpreting these estimates as bona fide prevalence rates is warranted. Critical appraisal of the obtained prevalence rates and triangulation with other sources are recommended over “the higher rate must be closer to the truth” heuristics. Non-compliance appears to be the Achilles heel of the indirect estimation models thus it should be routinely tested for and minimised. Further research into cognitive and behaviour aspects, including motivation for honesty, is needed to improve the ecological validity of the estimated prevalence rates. more...
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- 2022
4. One Does Not Fit All: European Study Shows Significant Differences in Value-Priorities in Clean Sport
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Woolway, Toby, Elbe, Anne-Marie, Barkoukis, Vassilis, Bingham, Kevin, Bochaver, Konstantin, Bondarev, Dmitriy, Hudson, Andy, Kronenberg, Lara, Lazuras, Lambros, Mallia, Luca, Ntovolis, Yannis, Zelli, Arnaldo, and Petróczi, Andrea more...
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sport values ,rehellisyys ,values-based education ,anti-doping ,doping ,kilpaurheilu ,antidoping ,eettisyys ,culture ,arvot (käsitykset) ,clean sport ,Sports and Active Living ,reilu peli ,kulttuurierot ,arvokasvatus ,sports ,urheilijat ,Original Research - Abstract
Doping violates the Spirit of Sport and is thought to contradict the values which underpin this spirit. Values-based education (VBE) has been cited as a key element for creating a clean sport culture across age groups. Culturally relevant VBE requires understanding of the values that motivate athletes from different countries to practice their sport and uphold clean sport values. WADA's new International Standards for Education makes this study both needed and timely. Overall, 1,225 athletes from Germany, Greece, Italy, Russia, and the UK responded to measures assessing their general values, Spirit of Sport values, and their perceived importance of "clean sport". MaxDiff analysis identified the most important values to participants based on their respective country of residence. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between importance of clean sport and Spirit of Sport values. There were significant differences between participant nationality and their perceived importance of clean sport [ = 797.060, < 0.000], the most important general values ( < 0.05), and Spirit of Sport values ( < 0.05). Moderate positive correlations were observed between the perceived importance of clean sport and honesty and ethics ( = 0.538, < 0.005) and respecting the rules of sport ( = 0.507, < 0.005). When designing the values-based component of anti-doping education programs, athletes' different value-priorities across countries should be considered. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2021 Woolway, Elbe, Barkoukis, Bingham, Bochaver, Bondarev, Hudson, Kronenberg, Lazuras, Mallia, Ntovolis, Zelli and Petróczi.] more...
- Published
- 2021
5. Determination of stanozolol and 3′-hydroxystanozolol in rat hair, urine and serum using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
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Deshmukh, Nawed IK, Zachar, Gergely, Petróczi, Andrea, Székely, Andrea D, Barker, James, and Naughton, Declan P
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- 2012
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6. Racing Clean in a Tainted World: A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Views of Clean British Elite Distance Runners on Doping and Anti-Doping.
