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Background: The anesthetic management of adrenalectomies for phaeochromocytoma excision, a catecholamine-secreting tumor, is challenging due to the potential for fatal complications following severe hemodynamic variations, including hypertensive crisis following tumor manipulation or sympathetic stimulation, but also severe hypotension and volume depletion post resection., Case Description: An 11 kg, 15-year-old male neutered Jack Russel Terrier, with mitral valve disease stage B2, was referred for adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma resection. The patient was administered per os prazosin 0.11 mg/kg twice a day and amlodipine 0.125 mg/kg once a day for preoperative stabilization. On the day of surgery, the dog received maropitant 1 mg/kg intravenously (IV) and was premedicated with 0.2 mg/kg methadone IV. Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone 1 mg/kg IV and midazolam 0.2 mg/kg IV and maintained with partial intravenous anesthesia using sevoflurane in 70% oxygen and constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg/hour and maropitant 100 μg/kg/hour. After induction of anesthesia, the dog was mechanically ventilated, and a transversus abdominal plane block was performed with ropivacaine 0.2%. The dog remained remarkably stable with a single, self-limiting, hypertension episode recorded intraoperatively. Postoperative rescue analgesia consisted of methadone and ketamine. The dog was discharged 48 hours after surgery, but persistent hypertension was reported at suture removal., Conclusion: The use of a low-dose dexmedetomidine CRI, a maropitant CRI, and a transversus abdominal plane block provided stable perioperative hemodynamic conditions for phaeochromocytoma excision in a dog., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

The pathogenesis of increased serum phosphate concentration and proteinuria in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is unclear. A potential link between proteinuria and calcium/phosphate metabolism has never been studied in dogs with HAC. The aims of the study were: (1) To evaluate calcium/phosphate metabolism in dogs with spontaneous HAC and compare to healthy dogs as well as to dogs with non-HAC illness; (2) to look for associations between markers of calcium/phosphate metabolism and biomarkers of kidney disease in dogs with HAC. Fifty-four dogs were included in the study, classified as HAC (n=27), non-HAC disease (n=17), and healthy (n=10). Serum calcium, phosphate, 25(OH)Vitamin D, 1,25(OH) 2 Vitamin D, plasma intact parathyroid hormone concentration (iPTH), FGF23, and urinary fractional excretion of calcium and phosphate were evaluated in all dogs at diagnosis and compared between each group. The correlation between these variables and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) and urinary N-acetylglucosaminidase-to-creatinine ratio (uNAG/C) was evaluated in the HAC group. Medians [range] of serum phosphate concentration, urinary fractional excretion of calcium (FE(Ca)), and iPTH were significantly higher in dogs with HAC than in dogs with non-HAC illness (P<0.01) and healthy dogs (P<0.01). Increased 1,25(OH) 2 Vitamin D/25(OH)Vitamin D was also observed (P<0.001). In HAC group, UPC was significantly negatively correlated with 25(OH)Vitamin D (r(s): -0.54; P<0.01). Urinary NAG/C was significantly positively correlated with serum phosphate (r(s): 0.46; P=0.019). Increased serum phosphate, urinary excretion of calcium, and hyperparathyroidism were observed in dogs with HAC. Vitamin D metabolism may be shifted towards increased 1-alpha hydroxylation., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest FGF23 analysis cost was supported by Royal Canin. Fiona Da Riz’s residency received financial support from Royal Canin. None of the authors has any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this retrospective clinical study was to determine if airway or thoracic cavity measurements in pugs, particularly the left cranial lung lobe, were significantly different from brachycephalic and mesocephalic control. Thoracic computed tomographic studies of 10 pugs, French bulldogs (FB), and Jack Russell Terriers (JRT) were analyzed. Thoracic height: width ratio (H:W), cross-sectional areas of the left mainstem bronchus (CSA LMB), left cranial lung lobe bronchus (CSA LCrBr), left caudal lung lobe bronchus (CSA LCauBr), CSA LCrBr relative to length (CSA LCrBr/length) and CSA LCauBr/length were measured and adjusted to body weight (/kg). CSA LMB/kg, CSA LCauBr/length/kg, and CSA LCrBr/length /kg were smaller in pugs and FB compared with JRT (P < .05), but no differences were found between pugs and FB. Cross-sectional areas of left cranial lung lobe bronchus /kg and CSA LCauBr/kg were smaller in pugs than JRT (P < .05), but no differences were found between pugs and FB or FB and JRT. No difference was found in thoracic H:W between any breeds. This demonstrated that pugs and FB had significantly narrower bronchi CSA/lengths ratios compared with JRT, but this was not limited to the LCBr. Airway measurements were not significantly different between brachycephalic breeds; therefore, the pugs' predisposition to left cranial lung lobe torsion cannot be solely explained by narrower lower airways., (© 2024 The Authors. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Radiology.)

Objective: To describe the prevalence of elbow dysplasia (ED) in 13 dog breeds in France., Animals: A total of 18,870 elbow radiographs taken from 2002 to 2022 were evaluated by 2 independent examiners., Methods: For each breed, the incidence of each of the 4 International Elbow Working Group scoring classes was extracted from the database. Breeds were excluded if fewer than 150 radiographs had been read for that breed., Results: This study included 17,861 records for 13 dog breeds: American Akita, Alaskan Malamute, Old German Shepherd (Altdeutscher Schäferhund), American Staffordshire Terrier, Australian Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd, White Swiss Shepherd, Bernese Mountain Dog, Cane Corso, Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Rottweiler, and Dogue de Bordeaux. The overall prevalence of ED was 11.4%, ranging from 1.1% in the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog to 32.2% in the Dogue de Bordeaux. The Dogue de Bordeaux, Rottweiler, Bernese Mountain Dog, and Cane Corso breeds were most commonly affected by ED. The prevalence of ED was significantly higher in male dogs than in female dogs (17.5% vs 10.5%, P < .05). Joint incongruity and fragmented coronoid process were the 2 most common primary ED lesions identified. The prevalence of ED among the dogs evaluated decreased over the timeframe of the study., Clinical Relevance: The results of this study help to clarify the prevalence of ED in different breeds in France. These data should be interpreted with caution as this study included a small percentage of the total number of dogs born for each breed in France over the study period.

