Search

In this paper, welfare assessment using the methodology of the Welfare quality ® assessment protocol for cattle (2009) was performed for dairy cows maintained in the loose system of rearing on three dairy farms. This methodology includes quantitative measurements and qualitative evaluation of certain welfare parameters, criteria and principles of welfare, as well as assessment of the overall welfare of dairy cows. The results showed that the overall level of dairy cow welfare was acceptable on two farms, and was good on one. On two farms, the state of the cows' social behavior expression was unacceptable. Furthermore, on all three farms, the expression of other types of cow behavior was not acceptable. At one farm, it was determined that the result for the absence of prolonged thirst was unacceptable. Based on these results, it can be concluded that it is necessary to improve the quality of cow welfare on these farms. The applied methodology provides a multidimensional insight into the quality of cow welfare in the loose system. U ovom radu izvršena je procena dobrobiti krava u slobodnom sistemu držanja primenom metodologije iz Protokola za procenu kvaliteta dobrobiti goveda (2009). Ova metodologija obuhvata kvantitativna merenja i kvalitativnu procenu definisanih parametara u okviru kriterijuma i principa dobrobiti i na osnovu njih konačnu ocenu dobrobiti muznih krava. U istraživanjima je utvrđeno da je nivo dobrobiti krava u celini na dve farme prihvatljiv, a na jednoj dobar. Na dve farme socijalno ponašanje krava je bilo nezadovoljavajuće, dok su na sve tri farme bili nezadovoljavajući drugi oblici ponašanja krava. Na jednoj farmi je utvrđen nezadovoljavajući rezultat za kriterijum odsustvo dugotrajne žeđi. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da je neophodno poboljšanje kvaliteta dobrobiti krava na svim ispitivanim farmama. Takođe je zaključeno da primenjena metodologija pruža multidimenzionalni uvid u stanje kvaliteta dobrobiti krava u slobodnom sistemu držanja.

The main objective of this study was to determine the level of the animal welfare standards application on cattle and pigs farms. Research was conducted on four farms, two cattle farms (A, B) and two pig farms (C, D). The capacity of farm A is 260 cows, farm B 100 cows, farm C 1000 breeding sows, and farm D 100 breeding sows approximately. All farms have the appropriate number of other cattle or pigs categories. To assess the level of implementation of the animal welfare standards on the cattle and pig farms were rated from 0 to 5 (0 - unsatisfactory, there are no resources to improve, 1 - unsatisfactory, there are resources to improve, 2 - sufficient, 3 - good, 4 - very good, 5 - excellent) and rating scales: 0-1,99 (insufficient), 2,00-2,49 (sufficient), 2,5-3,49 (good), 3 5 to 4.49 (very good), and 4.5 to 5.00 (excellent). The estimations include a written plan of welfare, farm management and administration, professional competence, stockman competence, spatial, microclimate and hygienic conditions, veterinary and zootechnical procedures, health status, satisfaction of animal behavior needs, physiological and behavioral indicators, and production indicators regarding welfare as well. The estimated level of protection of animal welfare on the farm A is 3.60 (very good), on farm B 2.53 (good), on the farm C 3.47 (good) and on the farm D 3.27 (good). Studies have shown that there is no written plan in any cattle and pig's farm study, as well as consistent application of welfare standards. On farms B and D lower grades although sufficient for the stockman competence have been established. In addition, on farm B the same grades have been established for the farm administration and management, stockman competence, professional competence, animal nutrition and physiological indicators of welfare. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje nivoa primene standarda zaštite dobrobiti životinja na farmama goveda i svinja. Istraživanja su izvršena na ukupno četiri farme, po dve farme goveda (A, B) i svinja (C, D). Na farmi A nalazi se oko 260 krava, na farmi B 100 krava, na farmi C 1000 priplodnih krmača i na farmi D 100 priplodnih krmača. Sve farme imaju i odgovarajući broj drugih kategorija goveda ili svinja. Za procenu nivoa primene standarda zaštite dobrobiti na farmama goveda i svinja korišćene su ocene od 0 do 5 (0 - nedovoljan, nema resursa za poboljšanje, 1 - nedovoljan, ima resursa za poboljšanje, 2 - dovoljan, 3 - dobar, 4 - vrlo dobar, 5 - odličan) i skale ocena: 0-1,99 nedovoljan, 2,00-2,49 dovoljan, 2,5-3,49 dobar, 3,5-4,49 vrlo dobar i 4,5-5,00 odličan. Procene obuhvataju pisani plan zaštite dobrobiti, upravljanje i rukovođenje, kompetencije odgajivača, kompetencije stručnjaka, prostorne, mikroklimatske i higijenske uslove gajenja, veterinarske i zootehničke postupke, zdravstveno stanje, zadovoljenje sistema i oblika ponašanja životinja, fiziološke i bihevioralne, kao i proizvodne indikatore dobrobiti. Procenjeni nivo zaštite dobrobiti životinja na farmi A je iznosio 3,60 (skala ocena vrlo dobar), na farmi B 2,53 (dobar), na farmi C 3,47 (dobar) i na farmi D 3,27 (dobar). Istraživanja su pokazala da ni na jednoj od ispitivanih farmi goveda i svinja ne postoji pisani plan, kao ni konzistentna primena standarda zaštite dobrobiti. Na farmi B i D niže ocene (dovoljan) utvrđene su za kompetencije odgajivača. Pored toga, na farmi B ocene dovoljan utvrđene su i za upravljanje i rukovođenje, kompetencije odgajivača, kompetencije stručnjaka, ishranu životinja i fiziološke indikatore dobrobiti.

