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Study Design: This study is a systematic literature review and meta-analysis., Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of tubular microdiscectomy (TMD) compared with conventional microdiscectomy (CMD) for lumbar disc herniation (LDH)., Summary of Background Data: TMD has developed rapidly due to reduced tissue trauma by minimization of the required access to spine and disc herniation; however, CMD remains the standard of care for this patient group. To date, it remains debatable whether TMD is superior to CMD for LDH., Methods: We performed a comprehensive database search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails for prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), through using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "microdiscectomy," "tubular microdiscectomy," "minimally invasive surgery," and "spinal disease." The retrieved results were last updated on March 15, 2018. Two independent investigators selected qualified studies, extracted indispensable data, assessed risk of bias of original papers. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to grade quality of evidence. If I >50, the heterogeneity is considerable., Results: Four RCT studies (total n = 605), involving 610 individuals with a follow-up period of no less than 12 months, were selected for further review. We assessed these studies as low overall risk of bias. There was low-quality evidence that TMD was superior to CMD considering postoperative Oswestry Disability Index scores (SMD, -3.43, 95% CI, -4.64 to -2.21, P < 0.00001). Compared with CMD, the TMD group exhibited significantly worse Short Form-36 physical function scores (SMD, -4.83, 95% CI, -8.94 to -0.72, P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in the visual analogue scale (P = 0.30), operative time (P = 0.68), dural tear (P = 0.52), and reoperation (P = 0.98)., Conclusion: The benefits 1 year after TMD were similar to that of CMD. There was no significant difference in the incidence of reoperation and dural tear., Level of Evidence: 1.