Canine meningiomas are currently graded using the human grading system. Recently published guidelines have adapted the human grading system for use in dogs. The goal of this study was to validate the new guidelines for canine meningiomas. To evaluate the inter-observer agreement, 5 veterinary surgical pathologists graded 158 canine meningiomas following the human grading system alone or with the new guidelines. The inter-observer agreement for histologic grade and each of the grading criteria (mitotic grade, invasion, spontaneous necrosis, macronucleoli, small cells, hypercellularity, pattern loss and anaplasia) was evaluated using the Fleiss kappa index. The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) was assessed by comparing the diagnoses obtained with the 2 grading systems with a consensus grade (considered the reference classification). The consensus histologic grade was obtained by agreement between 4 experienced veterinary neuropathologists following the guidelines. Compared with the human grading alone, the canine-specific guidelines increased the inter-observer agreement for: histologic grade (κ = 0.52); invasion (κ = 0.67); necrosis (κ = 0.62); small cells (κ = 0.36); pattern loss (κ = 0.49) and anaplasia (κ = 0.55). Mitotic grade agreement remained substantial (κ = 0.63). The guidelines improved the sensitivity in identifying grade 1 (95.6%) and the specificity in identifying grade 2 (96.2%) meningiomas. In conclusion, the new grading guidelines for canine meningiomas are associated with an overall improvement in the inter-observer agreement and higher diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing grade 1 and grade 2 meningiomas., (© 2023 The Authors. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Cholelithiasis is an uncommon and mainly incidental finding in dogs; current literature on this topic is scarce in cats., Hypothesis: Report prevalence, clinical presentation, management, and outcome of cholelithiasis in cats., Animals: Ninety-eight cats with cholelithiasis., Methods: Retrospective multicenter case series. Electronic databases from 3 hospitals were searched for cats diagnosed with cholelithiasis by ultrasonography (US). Cholelithiasis was classified as incidental (IC) or symptomatic (SC) depending on clinicopathological signs, biliary tract US appearance, and presence of another disease potentially explaining the clinical presentation. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate factors associated with clinical expression of cholelithiasis and, within the SC group, survival., Results: The observed prevalence of cholelithiasis was 0.99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79%-1.19%) among cats that underwent abdominal US. Cholelithiasis was classified as IC in 41% and SC in 59%. Choleliths found in multiple locations within the biliary tract (odds ratio [OR], 8.11; 95% CI, 2.32-34.15; P = .001) or associated with US signs of obstruction (OR, 18.47; 95% CI, 2.13-2413.34; P = .004) were significantly associated with SC. Concurrent hepatobiliary diseases were suspected or confirmed in 83% of cases with SC. Forty-three cats (74%) with SC survived to discharge. Biliary tract obstruction (BTO) was negatively associated with survival (OR, 13.87; 95% CI, 1.54-124.76; P = .001). None of the cats with IC that had available follow-up (47%) developed clinicopathological signs related to cholelithiasis., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cholelithiasis is uncommon and can be asymptomatic in cats. Symptomatic cholelithiasis frequently is associated with another hepatobiliary disease or BTO or both. Biliary tract obstruction is associated with poorer outcome., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Standard visual urine dipstick analysis (UDA) is performed routinely in veterinary medicine; results can be influenced by both the operator and the method. We evaluated the agreement of results for canine and feline urine samples analyzed using a 10-patch dipstick (Multistix10SG; Siemens), both visually under double-anonymized conditions by students and a laboratory technician, and with an automated device (AD; Clinitek Status, Siemens). The mean concordance for semiquantitative urinalysis results between students and the technician and between students and the AD was fair (κ0.21-0.40) in dogs and cats; concordance was moderate between the technician and the AD (κ0.41-0.60) in dogs and good (κ0.61-0.80) in cats. For pH, the mean concordance between students and the technician and between the technician and the AD was good (ρ0.80-0.92) in dogs and cats; concordance was good between students and the AD (ρ0.80-0.92) in dogs and moderate (ρ0.59-0.79) in cats. Repeatability was higher ( p  < 0.001) for the technician and the AD than for a student. We found good agreement between UDA performed by an experienced operator and an AD in dogs and cats but found low reproducibility and low repeatability for urinalysis performed by an inexperienced operator.

Objectives: Trilostane is the medical treatment of choice for hyperadrenocorticism. Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism is thought to be rare, with most cases being transient and only a few cases of permanent hypoadrenocorticism have been reported. This study reports findings from eight cases of iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism and examines the presence of concurrent diseases at the time of diagnosis., Materials and Methods: Medical records of dogs treated for hyperadrenocorticism with trilostane since 2008 were reviewed, and cases of clinical iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism were extracted. Cases were considered permanent if long-term replacement therapy was required., Results: Eight dogs met the inclusion criteria. The time between the beginning of trilostane treatment and the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism ranged from 4 days to 13 months, and the dosage of trilostane ranged between 1 and 8 mg/kg/day. Six dogs had a suspicion of concurrent disease at the time of hypoadrenocorticism diagnosis. The trilostane dose was decreased in two dogs; trilostane was withdrawn in one case without further relapse of hyperadrenocorticism; and glucocorticoids with or without mineralocorticoid supplementation were prescribed in five dogs. Two of these five dogs were lost to follow-up, and the other three had a diagnosis of permanent hypoadrenocorticism. Adrenal gland ultrasonography in these three dogs showed a progressive reduction in gland sizes with heterogeneous echogenicity., Clinical Significance: Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of trilostane treatment in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The occurrence of a concurrent disease might trigger the development of clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism in previously subclinical dogs., (© 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Objective:  The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of medial coronoid process disease in unclear cases., Study Design:  Fifteen elbows (on thirteen dogs) for which radiography and computed tomography did not lead to a clear diagnosis of medial coronoid process disease were included. On each elbow, ultrasonography was performed with a high frequency linear transducer (12-18Hz). Then, arthroscopic examination of the joint was performed by a surgeon who was unaware of ultrasonographic findings to confirm medial coronoid process disease., Results:  At least one ultrasonographic lesion was detected in 13 out of 15 elbows. The main reported ultrasonographic lesions were joint effusion (10/15 elbows) and an abnormal shape of the medial coronoid process (irregular, ill-defined or fragmented) (9/15)., Conclusion:  Ultrasonography can be a helpful additional diagnostic tool to confirm medial coronoid process disease of the elbow joint before performing arthroscopy in unclear cases. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the use of higher frequency transducers and determine if it could improve the diagnostic value of ultrasonography., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Metaldehyde poisoning in dogs is well known and described issue. Several studies focused on the incidence, epidemiological features, and clinical and pathological findings associated with this intoxication. However, there are no prospective studies of metaldehyde poisoning and late-onset seizures., Aims: To prospectively describe clinical signs, therapeutic management, outcomes, and delayed-onset seizures due to metaldehyde poisoning in dogs., Methods: A 15-month prospective study on dogs with a diagnosis of metaldehyde poisoning, either via phone call to the animal poison control center or analysis at the toxicology laboratory in Lyon, France. Clinical signs, therapeutic management and outcomes, and the late onset of seizures were assessed for at least 3 years., Results: Twenty-six dogs were enrolled in the study. The most prevalent clinical signs were ataxia (18 dogs), convulsions (17), hypersalivation (15), and tremors (15). Treatment was symptomatic (e.g., activated charcoal, emetic therapy, and intravenous fluids) with anticonvulsant therapy (mainly diazepam). The overall survival rate was 81% (21/26 dogs). All dogs that received active charcoal (11/11) or emetic therapy (4/4) survived. Twelve of 17 dogs had convulsions and survived; 9 were followed up for at least 3 years after poisoning, and none had any other seizure episode or neurological sequelae., Conclusion: This prospective study describes clinical signs, therapeutic management and outcome of metaldehyde poisoning in dogs, and late-onset neurologic sequelae. None of the nine cases that were followed for 3 years developed neurological signs after metaldehyde poisoning. Therefore, long-term antiepileptic therapy is not indicated., Competing Interests: The Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

Background: Rupture of the common calcaneal tendon is the second most frequent tendon rupture in dogs and may lead to severe lameness and pain. Surgical repair consists of re-apposition of the damaged tendon ends using sutures, but this type of repair is not always possible especially if the tendon has retracted. Tendon augmentation with an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) implant is a recent solution to support the sutures and allow the repair of the canine calcaneal tendon. However, its biomechanical fixation strength remains untested for this pathology., Aim: To evaluate the biomechanical fixation strength of a UHMWPE implant for the repair of the canine calcaneal tendon., Methods: Ex-vivo biomechanical study was carried out on eight cadaveric hindlimbs from four adult dogs. Hindlimbs were tested under two independent modalities: proximal tendinous fixation (PTF) and distal calcaneus fixation (DCF), using a testing machine. PTF was achieved by eight simple interrupted polypropylene sutures performed through the UHMWPE implant. The latter was sandwiched inside the gastrocnemius tendon, which had previously been incised over about 5 cm longitudinally, and through the tendon of the superficial digital flexor. DCF was performed using an interference screw, which locked the UHMWPE implant into a calcaneus tunnel drilled perpendicularly., Results: Yield, failure load, and linear stiffness (mean ± SD) for the DCF modality were 920 ± 139 N, 1,007 ± 146 N, and 92 ± 15.21, respectively, which were greater than for the PTF modality (663 ± 92 N, 685 ± 84 N and 25.71 ± 5.74, respectively, p < 0.05). Failure modes were different between fixation modalities: for PTF it was suture breakage ( n = 7/8), while for DCF it was implant damage and slippage ( n = 8/8)., Conclusion: The biomechanical fixation strength of the UHMWPE implant was greater for DCF than that of PTF, and should be suitable for calcaneal tendon repair in dogs. The clinical prediction of rupture of this calcaneal tendon repair will occur at the level of the PTF., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Medial glenohumeral ligament injury is commonly reported during medial shoulder joint instability in dogs. Arthroscopy is considered the gold standard procedure, but it is invasive and requires distension of the joint. Ultrasonographic examination of the medial glenohumeral ligament has been studied as a possible, less invasive alternative to arthroscopy however it has not been considered a useful method of assessment due to the interference of the probe with the pectoral muscles. The aims of this prospective analytical randomized pilot study were to develop a standardized ultrasound protocol for visualizing the canine medial glenohumeral ligament and to compare goniometry and ultrasound findings in cadaver dogs with versus without transection of the medial glenohumeral ligament. Nine adult Beagle cadavers (18 shoulders) were used. The first six shoulders were used in a preliminary study to describe an ultrasound technique to identify the medial glenohumeral ligament. Arthroscopy was performed on the remaining 12 shoulders, with six randomly selected medial glenohumeral ligaments from these shoulders, transected during the procedure. Ultrasound examination was performed after each arthroscopic procedure by an ultrasonographer blinded to the patient group. Four medial glenohumeral ligaments (67%) were correctly identified during the preliminary study. Ultrasonographic examination failed to diagnose the transection of all six medial glenohumeral ligaments in the second part of the study. No difference was observed in the ligament thickness between the dogs with and without a transected medial glenohumeral ligament. Dogs with a transected medial glenohumeral ligament had a wider articular space compared to dogs without a transected ligament (P < 0.001), and an articular space wider than 8.2 mm was discriminatory of a transected medial glenohumeral ligament in all the shoulders. In conclusion, the medial glenohumeral ligament could be identified with a medial ultrasonographic approach of the shoulder and a wider articular space can be a sign of a medial shoulder joint instability. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings in living dogs, with and without shoulder instability., (© 2022 American College of Veterinary Radiology.)