In this paper the most significant welfare oversights on two cattle and two pig farms with intensive breeding system, as well as on nine cattle and two pig farms on private breeding farms are discussed. The results concerning cattle and pig welfare were derived after calculating several indicator types (behavior of breeders towards animals, animal needs indicators, animal behavior, health condition, feeding and productivity indicators). Most frequent oversights were that, that there were no plans about providing welfare and resolving health condition, then spatial, microclimatic and hygienic conditions which lead to technopatia and etopathias and reduction of production results. Based on derived data we can conclude that it is necessary to define standards of welfare in cattle and pig breeding, and according to which create appropriate plans for securing welfare for this animal species, which will be improved in time. U ovom radu razmatrani su najznačajniji propusti u obezbeđenju dobrobiti životinja na dve farme goveda i dve farme svinja sa intenzivnim sistemom gajenja, kao i devet farmi goveda i tri farme svinja kod individualnih proizvođača. Rezultati koji se odnose na obezbeđenje dobrobiti goveda i svinja su dobijeni na osnovu sagledavanja indikatora odnosa odgajivača prema životinjama, zatim indikatora potreba životinja, ponašanja, zdravstvenog stanja, ishrane i produktivnosti. Najčešći propusti u obezbeđenju dobrobiti ovih vrsta životinja ogledaju se u nepostojanju plana obezbeđenja dobrobiti i zdravstvenog stanja, zatim prostornih, mikroklimatskih i higijenskih uslova, koji dovode do pojave tehnopatija i etopatija i smanjenja proizvodnih rezultata. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata zaključuje se da je potrebno definisati standarde dobrobiti u gajenju goveda i svinja u našoj zemlji i na osnovu njih odgovarajuće planove za obezbeđenje dobrobiti ovih vrsta životinja, koji bi se vremenom usavršavali.

Space and microclimate conditions in intensive system of growing,, behavior comfort and health of swine are analyzed in this paper. Obtained results indicate that space conditions make considerable limitations for some categories of swine. Air velocity in genera^ and temperature values in younger categories environment are microclimate parameters showing discrepancy to desirable animal hygiene standards. The most frequent behavior disorders among animals on this farm were stereotypes, apathetic and aggressive behavior. Health problems were present, concerning reproductive, locomotor, respiratory and digestive disorders. Eradication of present infective diseases, correction of living conditions, stockpersons behavior toward pigs and upgrading level of pigs comfort, which is possible could enable better pig production. U radu su analizirani prostorni i mikroklimatski uslovi, ponašanje, dobrobit i zdravstveno stanje svinja u inlenzivnim uslovima gajenja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da prostorni uslovi na farmi u znatnoj meri sputavaju pojedine kategorije svinja. Od mikroklimatskil uslova higijenskim standardima ne odgovaraju brzina strujanja vazduha, kao i temperature za mlađe kategorije. Najznačajniji poremećaji u ponašanju svinja na farmi su stereotipije su apatično i agresivno ponašanje. Od zdravstvenih poremećaja na farmi javljaju se bolesti lokomotornih organa, poremećaji u reprodukciji poremećaji respiratornog i digestivnog trakta. Eradikacija prisutnih infektivnih oboljenja, korekcija uslova smeštaja i postupka sa životinjama kao i podizanje nivoa udobnosti, dovelo bi do boljih proizvodnih rezultata.

