1. A Behavioral Approach to Water Conservation : Evidence from Costa Rica
- Author
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Datta, Saugato, Miranda, Juan José, Zoratto, Laura, Calvo-Gonzalez, Oscar, Darlingm, Matthew, and Lorenzana, Karina
- Subjects
WATER CONSUMPTION ,WATER USAGE ,MUNICIPAL WATER DEPARTMENTS ,HIGH WATER CONSUMPTION ,ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER ,WATER GOVERNANCE ,USE OF WATER ,WATER PRODUCTION ,PROGRAMS ,WATER SOURCES ,WATER ,AVERAGE WATER CONSUMPTION ,WATER DEPARTMENTS ,POPULATION GROWTH ,COMMUNITY WATER ,MUNICIPAL WATER ,PRICE OF WATER ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,CHARGES – FOR WATER ,WATER CONSUMERS ,TOWNS ,STATISTICS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,WATER DEMAND ,HOUSEHOLD WATER CONSUMPTION ,WATER ASSESSMENT ,PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,CUBIC METERS OF WATER ,FRESH WATER ,WATER BILLS ,WATER MANAGEMENT ,CONSERVATION ,HOUSEHOLD WATER ,WATER USE PATTERNS ,BROAD RANGE ,WATER SITUATION ,SANITATION SECTOR ,BASIC SANITATION ,MUNICIPAL UTILITIES ,POWER UTILITY ,TOWN ,BILLING ,METERS ,WATER SYSTEM ,WATER SUPPLIES ,FIXED CHARGES ,DRINKING WATER ,ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ,LARGE CITIES ,SCIENCES ,MUNICIPAL WATER DEPARTMENT ,WATER SAVINGS ,WATER DEFICIT ,WASHING ,MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY ,WATER SCARCITY ,MONTHLY WATER BILL ,DOMESTIC WATER ,WATER SHORTAGES ,GLOBAL WATER CRISIS ,DEMAND FOR WATER ,GROUNDWATER ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,WATER CONSERVATION ,PRICE ELASTICITY ,CONSUMERS ,WATER BILL ,RESEARCH ,WATER DEPARTMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION ,WATER METERS ,SANITATION SERVICES ,WATER DEVELOPMENT ,WATER RATIONING ,HOUSEHOLD WATER USE ,URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT ,DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION ,WATER CRISIS ,COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY ,WATER BOARD ,URBAN DWELLERS ,HOUSEHOLDS ,LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS ,POTABLE WATER ,WATERING ,WASTEWATER ,SERVICE PROVISION ,URBAN WATER ,CUBIC METERS ,POTABLE WATER SYSTEM ,DEMAND MANAGEMENT ,UTILITIES ,SYSTEMS ,WATER SERVICE ,WATER RATES ,WATER PRICING ,HIGH WATER ,FRESHWATER RESOURCES ,WATER UTILITIES ,WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ,WATER SUPPLY ,WATER USE ,HAND WASHING ,SMALL TOWN ,WATER RESOURCES ,URBAN AREAS - Abstract
This paper presents the design a set of three simple and replicable behavioral interventions, which use stickers that can be added to water bills at low cost, and test their impact on water consumption in Belen, Costa Rica, using a randomized control trial. Two of the three interventions were found to decrease water consumption significantly in the months following the intervention. A descriptive social norm intervention using neighborhood comparisons reduces consumption by between 3.7 and 5.6 percent relative to a control group, while a plan-making intervention reduces consumption by between 3.4 and 5.5 percent. While the two interventions have similar results, they are effective on different subpopulations, with the plan-making intervention being most effective for low-consumption households, while the neighborhood comparison intervention is most effective for high-consumption households. The results demonstrate that behavioral interventions, which have hitherto utilized sophisticated software to deliver customized messages, can be effectively implemented by local governments in developing countries, where technology and resource constraints render the sorts of customized messaging that has typically been used to deliver them in developed countries unfeasible. The results further confirm that raising awareness about how much water an individual consumes, and comparing this consumption level with peers, can go a long way in helping change individuals’ behavior regarding the use of a finite resource such as water.
- Published
- 2015