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Hemorrhagic shock and subsequent resuscitation can cause significant dysregulation of critical systems, including the vascular endothelium. Following hemorrhage, the endothelial lining (glycocalyx) can shed, causing release of glycocalyx components, endothelial activation, and systemic inflammation. A canine model of hemorrhagic shock was used to evaluate five resuscitation fluids, including Lactated Ringers+Hetastarch, Whole Blood (WB), Fresh Frozen Plasma+packed Red Blood Cells (FFP+pRBC), and two hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) fluids, for their impact on glycocalyx shedding. Under anesthesia, purpose-bred adult canines were instrumented and subjected to a controlled hemorrhage with blood being drawn until a mean arterial pressure of <50 mmHg was reached or 40 % of the estimated blood volume was removed. Canines were left in shock for 45 mins before being resuscitated with one of the resuscitation fluids over 30 mins. Following resuscitation, the dogs were monitored up to 2 weeks. Following an additional 3-4 weeks for washout, the canines repeated the protocol, undergoing each resuscitation fluid individually. Blood samples were collected during each round at various timepoints for serum isolation, which was used for detection of glycocalyx biomarker. Comparison of baseline and post-hemorrhage alone showed a significant reduction in serum protein (p<0.0001), heparan sulfate (p<0.001), and syndecan-1 (p<0.0001) concentrations, and a significant increase in hyaluronan (p<0.0001) concentration. Intercomparisons of resuscitation fluids indicated minimal differences in glycocalyx markers over time. Comparisons within each fluid showed dynamic responses in glycocalyx biomarkers over time. Relative to individual baselines, syndecan-1 was significantly reduced after resuscitation in most cases (p<0.0001), excluding WB and FFP+pRBC. In all cases, VE-cadherin was significantly elevated at 24 hr compared to baseline (p<0.001). Hyaluronan was significantly elevated by 3 hr in all cases (p<0.01), except for HBOC fluids. Total glycosaminoglycans were significantly reduced only at 3 hr (p<0.001) for non-HBOC fluids. Similarly, heparan sulfate was significantly reduced with all fluids between resuscitation and 24 hr (p<0.01), except WB. The temporal changes in canine glycocalyx biomarkers were atypical of hemorrhage response in other species. This suggests that the hemorrhage lacked severity and/or typical glycocalyx biomarkers do not reflect the canine endothelium compared to other species. Further research is needed to characterize the canine endothelium and the response to resuscitation fluids., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None to disclose., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The goals of this project were to quantify medical problems among a population of Military Working Dogs (MWDs) and analyze factors associated with common medical conditions. Medical conditions recorded in veterinary Master Problem List (MPL) entries for 774 young, non-deployed, active MWDs were categorized and combined with demographic information to analyze risk factors. Most dogs were male (74%), German Shepherd (39%) or Belgian Malinois (31%) breeds, certified in Explosive Detection (60%), and had a dark coat color (83%). Ages ranged from one to six years, with an average of 2.6 years (± 0.5 years). Eighty-three percent of dogs had a non-surgical medical problem in their record. The most common non-surgical medical problems were dermatologic (25% of MPL entries), alimentary (21%), dental (15%), soft-tissue injury (10%), and musculoskeletal conditions (4%). Factors associated with each medical condition were breed (Odds Ratios 1.96-8.24), sex and spay/neuter status (ORs 1.78-5.77), occupational duty certification (ORs 2.65-3.62), military command location (ORs 2.32-7.44), and military branch (OR 5.16). As MWDs are a valuable asset for the Department of Defense, training and work conditions for the identified at-risk groups of MWDs should be further assessed to maximize their operational capabilities and assess the potential to serve as sentinel indicators for human diseases. Improved understanding of the most common medical problems affecting MWDs, and the identification of factors associated with these conditions, can help drive changes in their preventive care., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Dogs infected with canine parvovirus (CPV) have compromised intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Production of D-lactate by enteric bacteria may directly reflect disease severity or contribute to metabolic acid-base status in these dogs., Hypothesis: Serum D-lactate concentration will be increased in CPV dogs compared to healthy controls and correlate with markers of disease severity and acid-base status., Animals: Dogs with CPV undergoing treatment (n = 40) and healthy control dogs (n = 9)., Methods: Prospective observational study. Dogs with CPV had a baseline and daily CBC, venous blood gas with serum electrolyte concentrations, composite clinical severity score, and serum D-lactate concentration performed. A single serum D-lactate measurement was obtained from healthy control dogs., Results: The CPV dogs had a higher D-lactate concentration (mean ± SD) of 469 ± 173 μM compared to controls, 306 ± 45 μM (P < .001). There was no difference in baseline D-lactate concentrations for CPV survivors (474 ± 28 μM), versus nonsurvivors (424 ± 116 μM; P = .70). D-lactate concentration decreased over the first 4 days of treatment (-9.6 μM/d; P = .46). Dogs hospitalized for <4 days had lower baseline D-lactate concentrations compared to those hospitalized ≥4 days (400 ± 178 μM versus 520 ± 152 μM; P = .03). No sustained correlation over time between serum D-lactate concentration and clinical severity score or recorded acid-base results., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Serum D-lactate concentrations are higher in dogs with CPV compared to healthy controls but do not appear to be clinically relevant. No relationship identified between serum D-lactate concentrations and markers of CPV disease severity, acid-base status, or outcome., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Objective: To compare 2 treatment protocols (standard in-hospital versus modified outpatient) in affecting the duration of treatment or survival of dogs with parvoviral enteritis., Design: Prospective, randomized study., Setting: University teaching hospital., Animals: Client-owned dogs with naturally acquired parvovirus were randomized to receive either an inpatient (n = 20) or outpatient (n = 20) treatment protocol., Interventions: Both groups received intravenous (IV) fluid resuscitation and correction of hypoglycemia at hospital admission. Following stabilization, basic inpatient interventions included administration of IV fluids, administration of cefoxitin (22 mg/kg IV q 8 h), and maropitant (1 mg/kg IV q 24 h). Basic outpatient interventions (provided in-hospital) included administration of subcutaneous (SC) fluid (30 mL/kg q 6 h), administration of maropitant (1 mg/kg SC q 24 h) and cefovecin (8 mg/kg SC once). Using daily electrolyte and glucose evaluations, dextrose and potassium supplementation was provided intravenously (inpatients) or orally (outpatients) as indicated. Rescue criteria were used in both groups for analgesia and nausea. All dogs were syringe fed a commercial canine convalescence diet (1 mL/kg PO q 6 h) until voluntary appetite returned., Measurements and Main Results: Protocol success, defined as survival to hospital discharge, was 90% (18/20) for the inpatient group compared to 80% (16/20) for the outpatient group (P = 0.66). There was no difference detected in duration of hospitalization for inpatient dogs (4.6 ± 2 days) versus outpatient dogs (3.8 ± 1.8 days, P = 0.20). Metabolic disturbances were frequent in the outpatient group, with 50% of dogs requiring dextrose supplementation and 60% of dogs requiring potassium supplementation., Conclusions: An outpatient protocol may be a reasonable alternative for dogs that cannot receive standard in-hospital treatment for parvoviral enteritis. Diligent supportive care and monitoring are still required to optimize treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis in an outpatient setting., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2016.)