Objective:  The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficiency of an arthroscopically guided ligamentoplasty of the medial glenohumeral ligament to treat medial shoulder joint instability., Study Design:  Six Beagle cadavers were used (12 limbs). Both arms of the medial glenohumeral ligament were severed using arthroscopic guidance. Arthroscopically guided reconstruction of the ligament was performed. Threaded sutures were fixed with a bone anchor on the medial aspect of the glenoidal cavity of the scapula, passed through a humeral tunnel and finally tensioned with a suture button on lateral aspect of the humerus. Shoulder abduction angles were measured before and after the section of the medial glenohumeral ligament, and following the surgery. Two orthogonal radiographic projections and dissections were performed after each procedure to grade the placement of the implants., Results:  Surgical repairs were achieved in 10 out of 12 limbs. The abduction angles after repair with ligamentoplasty were not significantly different from the abduction angles measured before the section of the medial glenohumeral ligament., Conclusion:  Arthroscopically guided ligamentoplasty with a scapular bone anchor and a humeral drilling tunnel is feasible in cadavers, and efficient to restore acutely shoulder abduction angle in a minimally invasive manner. Further clinical studies are required to assess in vivo results., Competing Interests: T.C. is a paid consultant for Arthrex., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe the mechanical characteristics of a novel angle-stable interlocking nail (NAS-ILN) and compare them to those of a locking compression plate (LCP) by using a gap-fracture model., Study Design: Experimental study., Sample Population: Synthetic bone models., Methods: Synthetic bone models simulating a 50 mm diaphyseal comminuted canine tibial fracture were treated with either a novel angle-stable interlocking nail (NAS-ILN) or a locking compression plate (LCP). Maximal axial deformation and load to failure in compression and 4-point bending, as well as maximal angular deformation, slack, and torque to failure in torsion, were statistically compared (P < .05)., Results: In compression, the maximal axial deformation was lower for NAS-ILN (0.11 mm ± 0.03) than for LCP (1.10 mm ± 0.22) (P < .0001). The ultimate load to failure was higher for NAS-ILN (803.58 N ± 29.52) than for LCP (328.40 N ± 11.01) (P < .0001). In torsion, the maximal angular deformation did not differ between NAS-ILN (22.79° ± 1.48) and LCP (24.36° ± 1.45) (P = .09). The ultimate torque to failure was higher for NAS-ILN (22.45 Nm ± 0.24) than for LCP (19.10 Nm ± 1.36) (P = .001). No slack was observed with NAS-ILN. In 4-point bending, the maximal axial deformation was lower for NAS-ILN (3.19 mm ± 0.49) than for LCP (4.17 mm ± 0.34) (P = .003). The ultimate bending moment was higher for NAS-ILN (25.73 Nm, IQR [23.54-26.86] Nm) than for LCP (16.29 Nm, IQR [15.66-16.47] Nm) (P = .002)., Conclusion: The NAS-ILN showed greater stiffness in compression and 4-point bending, and a greater resistance to failure in compression, torsion, and 4-point bending, than LCP., Clinical Impact: Based on these results, NAS-ILNs could be considered as alternative implants for the stabilization of comminuted fractures., (© 2022 American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Background: In humans, the acidic pH of the ear canal plays a protective role against infection and a change towards alkalinity of the external auditory canal (EAC) is a local factor in the progression of acute to chronic otitis externa (OE). The use of acidic preparations alone for treatment of OE without concurrent antibiotic use is well-documented in humans. In dogs, only one study has investigated the EAC pH in healthy dogs and in dogs with OE, and investigations to understand the role of EAC pH in the pathogenesis of canine OE are lacking., Hypothesis/objectives: To obtain physiological EAC pH values in beagle dogs. To develop a model of re-acidification of the EAC in dogs and to investigate how an acidic solution may accelerate the return to a physiological pH., Animals: Ten healthy beagle dogs in a laboratory setting., Materials and Methods: A model of re-acidification of the EAC was developed by instillation of a pH 10.1 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution and the subsequent acidic effect of an ear cleaner containing lipacids was evaluated in this model., Results: Mean physiological EAC pH was 6.12 (± 0.36). EAC re-acidification took up to 9 h in this model. Mean pH values dropped immediately to 6.38 (± 0.27) on ears treated with an acidic ear cleaner. No abrupt drop was observed of the mean pH values for the control ears., Conclusion and Clinical Importance: This study confirms that physiological EAC pH in dogs is acidic. This model of re-acidification of the EAC pH allows investigations on acidic properties of topical ear products in healthy ears., (© 2022 The Authors. Veterinary Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of ESVD and ACVD.)

Objective: To compare ex vivo postimplantation biomechanical characteristics of 3 implants for canine total hip replacement: a cementless press-fit femoral stem with a pin in the femoral neck (p-pfFS), a press-fit cementless femoral stem without this pin (pfFS), and a cemented femoral stem (cFS)., Sample: 18 cadaveric femurs from 9 dogs., Procedures: Femurs were assigned randomly to 3 groups, and biomechanical testing was performed by measuring vertical displacement during cyclic loading and resistance to failure with compression parallel to the longitudinal axis of the femur. Force-displacement curves were assessed for failure tests, and work necessary for failure was calculated., Results: No significant differences were observed in vertical displacement during cyclic loading (P = .263) or work necessary for failure (P = .079). Loads to failure for cFS and p-pfFS implants were significantly greater than that for the pfFS, but no significant difference in load to failure was observed between cFS and p-pfFS implants (P = .48)., Clinical Relevance: Cementless femoral stems with a transfixation pin offer significantly greater immediate resistance to failure to compressive loads parallel to the longitudinal axis of the femur than standard cementless stems, and a level of stability comparable to that of cemented stems. p-pfFS implants may be valuable in total hip replacement, potentially reducing the risk of fracture during the early postoperative period prior to osteointegration.