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Shelley, Jake, Thrower, Sam N., and Petróczi, Andrea
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ATHLETES ,PERFORMANCE-enhancing drugs ,ELITE (Social sciences) ,COMPETITION (Psychology) ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,CANNED foods - Abstract
Background: Doping has been a prominent issue for the sport of athletics in recent years. The endurance disciplines, which currently account for 56% of the global anti-doping rule violations in athletics, appear to be particularly high risk for doping. Objective: Using this high-risk, high-pressure context, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the human impact of doping and anti-doping on "clean" athletes. The secondary aim of the study was to better understand the reasons for, and barriers to, competing "clean" among this group of athletes. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 elite distance runners from the UK to explore: (1) the reasons and motivations for competing clean. (2) Perceptions of the anti-doping system, and experiences of being part of that system. (3) Views on the prevalence and causes of doping and the impact of doping on the lives of clean athletes. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results: Four major themes were identified: (1) The participants in this study have not been tempted to use prohibited substances or methods; they compete in their sport for the personal satisfaction of seeing how good they can be, rather than in pursuit of winning at all costs. (2) Anti-doping does not currently prevent doping effectively and is not implemented evenly across the globe. (3) Doping was perceived as a major issue and was felt to be borne out of certain sporting cultures in which doping is enabled. (4) Doping has impacted the careers of clean athletes in irreversible ways and presents a continuing challenge to the psychological preparation for competition. Conclusions: Clean athletes suffer negative consequences from both doping and anti-doping. ADOs must collaborate across borders to ensure a more even implementation of anti-doping activities, to facilitate a more level playing field on the global stage. ADOs must also acknowledge the existence of a large group of athletes who would never consider deliberately doping and make anti-doping work for these athletes too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2021
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7. Corrigendum: “I Want It All, and I Want It Now”: Lifetime Prevalence and Reasons for Using and Abstaining from Controlled Performance and Appearance Enhancing Substances (PAES) among Young Exercisers and Amateur Athletes in Five European Countries
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Lazuras, Lambros, Barkoukis, Vassilis, Loukovitis, Andreas, Brand, Ralf, Hudson, Andy, Mallia, Luca, Michaelides, Michalis, Muzi, Milena, Petróczi, Andrea, and Zelli, Arnaldo
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AMATEUR athletes ,REASON ,DRUG side effects ,DISEASE prevalence ,FOOTBALL injuries ,SPORTS participation - Published
- 2018
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8. "I Want It All, and I Want It Now": Lifetime Prevalence and Reasons for Using and Abstaining from Controlled Performance and Appearance Enhancing Substances (PAES) among Young Exercisers and Amateur Athletes in Five European Countries.
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Lazuras, Lambros, Barkoukis, Vassilis, Loukovitis, Andreas, Brand, Ralf, Hudson, Andy, Mallia, Luca, Michaelides, Michalis, Muzi, Milena, Petróczi, Andrea, and Zelli, Arnaldo
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DOPING in sports ,AMATEUR athletes ,HEALTH risk assessment ,PHYSICAL activity ,RECREATIONAL sports - Published
- 2017
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9. Perceptions of assisted cognitive and sport performance enhancement among university students in England.
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Vargo, Elisabeth Julie, James, Ricky A., Agyeman, Kofi, MacPhee, Thomas, McIntyre, Ross, Ronca, Flaminia, and Petróczi, Andrea
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There has been an ongoing research effort to understand the morality of athletes using prescription and illicit drugs to enhance sporting performance. By comparison, perceptions around the ethics of university students using prescription drugs to enhance academic performance (known as cognitive enhancement or neuroenhancement ) are less well understood. This study compared how university students responded to the ethical considerations of using performance enhancing substances across sporting and academic contexts. A total of 98 participants from universities in the United Kingdom completed a Brief Implicit Association Test, a brief version of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale, an explicit cognitive enhancer attitude assessment and reported their views on four scenarios regarding sports doping and the use of cognitive enhancers by university students. The implicit association did not show a significant polarisation of students’ moral attitudes. Explicit measures showed a stronger disagreement towards doping behaviours. Those professionally involved in sport found chemical enhancement more acceptable than other respondents, suggesting an instrumental viewpoint and a transfer of social knowledge from one domain of drug use to the other. Participants perceived the use of enhancers in sport and education as “cheating” when it affected others, but believed cognitive enhancement could be necessary due to competitiveness of the job market. Results suggest that chemical enhancement was considered acceptable by some student groups. The proportion of the sample knowing someone who used cognitive enhancers (13%) or someone who doped (19%) suggests that substance based performance enhancement may be normalising and increasing in popularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
