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Zymoseptoria tritici is the fungal pathogen responsible for Septoria tritici blotch on wheat. Disease outcome in this pathosystem is partly determined by isolate-specific resistance, where wheat resistance genes recognize specific fungal factors triggering an immune response. Despite the large number of known wheat resistance genes, fungal molecular determinants involved in such cultivar-specific resistance remain largely unknown. We identified the avirulence factor AvrStb9 using association mapping and functional validation approaches. Pathotyping AvrStb9 transgenic strains on Stb9 cultivars, near isogenic lines and wheat mapping populations, showed that AvrStb9 interacts with Stb9 resistance gene, triggering an immune response. AvrStb9 encodes an unusually large avirulence gene with a predicted secretion signal and a protease domain. It belongs to a S41 protease family conserved across different filamentous fungi in the Ascomycota class and may constitute a core effector. AvrStb9 is also conserved among a global Z. tritici population and carries multiple amino acid substitutions caused by strong positive diversifying selection. These results demonstrate the contribution of an 'atypical' conserved effector protein to fungal avirulence and the role of sequence diversification in the escape of host recognition, adding to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and the evolutionary processes underlying pathogen adaptation. Author summary: Fungal avirulence (Avr) genes are involved in gene-for-gene relationships with host resistance genes. Avr genes may at the same time target host defenses to allow infection and be recognized by a host resistance gene triggering a defense response. The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch, a major disease of wheat worldwide. Z. tritici populations rapidly adapt to selection pressures such as host resistance, leading to resistance breakdown. We report the identification of the avirulence gene AvrStb9 based on genetic mapping, sequence polymorphisms and allele swapping. AvrStb9 is involved in the interaction with Stb9 resistance gene following the gene-for-gene model, and its recognition hinders disease symptoms in hosts carrying the corresponding resistance gene. Unlike other known Z. tritici Avr effectors, AvrStb9 encodes for an unusually large Avr protein with a predicted protease S41 domain conserved among diverse ascomycete lineages. We also highlight several gene mutations likely involved in escaping Stb9-mediated recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant effector biology is a research area that describes how plant-associated organisms modulate host structures and function to promote colonization by using small molecules (effectors). In this article, we analyzed 249 highly cited publications focused on plant pathogen effectors (i.e., Highly Influential studies on plant Pathogen Effectors; thereafter HIPEs) published between 2000 and 2020. This analysis identifies countries, organizations, and journals that contributed HIPEs, and reveals the evolution of research trends, model molecules, and model organisms over the last two decades. We notably show an increasing proportion of studies focused on effectors of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi upon time. Our snapshot of the highly influential plant effector biology papers may help new comers in the field to gain an analytical understanding of this research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]