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Prominence of the third eyelid is abnormal in the dog and cat. It is a sign of ocular, orbital, neurological or systemic disease. One or both third eyelids can be affected. The purpose of this article is to review causes of third eyelid protrusion in dogs and cats, and to outline clinical investigation of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent pupillary membranes (PPMs) are congenital foetal vascular remnants associated with the iris that persist in the adult. They occur in both dogs and cats, but are more common in dogs where a genetic predisposition is suspected. PPMs need to be differentiated from other ocular disorders with similarities in clinical presentation such as iris synechia and atrophy. INSET: CONTINUING EDUCATION: READER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a nine-month-old Bull Mastiff dog diagnosed with palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva. The dog was found to have follicular conjunctivitis based on the presence of multiple conjunctival nodules with conjunctival hyperaemia. Clinical information on follicular conjunctivitis is given, including the possible irritants contributing to the proliferation of follicles.