Background: The local distribution of helminths in dogs and cats and the evaluation of risk of contamination represent an important challenge for veterinarians due to their effects on animal health and their potential zoonotic risk. The overall goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the digestive and respiratory helminths infecting client-owned dogs and cats in France., Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 414 pet dogs and 425 pet cats at 20 study sites during 2017-2018 and analysed by coproscopy. The samples included specimens collected from animals of both genders and various breeds and ages from a variety of living environments, and with different lifestyles and feeding regimes. Associations between parasitic infection and qualitative factors were explored., Results: Overall, 125 (14.9%) samples (15.2% in dogs and 14.6% in cats) were positive for at least one of the species of helminths identified. Infection rates were highest for Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (8.5% and 11.3%, respectively), while Toxascaris leonina was found only in one cat (0.2%). The apparent prevalence of Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs was 1.7% and 4.3%, respectively. No hookworms were found in cats. Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) were identified in 2.7% of the dogs. Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum and Taeniidae) were rarely found (< 1% in dogs and < 3% in cats). The prevalence of Angiostrongylus vasorum Crenosoma vulpis, and Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats and Eucoleus spp. / Capillaria spp. in both dogs and cats was < 1%. Significantly higher fecal parasite emission rates were identified in young individuals, in animals with outdoor access, in animals living in the countryside and in intact animals (especially in cats). In addition, cats not fed exclusively with commercial diets and living with other animals (dogs and/or cats) were at higher risk for parasites. For dogs, hunting/herding and walking off-leash were found to be additional risk factors. Furthermore, pets with no reported history of deworming or dewormed > 1 year before the study were positive for parasites significantly more often than pets dewormed < 1 year before study participation., Conclusions: The overall prevalence of helminths (some of which are zoonotic), the risk factors and the reportedly low deworming frequencies identified in this study (20.5% animals having never been dewormed and only 26.4% dewormed ≥ 3 times/year) illustrate the need for improving pet owners' adherence to anthelmintic guidelines in France., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The human grading system is currently applied to canine meningioma, although it has not been validated in dogs. The present study focused on standardising the human grading system applied to canine meningioma. Four veterinary neuropathologists graded 186 canine meningiomas as follows: Grade I tumour, with <4 mitoses/2.37 mm 2 ; Grade II tumour, with ≥4 mitoses/2.37 mm 2 , brain invasion or at least three of the following criteria: sheeting architecture, hypercellularity, small cells, macronucleoli, necrosis; Grade III tumour, with ≥20 mitoses/2.37 mm 2 or anaplasia. Slides with grading disagreement were reviewed to define a consensus diagnosis and to assess reproducible criteria. Concordance between histologic grade and the consensus diagnosis, as well as intra- and inter-observer agreements for each criterion, were statistically analysed. Concordance between histologic grade and consensus diagnosis ranged from 59% to 100%, with lower concordance for Grade I and II tumours. The lowest inter-observer agreement was recorded for macronucleoli, small cells, hypercellularity and sheeting architecture. Tumour invasion and necrosis displayed fair agreement, while moderate agreement was reached for mitotic grade and anaplasia. The following recommendations were issued to improve the reproducibility of canine meningioma grading: (1) Assess mitotic grade in consecutive HPFs within the most mitotically active area; (2) Define invasion as neoplastic protrusions within central nervous tissue without pial lining; (3) Report spontaneous necrosis; (4) Report prominent nucleoli when visible at ×100; (5) Report pattern loss when visible at ×100 in >50% of the tumour; (6) Report necrosis, small cells, hypercellularity and macronucleoli, even when focal; (7) Report anaplasia if multifocal., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Overall prevalence of severe adverse events (sAE) has been poorly studied in veterinary medicine and peer-reviewed studies mostly focused on a single protocol, making it difficult to have a general overview. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the frequency and risk factors of sAE secondary to various protocols of chemotherapy in dogs. Medical records of 155 dogs receiving chemotherapy between January 2013 and December 2018 were reviewed. Adverse events (AE) were graded according to Veterinary Comparative Oncology Group-common terminology criteria for AE (VCOG-CTCAE) grading system. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether demographic, cancer type and chemotherapy protocol were associated with development of sAE and their consequences. AE were reported at least once in 124 (80%) dogs and sAE were observed in 50 (32.3%) dogs. Among them, 23 (14.8%) had gastro-intestinal and 31 (20.0%) had myelotoxic events. sAE led to hospitalisation in 37 (23.9%) dogs, to chemotherapy arrest in 12 (7.7%) dogs and to euthanasia or death in 9 (5.8%) dogs. Haematopoietic tumours were statistically associated with a higher frequency of sAE (p = .004), gastrointestinal sAE (p = .009) and hospitalisation (p = .004). A body weight over 10 kg was associated with less haematological sAE (p < .001). The use of a multi-agent protocol was highlighted as a risk factor for sAE (p = .038) and haematological sAE (p < .001). sAE following chemotherapy and leading to hospitalisation, chemo arrest or death were relatively common. A special attention during chemotherapy follow-up should be given to small dogs and those receiving multi-agent protocol or treated for haematopoietic tumours., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Giardiosis is a worldwide intestinal parasitosis, affecting both humans and animals. Treatment in dogs remains limited and the lack of efficacy of the few approved medications is a rising concern. In this study, 23 dogs raised by veterinary students and naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis were treated in home conditions with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg orally for 5 consecutive days). Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (FS1), 2-4 days after treatment (FS2) and 8-10 days after treatment (FS3). Giardia duodenalis cyst excretion was measured quantitatively by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) at FS1, FS2 and FS3. Molecular typing with a nested PCR targeting the SSU r DNA locus was also performed at FS1 and FS2. Fecal consistency improved in 16/21 dogs (76%) and mean cyst shedding was reduced by 84% after treatment. However, only 8/23 dogs (35%) achieved therapeutic success (≥90% reduction of cysts) and only 4/23 dogs (17%) had complete elimination of G. duodenalis. Molecular typing showed that dogs harbored only canine-specific assemblages, with a high prevalence of assemblage C in analyzed samples (30/39). We also detected different assemblages after treatment and nucleotide substitutions in assemblage C sequences that have not been described previously. Eight to ten days after treatment, high Giardia cyst excretion was measured, suggesting possible reinfection despite hygiene measures and/or multiplication. These data suggest that fenbendazole treatment may improve fecal consistency but has limited therapeutic efficacy against giardiosis in this population of dogs. Further research is still needed to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole against canine giardiosis., (© H. Kaufmann et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2022.)

Objectives: To prospectively describe the impact of gas flow rate and temperature on dog's tolerance of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy during recovery from anaesthesia, hypothesizing that higher flow rates and temperatures will decrease tolerance., Materials and Methods: Twelve non-dyspnoeic client-owned dogs recovering from general anaesthesia were included in this study. After extubation, a nasal cannula was positioned and high-flow nasal oxygen therapy was initiated. Two flow rates (two or four time the theoretical minute ventilation: HF2 and HF4), each of them combined with two temperatures (31 and 37°C: T31 and T37), were randomly applied (four conditions per dog). For each condition, cardiovascular and respiratory parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic arterial blood pressure and pulse oximeter oxygen saturation), sedation score and tolerance score were recorded at initiation (T 0 ) and after 10 minutes of accommodation (T 10 )., Results: Sedation scores were not significantly different between the four conditions. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were not significantly different between any condition at both T 0 and T 10 . Tolerance scores were good and not significantly different between any flow rate or temperature (HF2-T31: 4 (2-4), HF4-T31: 4 (2-4), HF2-T37: 4 (2-4), HF4-T37: 4 (1-4))., Clinical Significance: The gas flow rates and temperatures studied have no impact on tolerance during the recovery period of non-dyspnoeic dogs, and high-flow nasal cannula is well tolerated. Further studies are required to confirm these results in dyspnoeic dogs., (© 2020 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been reported to be a common finding in dogs under general anesthesia., Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the esophageal and gastric contents in a population of dogs undergoing computed tomographic myelography (myelo-CT) examination and to evaluate the factors influencing the presence of esophageal fluid (gastric content, duration of anesthesia, body position, and intrinsic factors)., Methods: Esophageal and gastric contents of 83 non-brachycephalic dogs were retrospectively assessed based on plain and myelo-CT scans. Age, weight, breed, sex, and the time between the 2 computed tomography [CT] scans were included., Results: Esophageal fluid was present in 19% (16/83) of the animals, and 14% (12/83) and 46% (37/83), respectively, had fluid or food material in their stomachs. The frequency of observing esophageal fluid on myelo-CT scans was significantly increased compared with plain CT scans ( p = 0.006). The presence of gastric fluid was significantly associated with an increased frequency of observing esophageal fluid compared to other gastric contents ( p = 0.049; odds ratio, 3.1). The presence of esophageal fluid was not correlated with alimentary gastric contents ( p = 0.17). Increased body weight and duration of anesthesia were significantly associated with an increased frequency of observing esophageal fluid ( p = 0.022, p = 0.021)., Conclusions: Unlike alimentary gastric contents, fluid gastric contents were correlated with the presence of esophageal fluid upon myelo-CT. The observation of fluid in the esophagus may be consistent with GER. This study provides data additional to pH monitoring studies of GER and may support previous studies recommending shorter pre-anesthetic fasting periods in dogs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2020 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