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10. Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale
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Petróczi, Andrea and Aidman, Eugene
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DOPING in sports , *PERFORMANCE-enhancing drugs , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *STUDY skills , *FACTOR analysis - Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: Doping use is seldom an accident – it is a deliberate action often requiring considerable commitment. Attitudes are known to influence this type of action and hence they are likely to be predictive of doping-related behaviours. To measure ‘doping attitude’, a valid and reliable tool is required. Design: This paper briefly reviews methodological issues in doping attitude research, introduces the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) and provides a comparative analysis of its reliability and validity as a self-reported measure of a generalized doping attitude. Methods: The scale''s reliability was examined with Cronbach''s internal consistency coefficient and test–retest correlations using data from 9 independent studies encompassing 7 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the scale''s structure. Known-groups'' validation strategy was employed to examine construct validity in 4 studies. Results: Estimates of the PEAS'' internal consistency (ranged between .71 and .91 across various samples) provided good evidence of the scale''s simultaneous reliability. The chi-square/df ratio in all cases was below the threshold with an average of 1.85 (ranging from 1.370 to 2.291), indicating an acceptable measurement model fit. Theoretically expected difference in doping attitudes was found between doping users and non-users with elevated PEAS scores from users, as well as predictable dynamics of PEAS scores across the repeated measures, provided support for construct validity of the scale. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the 17-item unidimensional PEAS suggest that the scale is a useful tool for measuring self-declared attitudes toward doping, with adequate reliability and promising validity estimates. Suggestions are discussed for the continuous scale development and validation process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
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- 2009
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11. The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached 'adulthood': Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Folkerts, Dirk, Loh, Roland, Petróczi, Andrea, and Brueckner, Sebastian
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DOPING in sports , *META-analysis , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *SEX distribution , *ATHLETIC ability - Abstract
Doping is an omnipresent issue in both professional and amateur sports. Advances in social science research, including studies on doping attitude, have played a pivotal role in developing an understanding that prohibition and testing alone do not deter athletes from doping. Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. PRISMA protocol was employed for data identification and selection. Included articles were assessed for data quality and biases. Meta-analysis with random effects models was used to determine overall internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) for a subset of studies using the full 17-item PEAS. Eighty-two studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and data from a subsample of 44 studies were meta-analyzed. The quantitative analyses yield an overall PEAS score of 39.18 (2.30 on a 6-point scale) and good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.81 [95%CI 0.80, 0.83]). Males and admitted doping users scored higher on PEAS then females and non-users, but still within the 'negative' spectrum. Medium to strong correlations were recorded with moral disengagement (r = 0.42–0.75). Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports for doping, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior. Future research will benefit from a standardized short version of PEAS. The consistent 'negative' range observed in PEAS scores, even among admitted dopers, suggests a potential moral conviction angle, which may limit the scale's utility as a global attitude measure and calls for further research whether re-calibration of the scale as a measure of moral doping attitude is warranted. Advances in doping behavior research calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behavior; new and more specific attitude measures toward doping that separate moral and functional aspects effectively, along with a psychometrically sound instrument for adolescents. • Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) has been the main assessment tool for doping attitude. • For the first time, meta-analysis was extended to internal consistency reliability. • PEAS is reliable measure of moral doping attitude for adults. • Evidence suggests that PEAS is not a suitable proxy for indexing doping behavior. • For comparability, a standardized short version of PEAS is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2021
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12. A potential inflating effect in estimation models: Cautionary evidence from comparing performance enhancing drug and herbal hormonal supplement use estimates
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James, Ricky A., Nepusz, Tamás, Naughton, Declan P., and Petróczi, Andrea