The number of etological studies showed the complexity of pig behavior, and the brain mechanisms that control it. The species has considerable learning ability and elaborated social behavior. As a consequence, welfare problems arise for pigs if they are unable to control events in their environment, if they are frustrated or if they are subjected to unpredictable situations. The welfare problems include the inability to prevent attack by another pig, to regulate body temperature, or to groom adequately. Such effects are additional to those which are a result of injury, disease or other pain and physical discomfort. Pig welfare problems include those due to physical abuse, neglect, handling, transport, farm operations and disease. For animal hygiene the effects of housing systems on pig's welfare are the most important. . Brojna etološka izučavanja su pokazala svu složenost ponašanja svinja i moždanih mehanizama koji ga kontrolišu. Ova vrsta životinja poseduje izraženu sposobnost učenja i veoma razvijeno socijalno ponašanje. Problemi dobrobiti kod svinja po pravilu nastaju kao posledica nemogućnosti kontrole zbivanja u njihovoj neposrednoj okolini, frustriraranosti ili podvrgnutosti neprijatnim situacijama. U ove probleme spadaju nemogućnost da se izbegne agresivnost druge jedinke, održavanja telesne temperature, adekvatnog staranja o sebi ili svojim mladunčadima. Pored toga, problemi dobrobiti kod svinja nastaju kao rezultat povreda, bolesti, nanošenja drugih bolova ili usled fizičkih teškoća. Svakodnevni problemi dobrobiti svinja uključuju one koji se odnose na fizičko zlostavljanje, zapostavljanje, hvatanje, premeštanje, transport, zootehničke postupke i pojavu brojnih bolesti. Za zoohigijenu od posebnog značaja su problemi dobrobiti koji nastaju kao rezultat uticaja sistema držanja i smeštaja. .

Dobrobit teladi predstavlja jedno od najznaĉajnijih polja istraţivanja u oblasti dobrobiti domaćih ţivotinja. Zbog izuzetne osetljivosti, posebno u prvom mesecu ţivota, telad zahteva posebnu paţnju i negu. Najveći uticaj na dobrobit teladi, posebno u periodu posle roĊenja, imaju uslovi gajenja, obezbeĊeni od strane ĉoveka (ishrana, smeštaj, razliĉiti odgajivaĉki postupci i dr.), kao i mikroklimatski faktori - ĉiji je uticaj stalno prisutan, promenljivog je karaktera i u zavisnosti je od sezone roĊenja teladi. U procesu proizvodnje postoje brojni faktori rizika koji mogu nepovoljno da utiĉu na dobrobit teladi, a koji se mogu razvrstati u tri grupe: faktore rizika vezane za ishranu, za uslove drţanja i za organizaciju procesa proizvodnje. Ocena kvaliteta dobrobiti teladi vrši se na osnovu procene odreĊenih merljivih pokazatelja, odnosno indikatora. U zavisnosti od toga da li se odnose na same ţivotinje ili na tehnologiju gajenja, indikatori dobrobiti mogu se podeliti na direktne ili indirektne. Direktni se odnose na zdravstveno, fiziološko, emocionalno i bihejvioralno stanje teladi (telesna masa, kondicija, pojava bolesti, povrede, abnormalno ponašanje, bol, strah, stres i frustracije), dok su indirektni vezani za ţivotnu sredinu (indikatori resursa, uslovi smeštaja i mikroklimatski faktori), tehnologiju odgoja (uslovi ishrane i napajanja) i menadţment (postupci odgajivaĉa). Cilj ovog rada odnosi se na sagledavanje indikatora dobrobiti teladi u našim uslovima gajenja, identifikaciju najznaĉajnijih faktora rizika u prvom mesecu ţivota i otkrivanju najznaĉajnijih problema vezanih za dobrobit teladi. Istraţivanje se temeljilo na utvrĊivanju kvaliteta dobrobiti teladi, sagledavanju najznaĉajnijih faktora rizika po dobrobit teladi i analizi uslova gajenja na osnovu indikatora dobrobiti i faktora rizika. Istraţivanje uticaja uslova gajenja i sezone roĊenja na faktore rizika i indikatore dobrobiti teladi u prvih 30 dana ţivota, sprovedeno je na dve farme sa intenzivnim naĉinom proizvodnje mleka, farma A i farma B. Istraţivanje je trajalo godinu dana, a ceo period je bio podeljen na dvanaest meseci, odnosno na 4 kalendarske sezone (jesen, zima, proleće, leto)... The welfare of calves is one of the most important aspects in the field of research of farm animal welfare. Due to the extreme susceptibility, especially in the first month of life, calves require special attention and care. The biggest impact on the calves welfare, especially in the period after birth, have the rearing conditions provided by man (food, housing, different breeding methods, etc.), and microclimate factors - whose influence is always present and has variable quality and it is related to the calving season. In the production process there are many risk factors that may adversely affect the welfare of calves, which can be classified into three groups: the risk factors related to nutrition, housing conditions and the production process organization. Calves welfare quality assessment has been conducted on the basis of rating specific measurable indicators. Depending on whether it is related to the animals itself or to the production technology, indicators of welfare can be divided into direct and indirect. Direct indicators are related to medical, psychological, emotional and behavioral