Response to chemotherapy is one of the most important prognostic factors in dogs with lymphoma. The objective of this feasibility study was to evaluate if clinical responses to a specific cytotoxic agent (L-asparaginase) could be anticipated by measuring analyte concentrations in plasma and urine concentrations of lymphoma-bearing dogs. We hypothesized that potassium and phosphate concentrations in plasma and urine would be higher in dogs that completely responded to therapy. Plasma and urine samples of dogs with lymphoma were obtained before 12 and 24 hours after intramuscular L-asparaginase injections. Peripheral lymph node volumes were evaluated according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group standardized criteria. Plasma and urine electrolyte, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, urea, total protein, and albumin concentrations were measured, and the fractional excretions of each electrolyte were calculated. Statistical analyses compared complete vs partial responders using a linear regression model. Contrast analyses were also performed to differentiate the mean of each group, with adjustments made with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Fourteen dogs were included, eight with complete responses, and six with partial responses. Plasma phosphate concentrations were significantly higher at 12 hours (P = .0003) and 24 hours (P = .009) after complete responses to therapy. This study demonstrates the potential use of plasma and urine analyte monitoring after chemotherapy induction. Plasma phosphate measurements represent a potential indicator of early responses to L-asparaginase therapy. Larger population studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary results., (© 2020 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.)

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma (CCH) is a noninfectious tumor that spontaneously regresses. It is suggested that this regression is due to tumor cell maturation, which is responsible for CD8 lymphocyte activation and tumor cell destruction. Nevertheless, the possible role of the immune microenvironment in tumor regression has not been investigated to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CD208 and FoxP3 as markers of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes, respectively, and tumor cell expression of CD206 as a marker of Langerhans cell activation, and relate these parameters to the different phases of CCH and to intratumoral T cell infiltration. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 31 CCH were evaluated. In each case, the mitotic count and regression phase were recorded. Within the tumor, a quantitative evaluation of immunolabeled CD208 + cells, FoxP3 + cells, and CD3 + lymphocytes was performed, as well as the CD206 + tumor cell location. Intratumoral CD208 + cells correlated with CD3 + lymphocytic infiltration. The possible role of dendritic cells in tumor regression was not confirmed since CD208 seemed to be a nonspecific marker for canine dendritic cells. FoxP3 + lymphocyte density was not correlated with any parameter. Neoplastic Langerhans cells presented progressive CD206 expression, from the bottom of the tumor to the epidermis, which correlated with the tumor regression phase and with intratumoral T lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, we confirmed a CD206 phenotype change in tumor cells in a spatial group-related pattern, supporting the hypothesis that tumoral Langerhans cells acquire a mature phenotype with tumor regression.

Accumulating data highlight the role of neurotrophins and their receptors in human breast cancer. This family includes nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both synthetized as proneurotrophins (proNGF and proBDNF). (pro)NGF and (pro)BDNF initiate their biological effects by binding to both their specific receptors TrkA and TrkB, respectively, and the common receptor p75 NTR . Currently, no data are available about their expression and potential role in canine mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of proNGF and BDNF as well as their receptors TrkA, TrkB, and p75 NTR in canine mammary carcinomas, and to correlate them with clinicopathological parameters (grade, histological type, lymph node status, recurrence, and distant metastasis) and survival. Immunohistochemistry was performed on serial sections of 96 canine mammary carcinomas with antibodies against proNGF, BDNF, TrkA, TrkB, and p75 NTR . Of the 96 carcinomas, proNGF expression was detected in 71 (74%), BDNF in 79 (82%), TrkA in 94 (98%), TrkB in 35 (37%), and p75 NTR in 44 (46%). No association was observed between proNGF, BDNF, or TrkA expression and either clinicopathological parameters or survival. TrkB and p75 NTR expression were associated with favorable clinicopathological parameters as well as better overall survival.

The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peer-reviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

A serological study was carried out in two Senegalese villages located in the Sine-Saloum region in order to estimate the presence of anti-leptospiral antibodies in humans and animals, and to identify the predominant serogroups. Seven hundred and forty-nine serum samples were collected from humans (n = 545), dogs (n = 33), donkeys (n = 20), goats (n = 52), sheep (n = 43) and N'Dama cattle (n = 56), all originated from Dielmo and Ndiop villages. All samples were tested for different serovars of pathogenic Leptospira species by the microscopic agglutination test. Considering titres ≥ 1:100, 7.7% [CI 95:5.5 to 9.9] on the 545 human blood samples tested and 42.2% [CI 95 :35.4 to 48.9] on the 204 animal blood samples tested were found to be positive to one or more serovars. The results obtained indicate that the Australis serogroup is the most prevalent serogroup in human (67.3%) and cattle (27.3%). Serogroup Icterohaemorhagiae is the most frequent serogroup in goat (55.6%) and donkey (37.5%). Canicola (23.4%), Icterohaemorhagiae (21.1%) and Australis (12.5%) serogroups are the most prevalent serogroups in dogs. This study shows that diverse Leptospira serovars occur in a wide range of wild and domestic mammal species, as well as in humans in Senegal. However, further studies are needed to better understand the complexity of Leptospira epidemiology in Africa, identify the reservoirs of different serogroups and estimate its impact on livestock. Understanding the multi-host epidemiology of leptospirosis is essential to control and prevent the disease., (© 2019 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: To compare the pressure-relieving capacity of different supports used in veterinary medicine and to find the more common pressure sore locations in laterally recumbent dogs, so as to recommend protocols for decubitus ulcer prevention., Materials and Methods: We compared the support properties of: (1) blankets on the floor, (2) a standard mattress, (3) a veterinary memory foam mattress and (4) a human medicine memory foam mattress. Three cadaver dogs with different body condition scores but similar sizes were positioned on the different supports in lateral recumbency. Pressures were measured in each dog and at each support contact point over a 4-hour period using a TexiSense pressure mat., Results: Regardless of the body condition score and the support used, the skin overlying the scapula-humeral articulation, the greater trochanter and the thirteenth rib were the recurrent risk zones. In these risk zones, pressure-relieving mats led to lower pressures than did the standard mats or the blanket placed on the floor. The contact pressures appeared to depend on body condition score, with maximal pressures observed in thin dogs., Clinical Significance: It is important to use a pressure-relieving mat to reduce the risk of pressure sores, but static pressure-relieving mats are generally insufficient to maintain safe pressures in risk zones (<60 mmHg), particularly in thin patients, and so frequent changes in position are recommended., (© 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Objectives:  This study aimed to compare outcomes between the tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) procedure and a modified tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA Rapid) in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture., Materials and Methods:  Twenty-six dogs were prospectively randomized into two groups: a TPLO group ( n  = 13) and a TTA Rapid group ( n  = 13). A lameness score evaluation, gait analysis and radiographical examination were performed before surgery, the 3 days after surgery, and then at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Finally, owners were asked to subjectively rate their level of satisfaction., Results:  The duration of surgery was significantly shorter for the TTA Rapid procedure ( p  < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of complications between groups. Lameness scores were significantly higher during the first 3 days after surgery for the TPLO group ( p  = 0.01 at day 1, p  = 0.01 at day 2 and p  = 0.003 at day 3). One month after surgery, the symmetry index between healthy and affected limbs for the relative stance time during the gait cycle (symmetry index/%) was significantly higher for the TTA Rapid group ( p  < 0.01). No gait parameters were significantly different between the two groups 6 months after surgery. All of the owners of dogs in the TPLO group were completely satisfied, whereas only 11/13 owners of dogs in the TTA rapid group were completely satisfied., Clinical Significance:  Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and TTA Rapid were associated with high long-term success rates in dogs. The immediate postoperative recovery seemed faster with TTA Rapid, but thereafter there was no difference., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interests with regard to this manuscript., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

