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Purpose: To analyze the key factors influencing the psychological resilience of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and put forward suggestions promoting resilience based on key improvement factors and clinical experience. Methods: Data were collected from 35 ICU nurses in a hospital in Zhejiang Province, China, through a questionnaire survey conducted between January and February 2023. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method was then used to construct and visualize the relationship structure between the factors. The DEMATEL-based Analytical Network Process (DANP) was applied to determine the influential weights of all factors. Finally, the key improvement factors were identified using importance-performance analysis (IPA). Results: Based on the cause-effect impact network diagram (CEIND), it was concluded that (C11), (C22), and (C32) are the key factors that promote the improvement of psychological resilience among ICU nurses. Additionally, these factors were the key factors that influence psychological resilience. The confidence levels of these results and the gap were 99.6% and 0.4%, respectively, which exceed the threshold value of 95%, indicating good stability. Finally, for the case hospitals, (C13) was identified as the key improvement factor. Conclusions: Hospital administrators should support ICU nurses in enhancing their psychological resilience during major epidemics by: (i) Providing training on comprehensive protective measures and nursing skills; (ii) Effectively managing the human resources of nurses in the hospital to reduce their workload; (iii) Increasing social and organizational support for nurses to alleviate anxiety caused by large-scale public health events and improve their psychological resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]