status of calves (body weight, body condition, the occurrence of illness, injury, abnormal behavior, pain, fear, stress and frustration), while indirect indicators are related to the environment (indicators of resources, housing conditions and microclimate factors), calves breeding technology (feeding conditions and water supply) and management (breeding procedures). The aim of this research relates to review the indicators of calves welfare in rearing conditions in our country, identifying the most important risk factors in the first month of life and determination of the most important issues related to the calves welfare. The research is based on determining the quality of the calves' welfare, reviewing the most significant risk factors for the calves welfare and analysis of rearing conditions on the basis of welfare indicators and risk factors. Investigation of the impact of rearing conditions and season of birth on the risk factors and indicators of calves' welfare in the first 30 days of calves life was conducted on two farms with intensive method of milk production, farm A and farm B...

U današnje vreme, uzimajući u obzir težinu i izloženost uticajima koji ugrožavaju dobrobit kao i broj gajenih životinja, problem dobrobiti mlečnih krava jedan je od najizraženijih u Evropi. Zaštita dobrobiti mlečnih krava je izuzetno kompleksno pitanje, koje uključuje različite aspekte i zahteva korenite promene u odgajivačkim programima i sistemima menandžmenta. Pitanje dobrobiti najviše okupira one koji su direktno ili indirektno uključeni u proizvodnju hrane - potrošače i proizvođače animalnih proizvoda. Pored toga, zaštita dobrobiti mlečnih krava povezana je i sa pitanjima zaštite životne sredine, održivog razvoja, i čitavog niza zdravstvenih, higijenskih, ekonomskih i socijalnih problema jednog društva. Osnovni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrđivanje nivoa kvaliteta dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava kao i sagledavanje razlika u kvalitetu dobrobiti između farmi sa različitim sistemom držanja i farmi različitog kapaciteta. Procena relevantnosti pojedinih indikatora u okviru kriterijuma i principa, kao i bliže definisanje najznačajnijih problema dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava u našoj zemlji, utvrđivanje međusobnih odnosa kvaliteta dobrobiti, proizvodnje mleka, nekih reproduktivnih pokazatelja i sezone gajenja takođe su određeni kao ciljevi disertacije. Za ocenu stanja dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava korišćen je Protokol za ocenu kvaliteta dobrobiti goveda (Wefare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Cattle, 2009) čija je specifičnost ocena odgovarajućih pokazatelja dobrobiti posmatrano iz ugla same životinje. Protokol uključuje 29 indikatora koji se koriste za utvrđivanje 12 kriterijuma: odsustva dugotrajne gladi i žeđi, komfora u držanju, termalnog komfora, slobode pokreta, odsustva povreda i bolesti, odsustva bola usled mutilacija, izražavanja socijalnih i ostalih oblika ponašanja, dobrog odnosa čovek - životinja i pozitivnog emocionalnog stanja... Today, taking into consideration the gravity and exposure to influences that threaten the welfare and the number of farmed animals, welfare problem of dairy cows is one of the most dominant in Europe. Protecting the welfare of dairy cows is an extremely complex issue that involves different aspects and requires fundamental changes in the breeding programs and management systems. The question of animal welfare is mainly occupying those who are directly or indirectly involved in the production of food - consumers and producers of animal products. In addition, the protection of the welfare of dairy cows is associated with environmental issues, sustainable development, and a range of medical, hygienic, economic and social problems of the society. The main objective of this study was to determine the quality of the welfare of dairy cows on farms as well as understanding the difference in the quality of welfare among farms with different housing systems and farms of different capacities. Assessment of the relevance of certain indicators within the criteria and principles, as well as clarification of the major welfare problem in dairy cattle farms in the country, establishing mutual relationship between animal welfare quality, milk production, reproductive indices and some of the breeding season, were also determined as objectives of the dissertation. For the assessment of animal welfare on dairy farms the Protocol to assess the quality of welfare of cattle was used (Welfare Quality ® Assessment Protocol for Cattle, 2009), whose specific feature is the assessment of appropriate animal welfare indicators from the viewpoint of the animals themselves. The protocol includes 29 indicators used to determine the 12 criteria: the absence of long-term hunger and thirst, keeping of comfort, thermal comfort, freedom of movement, lack of injuries and illness, absence of pain due to mutilation, expression of social behaviour and other forms of behaviour, a good relationship man - animal and positive emotional state...