In routine diagnostic activity, pathologists may be confronted with nervous system tumors. The lack of clinical information, economic restrictions for additional testing, and the lack of expertise in neuropathology may render the diagnosis challenging. The goals of this study were to assess the agreement in diagnosing nervous system tumors in domestic carnivores among 4 board-certified surgical pathologists without particular expertise in neuropathology and a neuropathologist expert, and to investigate the utility of special stains frequently used in routine diagnostic laboratories. Forty-six tumors (7 cats, 38 dogs, and 1 unknown carnivore) were retrieved and 1 hematoxylin and eosin-stained slide per tumor was selected. Diagnoses (tumor type and subtype) were formulated based on histological features and available clinical information. Confidence in the diagnosis was also scored. Subsequently, a panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains (Gordon Sweet silver stain and immunohistochemistry for AE1/AE3, vimentin, glial fibrillary acid protein, S100, neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament) was evaluated by the pathologists, who either confirmed or changed their original diagnoses. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement and confidence in relation to diagnosis before and after analysis of special stains were assessed. The use of special stains increased the complete agreement among surgical pathologists, with regard to tumor type, from 63% to 74%. Cases with a high confidence score had a higher interobserver agreement than cases with a low confidence score. These results suggest that pathologists without expertise in neuropathology agree in the diagnosis of most nervous system tumors, and special stains available in most laboratories only slightly increase this agreement.

CD44 + /CD24 - phenotype has been used to identify human and canine mammary cancer stem-like cells. In canine mammary tumors, CD44 + /CD24 - phenotype has been associated with high grade and lymph node infiltration. However, several studies have reported opposing results regarding the clinical significance of phenotypic groups formed by the combination of CD44 and CD24 in both human and canine mammary tumors. So far, no study has investigated the correlation between these phenotypes and survival in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of CD44 and CD24 in canine mammary carcinomas and to correlate them with histological diagnosis and survival in a well-characterized cohort. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 96 mammary carcinomas with antibodies against CD44 and CD24. Expression of CD44 + and CD44 + /CD24 - phenotype was detected in 75 of 96 (78%) and 63 of 96 (65.6%) carcinomas, respectively. Their expression was associated with tumor type, occurring more often in tubular complex carcinomas than in solid carcinomas. CD44 + /CD24 - phenotype was associated with a better overall survival ( P = .001). CD24 + expression was detected in 52 of 96 tumors (54%) and CD44 - /CD24 + phenotype in 39 of 96 tumors (40.6%). Both were associated with poor clinicopathological parameters (high grade, and emboli). No correlation with overall survival was observed. CD44 + /CD24 - expression was associated with a better prognosis and occurred at high frequency and high level, indicating that this phenotype is not suitable to detect cancer stem cells in canine mammary carcinomas. Although further studies are needed, our results suggest that CD24 may constitute a valuable marker of poor prognosis for canine mammary carcinomas.

Background: Veterinary studies describing acute kidney injury (AKI) management using renal replacement therapy (RRT) are limited and have primarily focused on intermittent haemodialysis in North American populations. European data are lacking, although differences in populations, pathogen and toxin exposure and RRT modalities may exist between Europe and North America. The present study reviewed RRT-managed cases from the intensive care unit (ICU) of VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France, for the period 2012-2015. The aims were to describe a 4-h RRT protocol of intermittent low efficiency haemodiafiltration, population characteristics and outcomes in canine AKI cases requiring RRT and to identify prognostic variables. We defined DeltaCreat/h as the difference between the serum creatinine level after RRT treatment N and that before treatment N + 1 divided by the time between treatments (in hours)., Results: Thirty-nine dogs were included, and 67% were males. The median (range) age, weight, hospitalization length and number of RRT treatments were 4.4 (0.25-15) years, 26.6 (6.7-69) kg, 8 (1-23) days and 3 (1-8) treatments, respectively. The main AKI causes were leptospirosis (74.4%) and nephrotoxins (15.4%). Age (4.0 vs 5.4 years; P = 0.04), admission urine output (0.5 mL/kg/h vs 0 mL/kg/h; P = 0.02) and hospitalization length (10 vs 4 days; P < 0.001) differed between survivors and non-survivors. Hospitalization length [odds ratio (OR) = 0.4], number of treatments (OR = 5.1), serum potassium level on day 2 (OR = 1.9), DeltaCreat/h between the first and second treatments (OR = 1.2), and UOP during hospitalization (OR = 0.2) were correlated with outcome. The main causes of death were euthanasia (44%) and haemorrhagic diatheses (33%). The overall survival rate was 54%, with 55% of survivors discharged with a median creatinine < 240 µmol/L., Conclusions: This is the first description in the veterinary literature of a 4-h protocol of intermittent low efficiency haemodiafiltration to provide RRT in a veterinary critical care unit. While this protocol appears promising, the clinical application of this protocol requires further investigation. Among parameters associated with survival, UOP and DeltaCreat/h between the first and second RRT treatments may be prognostic indicators. The applicability of these parameters to other populations is unknown, and further international, multicentre prospective studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary observations.

Prevalence and species composition of intestinal parasites were evaluated in dogs affected by high-grade multicentric lymphoma and undergoing chemotherapy and in control healthy dogs. Obtained data were statistically analyzed. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was 33.3%. In lymphoma dogs, the prevalence of protozoa infections (46.7%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of helminth infections (6.7%) and Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Neospora caninum, Cystoisospora ohioensis-complex, Entamoeba sp. and Spirocerca lupi were identified. In the control group, only 3/15 dogs (20%) were found positive and no statistically significant differences emerged regarding helminth (hookworms and Toxocara canis) and protozoa (G. duodenalis) infections. Results from this study may suggest a potential higher prevalence of opportunistic intestinal protozoa, including some potentially zoonotic species, in dogs affected by high-grade multicentric lymphoma, emphasizing the need to monitor lymphoma-affected dogs for these protozoa, especially those undergoing chemotherapy., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Studies have shown an increased prevalence of positive urine culture (PUC) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD); no information is available in dogs., Objectives: To document the PUC frequency in a cohort of dogs with CKD, determine risk factors for PUC, and identify associations between clinicopathologic data and PUC., Animals: Two hundred one client-owned dogs with CKD., Methods: Retrospective, observational study. Dogs recruited from 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were included if they were diagnosed with CKD and had a culture performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. The PUC frequency was calculated, multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors, and associations with clinicopathologic data were investigated., Results: Sixty-five dogs (32%) with CKD had PUC, including 8 (28%) in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1; only 8% showed signs of a urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67%). A PUC was more likely in females (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-6.37; P < .001) than males and in dogs with isosthenuria (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.24-5.03; P = .01) than in dogs with urine-specific gravity 1.013-1.024. A positive leukocyte esterase test and microorganisms found by urine sediment analysis were significantly associated with PUC (both P < .001)., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with CKD, even IRIS stage 1, have a high frequency of PUC and most cases are asymptomatic. A urine culture could be considered in the routine evaluation of dogs with CKD, but the clinical relevance of a PUC remains unknown and needs further evaluation., (© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in dogs can be transmitted to humans and close contact between dogs and people might foster dissemination of resistance determinants. The aim of our study was to describe the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of the major causative agents of canine otitis - one of the most common diseases in dogs - isolated in France. Data collected between 2012 and 2016 by the French national surveillance network for AMR, referred to as RESAPATH, were analysed. Resistance trends were investigated using non-linear analysis (generalised additive models). A total of 7021 antibiograms were analysed. The four major causative agents of canine otitis in France were coagulase-positive staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and streptococci. Since 2013, resistance to fluoroquinolones has been on the decrease in both P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates. For P. aeruginosa, 19.4% of isolates were resistant to both enrofloxacin and gentamicin. The levels of multidrug resistance (acquired resistance to at least one antibiotic in three or more antibiotic classes) ranged between 11.9% for P. mirabilis and 16.0% for S. pseudintermedius. These results are essential to guide prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. They will also help in designing efficient control strategies and in measuring their effectiveness.