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INTERPERSONAL relations , *ESTIMATION theory , *PERFORMANCE-enhancing drugs , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *STRATEGIC planning , *SELF-discrepancy , *DOPING in sports , *HERBAL medicine , *SURVEY methodology , *ALTERNATIVE medicine , *DIETARY supplements , *DISCRIMINANT analysis , *BOTANIC medicine , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *SELF-evaluation , *SPORTS psychology , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *DISCLOSURE , *ERGOGENIC aids , *RESEARCH methodology evaluation , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: This paper compares two indirect prevalence estimation methods that offer protection beyond anonymity and are suitable for self-administration, for investigating the epidemiology of transgressive or socially sensitive behaviours. Design: In this self-report study, 513 participants (58.7% male) from sports clubs across the UK and southern Ireland were asked to complete an anonymous survey containing the recently developed Single Sample Count (SSC), along with a comparative method Unrelated Question Model (UQM), using prohibited performance-enhancing drugs/substances (PED) as sensitive and hormone-boosting herbal supplements (HS) as non-sensitive control questions. Method: The survey comprised of sections of SSC, UQM, social projection and simple network scale up methods. Respondents were asked to indicate whether they preferred the SSC or UQM for more protection and ease of completion. Results: A large discrepancy was observed in prevalence estimates for PED using the UQM (58.4%) and SSC (19.8%), but not for HS (54.9% and 54.0%, respectively). The SSC prevalence estimate for PED was in keeping with the results from social projection (13.8% in own sport; 26.1% in all sports) and network scale up (19.3% for known and suspected doping combined). A clear preference was logged for SSC. Conclusion: SSC, but not UQM, showed good concurrent validity with social projection and personal networks for PED; and good discriminant validity with HS. The observed discrepancy could be explained by strategic responding which can inflate the proportion of ‘yes’ answers in the UQM. Adaptation of the UQM for self-administration may lead to an unwanted upward response distortion via strategic responding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
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- 2013
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13. The role of comprehensive education in anti-doping policy legitimacy and support among clean athletes.
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Barkoukis, Vassilis, Mallia, Luca, Lazuras, Lambros, Ourda, Despoina, Agnello, Sara, Andjelkovic, Marija, Bochaver, Konstantin, Folkers, Dirk, Bondarev, Dmitriy, Dikic, Nenad, Dreiskämper, Dennis, Petróczi, Andrea, Strauss, Bernd, and Zelli, Arnaldo more...
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PREVENTION of doping in sports , *SELF-evaluation , *SOCIAL norms , *MATHEMATICAL models , *ATHLETES , *PSYCHOLOGY , *SURVEYS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TRUST - Abstract
Anti-doping policies represent a group of regulations and procedures that are applied by anti-doping organizations in order to safeguard sports against doping. Evidence implies that, for anti-doping policies to be effective, they need to be endorsed by athletes. Still, there is scarce evidence on the process through which athletes decide to endorse and support anti-doping policies and the role of anti-doping education. The main objective of the study was to empirically examine a behavioural model of active anti-doping policy support. A self-reported survey with measures of perceived anti-doping legitimacy, social support via expected obedience, perceived trustworthiness and social cognitive variables associated with anti-doping policy support (attitudes, social norms, descriptive norms, perceived behavioural control, regret, and intention) was completed by 1328 competitive athletes in 6 countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK). Athletes who live in countries with comprehensive (emphasis on individual development and competency with a focus on sport and personal integrity) anti-doping education (ADE) and had received ADE are more supportive of anti-doping policies than athletes from countries with basic education provision anti-doping education (information type education). Furthermore, athletes who received ADE reported significantly higher levels of perceived legitimacy, trustworthiness, and obedience. The results of the SEM revealed that perceptions of legitimacy had both direct and indirect effects on intentions to support anti-doping policies. The effect of perceptions of legitimacy was mediated by social cognitive variables, which demonstrated strong direct effects on intentions. Importantly, the model was invariant across the countries, although mean differences in several constructs emerged. Anti-doping milieu and education impact athletes' willingness to support anti-doping policies. Interventions targeting legitimacy beliefs and social cognitive variables can be effective in promoting anti-doping policy support in competitive athletes. These interventions should expand beyond anti-doping policy legitimacy and target the specific beliefs (e.g., norms) that are pertinent to policy support in different countries. • Athletes receiving comprehensive ADE are more supportive of anti-doping policies than athletes who haven't received ADE. • Anti-doping education can increase the legitimacy of authorities implementing anti-doping policies. • Perceptions of legitimacy have both direct and indirect effects, through social cognitive variables, on intentions to support anti-doping policies. • The effect of legitimacy perceptions on intentions to support anti-doping policies is invariant across the countries, but mean differences exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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