U današnje vreme, uzimajući u obzir težinu i izloženost uticajima kojiugrožavaju dobrobit kao i broj gajenih životinja, problem dobrobiti mlečnih kravajedan je od najizraženijih u Evropi. Zaštita dobrobiti mlečnih krava je izuzetnokompleksno pitanje, koje uključuje različite aspekte i zahteva korenite promene uodgajivačkim programima i sistemima menandžmenta. Pitanje dobrobiti najvišeokupira one koji su direktno ili indirektno uključeni u proizvodnju hrane -potrošače i proizvođače animalnih proizvoda. Pored toga, zaštita dobrobitimlečnih krava povezana je i sa pitanjima zaštite životne sredine, održivog razvoja,i čitavog niza zdravstvenih, higijenskih, ekonomskih i socijalnih problema jednogdruštva.Osnovni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrđivanje nivoa kvaliteta dobrobiti nafarmama mlečnih krava kao i sagledavanje razlika u kvalitetu dobrobiti izmeđufarmi sa različitim sistemom držanja i farmi različitog kapaciteta. Procenarelevantnosti pojedinih indikatora u okviru kriterijuma i principa, kao i bližedefinisanje najznačajnijih problema dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava u našojzemlji, utvrđivanje međusobnih odnosa kvaliteta dobrobiti, proizvodnje mleka,nekih reproduktivnih pokazatelja i sezone gajenja takođe su određeni kao ciljevidisertacije.Za ocenu stanja dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava korišćen je Protokol zaocenu kvaliteta dobrobiti goveda (Wefare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Cattle,2009) čija je specifičnost ocena odgovarajućih pokazatelja dobrobiti posmatrano izugla same životinje. Protokol uključuje 29 indikatora koji se koriste za utvrđivanje12 kriterijuma: odsustva dugotrajne gladi i žeđi, komfora u držanju, termalnogkomfora, slobode pokreta, odsustva povreda i bolesti, odsustva bola usled mutilacija, izražavanja socijalnih i ostalih oblika ponašanja, dobrog odnosa čovek -životinja i pozitivnog emocionalnog stanja... Today, taking into consideration the gravity and exposure to influences thatthreaten the welfare and the number of farmed animals, welfare problem of dairycows is one of the most dominant in Europe. Protecting the welfare of dairy cowsis an extremely complex issue that involves different aspects and requiresfundamental changes in the breeding programs and management systems. Thequestion of animal welfare is mainly occupying those who are directly or indirectlyinvolved in the production of food - consumers and producers of animal products.In addition, the protection of the welfare of dairy cows is associated withenvironmental issues, sustainable development, and a range of medical, hygienic,economic and social problems of the society.The main objective of this study was to determine the quality of the welfareof dairy cows on farms as well as understanding the difference in the quality ofwelfare among farms with different housing systems and farms of differentcapacities. Assessment of the relevance of certain indicators within the criteria andprinciples, as well as clarification of the major welfare problem in dairy cattlefarms in the country, establishing mutual relationship between animal welfarequality, milk production, reproductive indices and some of the breeding season,were also determined as objectives of the dissertation.For the assessment of animal welfare on dairy farms the Protocol to assessthe quality of welfare of cattle was used (Welfare Quality ® Assessment Protocol forCattle, 2009), whose specific feature is the assessment of appropriate animalwelfare indicators from the viewpoint of the animals themselves. The protocolincludes 29 indicators used to determine the 12 criteria: the absence of long-termhunger and thirst, keeping of comfort, thermal comfort, freedom of movement, lack of injuries and illness, absence of pain due to mutilation, expression of socialbehaviour and other forms of behaviour, a good relationship man - animal andpositive emotional state...