This study compared the haematological, haemostatic and thromboelastometric (TEM) parameters between dogs with and without suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Seventy-six dogs with a medical condition known to predispose to DIC were prospectively included in the study. Thirty-eight dogs (50 per cent) presented with haemorrhagic diatheses. DIC was diagnosed in 32 dogs (42 per cent). Thirty-five dogs (46 per cent) had a normal TEM profile, 25 dogs (33 per cent) had a hypercoagulable profile and 16 dogs (21 per cent) had a hypocoagulable profile. Except for the lysis parameters, all TEM parameters were significantly correlated with the presence of DIC in univariate and multivariate analyses. Mortality rates were significantly higher in dogs with DIC (50 per cent) than in dogs without DIC (27 per cent, P=0.043; OR 2.667, 95 per cent CI 1.049 to 6.701), and mortality rates were significantly higher in dogs with a hypocoagulable profile (69 per cent) than in dogs with a hypercoagulable (24 per cent, P=0.017; OR 4.800, 95 per cent CI 1.241 to 16.220) or a normal profile (31 per cent, P=0.046; OR 3.429; 95 per cent CI 1.006 to 11.470). All TEM parameters were significantly associated with mortality in univariate and multivariate analyses. Thromboelastometry appears to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs with suspected DIC, especially those with a hypocoagulable profile that was associated with increased risk of death and increased risk of haemorrhagic diatheses., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association 2018. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The only hereditary neurologic disorder described so far in American Staffordshire Terriers is adult-onset cerebellar degeneration secondary to ceroid lipofuscinosis. We have seen several dogs with a newly recognized neurological disease characterized by locomotor weakness with or without respiratory signs and juvenile onset consistent with degenerative polyneuropathy of genetic origin., Objectives: To characterize a novel polyneuropathy in juvenile American Staffordshire Terriers., Animals: Fourteen American Staffordshire Terriers presented with clinical signs consistent with juvenile-onset polyneuropathy at 5 veterinary hospitals between May 2005 and July 2017., Methods: Case series. Dogs were included retrospectively after a diagnosis of degenerative polyneuropathy had been confirmed by nerve biopsy. Clinical, pathological, electrophysiological, histological data, and outcome were reviewed and a pedigree analysis performed., Results: All dogs displayed clinical signs of neuromuscular disease with generalized motor and sensory involvement, associated with focal signs of laryngeal paralysis (10/14 dogs) and megaesophagus (1/14 dogs). Histopathological findings were consistent with degenerative polyneuropathy. Follow-up was available for 11 dogs, and 3 dogs were euthanized shortly after diagnosis. In these 11 dogs, the disease was slowly progressive and the animals maintained good quality of life with ability to walk. Pedigree analysis was mostly consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Juvenile polyneuropathy, associated with laryngeal paralysis, is a newly described entity in American Staffordshire Terriers, and results from degenerative neuropathy. When surgery for laryngeal paralysis is performed, lifespan may be similar to that of normal dogs even though affected dogs have locomotor disturbance., (© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and adverse effects of prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation., Design: Prospective interventional study., Settings: University teaching hospital., Animals: Intervention group of 30 client-owned dogs and retrospective control group of 71 client-owned dogs., Interventions: PSE was performed on dogs with evidence of airway fluid accumulation, identified based on physical examination and thoracic radiographs. AC was performed if spontaneous cough or swallowing were not evident. The PSE treatment was performed every 6 hours until normalization of respiratory status or hospital discharge. Animals were monitored for respiratory distress, discomfort, and SpO 2 during the procedure. A retrospective control group was identified by computer search., Measurements and Main Results: One hundred thirty-three sessions of CP were performed on 30 dogs. Discomfort frequency during physiotherapy was low (9%). The most commonly used position for CP was in lateral recumbency (95%) and this was well tolerated in most cases. There was no significant difference in the median SpO 2 before and after CP sessions (P = 0.24). Sixty percent of sessions had a spontaneous cough or swallowing evident, 21% had successful AC performed, and no cough or swallowing occurred in the remaining (19%) sessions despite attempts of AC being made. The length of hospitalization was significantly longer in the intervention group (6 days vs 4) (P = 0.02). There was no difference in survival between the intervention (76.7%) and the control (57.7%) group (P = 0.055)., Conclusions: PSE associated with AC are easily adaptable, well-tolerated techniques in dogs. The benefit of CP in dogs with airway fluid accumulation remains to be determined and it is hoped that future randomized controlled prospective studies may help answer this line of inquiry., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2018.)

Correlation between morphotypes and prognosis of canine lymphomas presented discordant results in literature, leading to some dilemma for application in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to present a systematic review of literature on the prognostic significance of morphotypes in canine lymphomas. Standardized Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria were applied. Retrospective and prospective studies were included. Level of evidence was determined for each study. Some acceptable evidence suggested a significant prognostic impact of morphotypes in canine lymphomas. However, the evidence is not sufficiently robust to determine with precision the most appropriate classification scheme. Updated Kiel and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications seem to remain the most appropriate classification systems with regards to the number of available studies and their levels of evidence. Limitations included lack of randomized control trial, and relative lack of prospective studies available. Current recommended classification of canine lymphoma is the systematic determination of morphotype in each new case. The Updated Kiel and the WHO classifications adapted to dog both remain the schemes with the most valuable interest. Prospective studies in larger population, and international consensus to define precisely each morphotype, are warranted, with application of standardized staging method and treatment., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Despite the emergence of new serovars, a detailed and current abdominal ultrasonographic description of dogs with leptospirosis is lacking. The purpose of this prospective, observational, single cohort study was to illustrate abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with confirmed leptospirosis. At least one ultrasonographic abnormality was seen in all of the dogs. Ultrasound renal abnormalities were found in all the dogs and included increased renal cortical echogenicity (100%), increased medullary echogenicity (86%), reduced corticomedullary definition (80%), cortical thickening (74%), renomegaly (60%), pelvic dilation (31%), and medullary band (14%). Hepatic changes were identified in 83% of the dogs, with diffuse hypoechoic parenchyma (71%) and hepatomegaly (60%). Biliary gallbladder abnormalities were found in 60% of the dogs, with biliary sludge (46%), wall thickening (29%), mucocele (26%), and hyperechoic wall (20%). The other most frequently observed abdominal abnormalities were perirenal (60%) and peritoneal (46%) effusions, small intestinal wall thickening (49%), and lymphadenopathy (38%). Two dogs (6%) presented with a small intestinal intussusception. No association was found between serogroups and the presence of ultrasonographic findings. This study is the first to prospectively and exhaustively describe abdominal ultrasonographic findings in dogs with leptospirosis. Our results should prompt clinicians to systematically perform abdominal ultrasounds on dogs with suspected leptospirosis even in the absence of abnormal physical signs. The presence of a gallbladder mucocele could be a warning sign of leptospirosis in dogs., (© 2017 American College of Veterinary Radiology.)

Objectives: To prospectively describe the clinical and biological impact of vector-borne haemopathogens in anaemic dogs in France and occurrence of haemolysis., Materials and Methods: This prospective descriptive cohort study includes 134 client-owned dogs that were anaemic on admission at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France. They underwent comprehensive screening with PCR to detect a panel of vector-borne haemopathogens, SNAP Leishmania and SNAP 4Dx Plus (IDEXX)., Results: Vector-borne haemopathogen-associated anaemia accounted for 17·2% (23/134) of anaemic cases. PCR for Babesia species, Mycoplasma species, Anaplasma platys or Ehrlichia canis and positive serology for Leishmania species, occurred in 11/23, 10/23, 2/23, 1/23 and 1/23 cases, respectively. Two dogs had positive PCR for both Babesia and Mycoplasma species. All dogs infected with Mycoplasma species alone had neoplastic disease. Vector-borne haemopathogens were the second most common cause of haemolysis (7/23, 30·4%). In the multivariable regression model, males were overrepresented ( OR : 2·82, P=0·03) and haemolysis ( OR : 3·31, P=0·01) was more frequent in dogs with vector-born haemopathogen-associated anaemia., Clinical Significance: Vector-borne haemopathogens are a common cause of anaemia in this geographical region., (© 2017 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Contact with the caterpillars of the pine processionary moth (CPPM) Thaumetopoea pityocampa induces severe local allergic reactions. The purpose of this large-scale retrospective cohort-study was to describe the clinical manifestations and related risk factors of CPPM exposure. This cohort-study included 109 dogs between the years of 2000 and 2016. Tongue lesions ranging from oedema to severe necrosis were observed in 94/109 dogs (86%). The following systemic signs were observed in 60/109 dogs (55%): vomiting (52/109, 48%), dyspnoea (6/109, 5%), hypovolemia (4/109, 4%) and diarrhoea (2/109, 2%). Based on the time elapsed from CPPM contact to the first oral flushing, three groups were defined: <2 h (group 1, 37/105, 35%), 2 h-6 h (group 2, 39/105, 37%) and >6 h (group 3, 29/105, 28%). Tongue necrosis (TN) at admission was significantly more common in the dogs in group 3 than those in groups 1 and 2 (45% vs. 5% and 5% respectively, p = 0.0002). In addition, the development of TN during hospitalisation was significantly more common in the dogs in group 3 (65%) than in those in the other groups (21% in group 1, p = 0.02) and 31% in group 2, p = 0.001). The dogs in group 3 presented a 14.63-fold higher risk of TN at admission and a 3.78-fold higher risk of developing necrosis during hospitalisation compared with the other groups. The survival rate after exposure was 97%. Long-term follow-up data were available for 69/109 dogs (63%). Twenty-three dogs (37%) had persistent, definitive TN without major consequences on quality of life. Elapsed time between contact and first oral flushing appears to be a key determinant for the progression of necrotic lesions, and the best results were observed when flushing occurred within 6 h of contact. The prognosis of CPPM envenomation is excellent, with a short hospitalisation duration., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dermatophytoses in animals are fungal diseases of the skin caused by dermatophyte fungi of the genus Microsporum or Trichophyton. Because the infection is generally follicular, the most common clinical sign is one or many circular areas of alopecia with variable erythema, scaling and crusting, and the primary differential diagnoses are follicular infections, such as bacterial folliculitis and demodicosis. Although dermatophyte folliculitis or ringworm is the most commonly observed lesion of dermatophytoses in animals, other presentations may be observed according to the host species and the dermatophyte involved: dermatophyte folliculitis or ringworm, scaling and crusting in dermatophytosis due to Microsporum persicolor, nodule in case of kerion or mycetoma, matted hairs, seborrheic dermatosis or miliary dermatitis in cats, generalized exfoliative dermatoses in dogs, cats and horses, superficial non-follicular pustules, papules and macules in the Devon Rex cat, pruritic dermatophytoses in dogs, cats and horses, and onychomycosis in dogs, cats and horses. Since manifestations of dermatophytosis are highly variable, particularly in the cat, dermatophytosis should be considered in case of any annular, papular, nodular or pustular dermatoses, alopecic or not, sometimes pruritic, and nodular dermatoses as well.

Background: Leptospirosis in dogs is occasionally associated with a hemorrhagic syndrome, the pathophysiology of which is not fully understood., Hypothesis/objectives: To characterize hematologic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis and to study their association with hemorrhagic diatheses and outcomes., Animals: Thirty-five client-owned dogs., Methods: A prospective observational single cohort study was conducted. Results from the CBC, coagulation tests (prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin times, fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and D-dimer concentrations), rotational thromboelastometry (TEM), signalment, hemorrhagic diatheses, occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at admission, and survival to discharge were recorded., Results: The most common hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities were anemia (30/35), thrombocytopenia (21/35), and hyperfibrinogenemia (15/35). Eight dogs were diagnosed with DIC. A normal TEM profile was found in 14 dogs, a hypercoagulable profile in 14 dogs, and a hypocoagulable profile in 7 dogs. The 8 dogs with hemorrhagic diatheses at admission had significantly decreased platelet counts (P = .037) and increased D-dimer concentrations (P = .015) compared with other dogs. Dogs with a hypocoagulable profile exhibited more hemorrhagic diatheses compared with the dogs that had normal and hypercoagulable profiles (P = .049). The mortality rate was lower in dogs with a hypercoagulable profile than in those with a hypocoagulable profile (21% vs 57%; P = .043). Disseminated intravascular coagulation was not a significant prognostic factor., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Thromboelastometric parameters were altered in dogs with both hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable profiles. A hypocoagulable profile was significantly correlated with hemorrhagic diathesis and higher mortality rate., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Since the first description of Anaplasma platys Infection (ApI), the disease has been sporadically reported worldwide. Whereas it is considered a subclinical disease in the United States or in Australia, severe cases are reported in Europe. Thus far, little information is available regarding the clinical and laboratory findings associated with the disease and the implication of co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) in Southern Europe. The purpose of the study was to describe clinical and laboratory findings in PCR-confirmed naturally infected dogs in the Mediterranean Basin, and to assess the potential impact of co-infections with other VBPs. This is a retrospective analysis of medical records from 32 client-owned dogs diagnosed with ApI using PCR-based assays. Anorexia (62.5%) and weight loss (43.8%) were the major changes, whereas lethargy was less frequent (34.4%). Lymphadenomegaly (43.8%), hyperthermia (40.6%) and hemorrhage (37.5%) were frequent clinical abnormalities, whereas cutaneous signs (31.3%), musculoskeletal disorders (21.9%), splenomegaly (15.6%), dehydration and ocular inflammation (12.5%) were less common. Hematological abnormalities included thrombocytopenia (81.0%), anemia (81.0%), leukocytosis (33.3%) and leucopenia (23.8%). Seven dogs (33.3%) were severely thrombocytopenic. Among the 28 dogs with complete testing, 15 and 13 were mono- and co-infected, respectively. Co-infections included Ehrlichia canis (3 dogs), Leishmania infantum (4), Babesia vogeli (2) and Hepatozoon canis (5). One dog was infected concurrently with Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis and Babesia vogeli. The 1-month mortality rate was 23.9% and only 38.1% improved. In the univariate analysis the 15 mono- and the 13 co-infected dogs did not differ regarding the relative frequencies of clinical and laboratory findings. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses suggested the existence of 2 different groups of strains: one of them might have higher pathogenicity. In all, ApI was associated with a wide variety of non-specific clinical findings. The most common laboratory findings were thrombocytopenia and anemia. Co-infections were frequent but appeared of limited clinical impact. The absence of improvement despite appropriate treatment, high frequency of hemorrhagic disorders, and case fatalities, suggested the existence of pathogenic European strains supported by subsequent molecular analyses., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe the clinical and pathological features of canine focal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis, to evaluate its underlying infectious cause and to compare it with human Crohn's disease., Methods: Retrospective review of case records with a histopathological diagnosis of focal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis. Bacterial and fungal colonisation was evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and histochemical staining, respectively. A comparison with Crohn's disease was performed by a human pathologist., Results: Ten dogs were evaluated. The historical complaints were predominantly chronic diarrhoea (10/10) and vomiting (5/10). The biochemical abnormalities included hypoalbuminaemia (6/10) and hypocobalaminaemia (4/6). Abdominal sonography revealed a thickened distal ileum±ileocolic junction. Colonoscopy showed a swollen caecal ostium and oedematous caecum in 7/10 dogs. A stenotic ileo-colic opening prevented endoscopic intubation in all dogs. Histology from the resected lesions revealed granulomatous inflammation involving the muscularis and serosa. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated invasive bacteria in 2/10 dogs. Post-resection, all dogs received metronidazole and tapering immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone. Remission (median 17 months) was achieved in 8/10 dogs., Clinical Significance: Focal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis is a rare and severe form of canine inflammatory bowel disease with preferential localisation to the ileum and the ileocolic junction. An underlying infectious aetiology was not identified., (© 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)